The Amazing Universe
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The document discusses the amazing universe. It defines the universe as a space filled with matter and dark energy that is causing expansion. The universe likely began with the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago. It contains stars, planets, black holes, nebulae, asteroids belts, and moons. The universe remains mysterious but houses everything needed to support life.
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08 lecture outline
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
Dwarf Planets and Pluto / Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud
Pluto is a dwarf planet located in the Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptune populated with small icy objects. While Pluto meets two of the three criteria to be considered a planet by orbiting the sun and having sufficient mass to be rounded, it has not cleared its orbit of other objects. Its highly elliptical orbit crosses Neptune's orbit and takes 248 Earth years to revolve around the sun. The Kuiper Belt contains remnants of unformed planets and extends past Neptune out to the distant Oort Cloud, which contains trillions of icy comets nearly a million times farther from Earth.
Stars
Stars are balls of plasma held together by gravity. Nuclear fusion reactions in their cores release electromagnetic radiation, determining their temperature, color, and luminosity. Stars are classified by temperature from hottest O-type blue stars to coolest M-type red stars. Main sequence stars like our Sun derive energy from hydrogen fusion. As stars age, they evolve through red giant, red supergiant, and white dwarf phases before becoming virtually dead brown or neutron stars. The death of massive stars occurs in supernova explosions that can trigger new star formation.
Comets, asteroids, meteors, and moons
Comets are balls of ice, gas, and dust that orbit the sun and have four main parts: the nucleus, coma, hydrogen envelope, and tail. Asteroids are large rocky remains from the formation of the solar system, most located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The Earth's moon was likely created from an asteroid impact and orbits the Earth once per month, affecting ocean tides and the Earth's orbit. The moon has eight phases as it revolves around the Earth, from new moon to full moon.
Space
The document discusses several celestial bodies:
- Space is the three-dimensional extent in which objects exist and have position and direction. Modern physics views it as part of a four-dimensional spacetime continuum.
- The Sun is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma at the center of the solar system, producing most energy for life on Earth. It accounts for over 99% of the solar system's mass.
- The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. On average it is about 384,400 km from Earth. It is thought to have formed from debris after a collision between Earth and a Mars-sized body.
Ch 15 -the five dwarfs
High School Informaton Power point regarding the Dwarf Planets, the Asteroid Belt and the Kuiper Belt
About our universe
The universe began with the Big Bang approximately 13.8 billion years ago. Our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago from a giant cloud, and consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including eight planets. The four inner terrestrial planets are made of rock and metal, while the four outer gas giants are mostly hydrogen and helium. The Sun is a star that is about 109 times the size of Earth and made of hydrogen and helium. It rotates faster at its equator than its poles. Planets orbit stars and are rounded by gravity, while dwarf planets are smaller bodies that have not cleared their orbits. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known place where life has evolved, developing
The life of stars
Nebulae are clouds of gas and dust in space that serve as the birthplaces of stars. There are several types of nebulae including emission nebulae, reflection nebulae, and dark nebulae. Stars are born from nebulae and progress through different stages in their life cycles. A star will evolve from its birth in a nebula as a red dwarf or giant, through a white dwarf phase, and eventually end its life as a black dwarf, supernova, or black hole.
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08 lecture outline
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
Dwarf Planets and Pluto / Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud
Pluto is a dwarf planet located in the Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptune populated with small icy objects. While Pluto meets two of the three criteria to be considered a planet by orbiting the sun and having sufficient mass to be rounded, it has not cleared its orbit of other objects. Its highly elliptical orbit crosses Neptune's orbit and takes 248 Earth years to revolve around the sun. The Kuiper Belt contains remnants of unformed planets and extends past Neptune out to the distant Oort Cloud, which contains trillions of icy comets nearly a million times farther from Earth.
