10-19
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There are three main types of monism: idealism, neutral monism, and materialism. Idealism holds that everything is mental or composed of mental realities. Neutral monism says there is an underlying substance that mental and physical things are expressions of. Materialism holds that the physical world and laws of physics govern all things. Reductionism believes mental events correspond directly to brain events, while eliminativism believes folk psychology concepts like beliefs do not truly exist.
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Chapter 7. The Mind-Body ProblemChapter 7. The Mind-Body Pro.docx
Chapter 7. The Mind-Body Problem
Chapter 7. The Mind-Body Problem
Chapter 7
The Mind-Body Problem
During week 6 read the second half (Sections 6-end).
Copyright by Paul Herrick, 2020. For class use only. Not for distribution. This chapter: 32 pages of reading.
1. Are You Your Brain?
Sometimes we refer to our brains; other times we refer to our minds. BJ the Chicago Kid titled his second album In My Mind. But Screeching Weasel titled its third studio album My Brain Hurts. Are the mind and the brain two different things? Or are they one and the same? To put the question another way: Are thoughts, sensations, mental images, and such nothing more than physical events or processes of the physical brain? Are they just neurons (brain cells) firing or something like that? Or is the mind an immaterial, nonphysical entity distinct from the brain but interacting in some way with it? In philosophy, these and related questions make up the mind-body problem.
Since ancient times, the common view has been that the mind—the part of us that is conscious, that thinks, that makes choices, that bears moral responsibility—is immaterial and cannot be physically seen, touched, weighed, or otherwise directly detected by instruments. On this view, the mind--often called the “soul,” “spirit,” or “self”—is not the brain or any part of the body or any physical thing at all. However, since mind and body obviously interact, the common view has long been that the mind or soul can affect the body and the body can affect the mind. More specifically, the immaterial mind can cause changes in the physical body, through the interface of the physical brain, and the brain can cause changes in the mind.
In philosophy, this traditional view is called “mind-body dualism” (“dualism” for short) because it claims that mind and body are two distinct things. The common view is sometimes also called “mind-body interactionism” because it claims that mind and body, though distinct, interact. Philosophical dualists argue that the universe divides into two radically different kinds of substances—mindless matter and thinking mind or, as some prefer to put it, matter and spirit, or as still others put it, matter and consciousness.
Most religions of the world teach a dualist account of human nature. Each human being, they generally claim, is composed of an immaterial mind or soul joined to a material body. On the religious view, the mind, or soul, rather than the material body is the part that will be judged by God in the end. As the basis of moral responsibility, the soul is the root of one’s identity as a person. In other words, the soul is the true self; the material body is merely the soul’s temporary lodging place during its journey on earth. Most religions also teach a doctrine of immortality, or survival—the claim that the immaterial soul lives on in a higher realm after the death and disintegration of the material body.
If dualism is true and your immaterial mind, or soul, is the .
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Chapter 7. The Mind-Body Problem
Chapter 7
The Mind-Body Problem
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Copyright by Paul Herrick, 2020. For class use only. Not for distribution. This chapter: 32 pages of reading.
1. Are You Your Brain?
Sometimes we refer to our brains; other times we refer to our minds. BJ the Chicago Kid titled his second album In My Mind. But Screeching Weasel titled its third studio album My Brain Hurts. Are the mind and the brain two different things? Or are they one and the same? To put the question another way: Are thoughts, sensations, mental images, and such nothing more than physical events or processes of the physical brain? Are they just neurons (brain cells) firing or something like that? Or is the mind an immaterial, nonphysical entity distinct from the brain but interacting in some way with it? In philosophy, these and related questions make up the mind-body problem.
Since ancient times, the common view has been that the mind—the part of us that is conscious, that thinks, that makes choices, that bears moral responsibility—is immaterial and cannot be physically seen, touched, weighed, or otherwise directly detected by instruments. On this view, the mind--often called the “soul,” “spirit,” or “self”—is not the brain or any part of the body or any physical thing at all. However, since mind and body obviously interact, the common view has long been that the mind or soul can affect the body and the body can affect the mind. More specifically, the immaterial mind can cause changes in the physical body, through the interface of the physical brain, and the brain can cause changes in the mind.
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2 Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons Derek Parf.docx
2
Divided Minds and the Nature of
Persons
Derek Parfit
Derek Parfit, who was born in 1942, has been a philosopher at All Souls
Coilege, Oxjord for many years. He has also taught frequently in the United
States. The main subjeas on which he has worked have been rationality,
morality, personal identity, and juture generations. These are the subjeas of
his book Reasons and Persons, publis hed by Oxford University Press in
1984.
It was the split-brain cases which drew me into philosophy. Our
knowledge of these cases depends on the rcsults of various psychological
tests, as described by Donald MacKay.! These tests made use of two
facts. We control each of our arms, and see what is in each half of our
visual fields, with only one of Ollr hemispheres. When someone's
hemispheres have been disconnected, psychologists can thus present to
this person two different written questions in the two halves of his visual
field, and can receive two different answers written by this person's two
hands.
Here is a simplified imaginary version of the kind of evidence that such
tests provide. One of these people looks fixedly at the centre of a wide
screen, whose left half is red and right half is blue. On each half in a
darker shade arc the words, 'How many colours can you see?' With both
hands the person writes, 'Only one'. The words are now changed to read,
'Which is the only colour that you can see?' With one of his hands the
person writes 'Red', with the other he writes 'Blue'.
If this is how such a person responds, I would conclude that he is
having two visual sensations - that he does, as he claims, see both red and
blue. But in seeing each colour he is not aware of seeing the other. He has
two streams of consciousness, in each of which he can see only one
colour. In one stream he sees red, and at the same time, in his other
stream, he sees blue. More generally, he could be having at the same time
two series of thoughts and sensations, in having each of which he is
unaware of having the other.
This conclusion has been questioned. It has been claimed by some that
there are not two streams of consciousness, on the ground that the sub-
dominant hemisphere is a part of the brain whose functioning involves no
The Daibutsu (Great Buddha) at Kamakura, Japan, construded in 1252, Derek Parfit s denial of
the concept of a person is remarkably similar to a central tenet of Buddhist philosophy (photograph by
Colin Blakemore),
20 Persons
consciousness. If this were true, these cases would lose most of their
interest. I believe that it is not true, chiefly because, if a person's
dominant hemisphere is destroyed, this person is able to react in the way
in which, in the split-brain cases, the sub-dominant hemisphere reacts,
and we do not believe that such a person is just an automaton, without
consciousness. The sub-dominant hemisphere is, of course, much less
developed in certain ways, typically having the linguistic ...
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Charaka Samhita Sutra sthana Chapter 15 Upakalpaniyaadhyaya
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnataka
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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10-19
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- 8. type vs. token identity