Stars
Stars are balls of plasma held together by gravity. Nuclear fusion reactions in their cores release electromagnetic radiation, determining their temperature, color, and luminosity. Stars are classified by temperature from hottest O-type blue stars to coolest M-type red stars. Main sequence stars like our Sun derive energy from hydrogen fusion. As stars age, they evolve through red giant, red supergiant, and white dwarf phases before becoming virtually dead brown or neutron stars. The death of massive stars occurs in supernova explosions that can trigger new star formation.
Comets, asteroids, meteors, and moons
Comets are balls of ice, gas, and dust that orbit the sun and have four main parts: the nucleus, coma, hydrogen envelope, and tail. Asteroids are large rocky remains from the formation of the solar system, most located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The Earth's moon was likely created from an asteroid impact and orbits the Earth once per month, affecting ocean tides and the Earth's orbit. The moon has eight phases as it revolves around the Earth, from new moon to full moon.
Space
The document discusses several celestial bodies:
- Space is the three-dimensional extent in which objects exist and have position and direction. Modern physics views it as part of a four-dimensional spacetime continuum.
- The Sun is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma at the center of the solar system, producing most energy for life on Earth. It accounts for over 99% of the solar system's mass.
- The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. On average it is about 384,400 km from Earth. It is thought to have formed from debris after a collision between Earth and a Mars-sized body.
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High School Informaton Power point regarding the Dwarf Planets, the Asteroid Belt and the Kuiper Belt
About our universe
The universe began with the Big Bang approximately 13.8 billion years ago. Our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago from a giant cloud, and consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including eight planets. The four inner terrestrial planets are made of rock and metal, while the four outer gas giants are mostly hydrogen and helium. The Sun is a star that is about 109 times the size of Earth and made of hydrogen and helium. It rotates faster at its equator than its poles. Planets orbit stars and are rounded by gravity, while dwarf planets are smaller bodies that have not cleared their orbits. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known place where life has evolved, developing
The life of stars
Nebulae are clouds of gas and dust in space that serve as the birthplaces of stars. There are several types of nebulae including emission nebulae, reflection nebulae, and dark nebulae. Stars are born from nebulae and progress through different stages in their life cycles. A star will evolve from its birth in a nebula as a red dwarf or giant, through a white dwarf phase, and eventually end its life as a black dwarf, supernova, or black hole.
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This document provides information about various celestial bodies including comets, asteroids, meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites. It describes the key parts of comets like the nucleus, coma, and tail. Specific comets discussed include Halley's Comet which can be seen every 76 years. Asteroids are defined as small solid objects that orbit the sun, with the largest concentration in the Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. Temperature extremes on asteroids are noted. The document also explains the differences between meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites and describes meteor showers.
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The universe contains everything from atoms to galaxies. There are three types of galaxies - spiral, elliptical, and irregular - which differ in their shapes. The Milky Way galaxy contains between 100-400 billion stars and is 100,000 light years across. Our solar system consists of the Sun and eight planets that orbit it, along with asteroids, comets, and other objects. The eight planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Stars are celestial objects that emit their own light, like our Sun which is the closest star to Earth. Constellations are recognizable patterns of stars in the night sky.
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The document summarizes key differences between the Earth and the Moon in terms of their formation, composition, geology, and geologic processes. It notes that the Moon has a smaller size, lower density, and different chemical composition compared to Earth. The dominant theory for the Moon's formation is that it resulted from a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized planet around 4.5 billion years ago. The document then outlines the Moon's geologic history, including early magma ocean rocks, impact basin formation, and volcanic mare basalts filling low-lying areas. In contrast to Earth, the Moon lacks plate tectonics, atmospheric or hydrologic erosion, ongoing volcanic or seismic activity, and a magnetic field.
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Solar System
The document provides information about the solar system, including:
- The solar nebula hypothesis which explains how the sun and planets formed from a cloud of gas and dust.
- Distances in space are measured in light years or astronomical units.
- The eight major planets consist of four inner terrestrial planets and four outer gas giants, along with the dwarf planet Pluto.
- Key facts are provided about each of the planets, such as their composition, moons, temperatures, densities and more.
Stars
Stars are spheres of gas held together by gravity. A star's life cycle depends on its mass, beginning as a nebula and ending as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. Small red dwarf stars can last trillions of years while massive blue giants only last 10,000-100,000 years before exploding. Our Sun is a medium yellow star that will become a red giant and eventually a white dwarf. Constellations are patterns of stars used to identify positions in the sky.
12 lecture outline
- An asteroid impact likely caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Evidence for this comes from a thin global layer containing the rare element iridium found above the last dinosaur fossils.
- In 1994, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke apart and collided with Jupiter, providing a dramatic example of a major impact event. Several black scars were left on Jupiter's atmosphere.
- While impacts from asteroids and comets are rare, the threat is real as shown by impacts to Jupiter. Near-Earth objects occasionally collide with Earth with potentially catastrophic effects.
The Universe.pptx
The universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang. It contains all matter, energy, space and time. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is one of billions of galaxies in the observable universe, each containing hundreds of billions of stars. Celestial bodies in the universe include stars, planets, satellites, comets, asteroids and meteors.
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The document provides an overview of the solar system and spacecraft exploration. It describes the key features of the solar system, including that the large bodies orbit in the same direction and plane, there are two main types of planets, and there are swarms of smaller bodies like asteroids and comets. It also discusses how robotic spacecraft can operate via flybys, orbiting other worlds, landing on surfaces, and returning samples. The goal is to understand patterns in the solar system that provide clues to how it formed and how spacecraft reveal information about other planets and moons.
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- Distances in space are measured in light years or astronomical units.
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12 lecture outline
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Pulsars and black hole
Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation. They were discovered in 1967 and form during supernova explosions when massive stars collapse. Pulsars appear to pulse because they rotate and emit beams of radiation that sweep across space like a lighthouse, appearing brighter when facing Earth. They are very dense and spin very quickly due to their compressed gravity. Black holes form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life and have such strong gravity that not even light can escape. They come in different sizes from stellar to supermassive and are detected by their effects on nearby stars. The event horizon marks the boundary where light cannot escape from a black hole's strong gravity.
1ST-Quarter-Lesson-1to-5-Handout-Reviewer-for-Earth-and-Life-Science.pdf
1) The document discusses the origin and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang theory. It states that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense mass and evolved into its current state.
2) It describes the different types of galaxies including spiral, elliptical, irregular, barred spiral, lenticular, and peculiar galaxies. It also discusses the Milky Way galaxy and solar system.
3) The Earth is described as a complex system consisting of interconnected subsystems - the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere. The document outlines the composition and layers of the Earth's crust, mantle, and core.
Josh and natalie ppt Version 2, other solar systems
Scientists have studied our solar system for years, but it was not until 1995 that the first exoplanets were discovered orbiting other stars. Using infrared telescopes, astronomers have since located over 500 exoplanetary systems. They have found gas giants and terrestrial planets, though gas giants are easier to detect. Astronomers use techniques like observing the wobble of stars to detect the presence of planets.
Astronomy
The document provides information about astronomy and the solar system. It discusses the 8 planets, their characteristics, and interesting facts about each planet. It also describes other space objects like asteroids, comets, and meteors. Tools used to study space such as telescopes, satellites, space probes, and spectroscopes are explained. Finally, it discusses concepts like light years, galaxies, and how mass and distance affect gravitational pull.
THE STARS
This document discusses different aspects of stars, including:
- What stars are composed of, both on their surfaces and interiors. Most are made of hydrogen and helium, but also contain heavier elements.
- How stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, and how they spend most of their lives fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores.
- The two types of deaths stars can experience - smaller stars like our Sun become white dwarfs, while larger stars end as supernovae.
- The different categories of stars including main sequence, red giants, and more exotic objects like neutron stars and black holes.
- Additional facts about stars like their variety of sizes, numbers in our galaxy
David y carlos s.
The document summarizes information about the universe and the formation of planets. It describes early models of the universe centered around Earth and later recognizing other galaxies. The Big Bang theory established that the universe rapidly expanded from an initial hot, dense state. Dark matter and an accelerating expansion suggest unknown forces at work. Space exploration helps observe the universe by overcoming Earth's atmosphere. Galaxies, nebulae, and stars are described along with the stages of star formation. Planets form from disks around new stars, and our solar system contains rocky inner and gaseous outer planets along with satellites, asteroids, comets, and planetary debris.
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
This document summarizes key components and concepts about the structure of the solar system:
- The solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and other small bodies. The Sun contains over 99% of the solar system's mass.
- The inner terrestrial planets are rocky, while the outer gas giants are large planets composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. An asteroid belt exists between Mars and Jupiter.
- Factors like a planet's mass, distance from the Sun, composition, and atmospheric properties help determine its environment and surface conditions. Larger planets retain heat and atmospheres better than smaller ones.
- Techniques like radioactive dating indicate the solar system formed
Our Solar System
Our solar system contains 8 planets that orbit our star, the Sun. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The Sun is over 4.6 billion years old and much larger than Earth. The Moon orbits Earth and has varying surface temperatures. Our solar system also contains asteroids, comets, and over 200 billion stars in our Milky Way Galaxy.
Our universe as a whole
The document discusses the major components of the universe including galaxies, stars, planets, comets and asteroids. It describes the formation of the universe through the Big Bang theory and provides details on key astronomical objects like nebulae, supernovae and constellations. Furthermore, it outlines our solar system and important facts about bodies like the sun, Earth and dwarf planets. The document also covers China's plans to develop an artificial moon and sun through nuclear fusion experiments.
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The Amazing Universe
- 1. THE AMAZING UNIVERSE Raven Goodwin Year 5 2014
- 2. Prologue • The universe is ever-expanding and holds millions of secrets. It contains the world we live in, the sun we use for light, but also holds the millions of other stars, planets, black holes and other fantastic examples of matter and energy. The Universe is easily imagined by scientists.
- 3. What is the Universe? • The universe is an unknown-shaped space filled with matter and a strange cosmic energy called dark energy, which makes the universe expand. Scientists do not know what this is, or if it really exists, but if there wasn`t anything to fill the non-matter areas of the universe, the universe would not exist at all.
- 4. How did the universe begin? • The universe we now live in was possibly created by a constructive and radiative event called the Big Bang. It was probably created by the collapsion of a previous Universe, which was then compressed to the size of a single atom, and that atom became so heavy it collapsed upon itself and created a semi- nuclear explosion of extreme proportions.
- 5. What is a star? • A star is a ball of compressed hydrogen that sometimes has planets orbiting around it. It can grow to almost 4 times its mass as a supergiant, and die in a supernova that forms into a black hole or neutron star, or it can die as a planetary nebula and then become a white dwarf. They are created in nebulae.
- 6. What is a black hole? • Black holes are the scientific explanation of a region of space with gravity so strong nothing can escape. In the center of a black hole is the singularity, the mass of the dead star compressed to a point of infinite density and gravity and zero size. The event horizon is the barrier of gravitational pull at which the speed of possible escape is the speed of light. They form from supernovae.
- 7. What is a planet? • Planets are large chunks of rock formed from meteoroids, and are always found in orbit of a star. They can also be made of gases,and each one has a core made of different metals.
- 8. What is a nebula? • A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and gas that collects to form stars.Some are formed from dying stars, while others are formed from space debris.They can sometimes be seen as ‘stars’ if they`re visible, but most need to be sighted by a telescope.
- 9. What is an asteroid belt? • An asteroid belt is a large ring of space rocks that can form small or medium meteoroids which might become small moons, or natural satellites. The one around our solar system is called the Kuiper Belt.
- 10. What is a moon? • Moons, or natural satellites, orbit a planet like a planet orbits a star. Some planets have lots of moons, some have only a few, but some have none at all. Most moon are in fact meteoroids trapped in orbit by the gravity of the planet.
- 11. Epilogue • The matter inside the Universe is fascinating in many ways and reveals much about the past, present and future. Meanwhile, the universe is much of a mystery itself. It houses everything that we need to survive, all in one place.