The document discusses the major components of the universe including galaxies, stars, planets, comets and asteroids. It describes the formation of the universe through the Big Bang theory and provides details on key astronomical objects like nebulae, supernovae and constellations. Furthermore, it outlines our solar system and important facts about bodies like the sun, Earth and dwarf planets. The document also covers China's plans to develop an artificial moon and sun through nuclear fusion experiments.

1. OUR UNIVERSE AS A WHOLE

2. CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION
 FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE UNIVERSE
 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND ITS FORMATION
 DWARF PLANETS
 NASA’S SOLAR PROBE
 CHINA’S FUTURE MODEL OF ARTIFICIAL MOON
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

3. • The Universe is nothing but a vast empty space consisting
of Dark matter and contains stars, planets, asteroids,
comets, meteors, solid and gaseous particles which are
called celestial bodies.
THE UNIVERSE

4. What we see in the sky at night?
Why we get a sparkling view at night?
How far are the celestial bodies?
What, why and how far ?

5. Big Bang Theory:
 In 1927, the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaître Proposed
this theory.
 According to this theory, the Universe is formed due to a massive
explosion of a tiny particle where all of its mass and space were
accumulated.
FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE

7. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE UNIVERSE:
 NEBULA
 GALAXIES
 SUPERNOVA
 CONSTELLATIONS
 STARS
 PLANETS
 SATELLITES
 METEORS
 COMETS
 ASTEROID BELT
 KUIPER BELT

8. It is a diffused mass of
interstellar dust or gas or both,
visible as luminous patches or
areas of darkness depending
on the way the mass absorbs
or reflects incident radiation.
NEBULA:

9. The universe contains over 100 billions galaxies. A galaxy is a group of
billions of stars. Our own galaxy is called the Milky Way, and it
contains about 300 billion stars and one of these is our sun.
Markenian-348: Largest known Galaxy. It is 13 times larger than the
Milky way.
GALAXIES:

10. SUPERNOVA:
• A supernova (plural
supernovae) is a stellar
explosion.
• Supernovae are extremely
luminous and cause a burst of
radiation that often briefly
outshines an entire galaxy,
before fading from view over
several weeks or months.
• During this short interval a
supernova can radiate as much
energy as the sun is expected
to emit over its entire life span.

11. Constellations are clusters of stars which appear in a
specific form. Centaurus, Gemini, Leo, Hercules and virgo
are the major constellations.
CONSTELLATIONS:

12. Some celestial bodies that have their own heat and light are called
stars. The sun is also a star.
The brightest star is Sirius, also called Dog star, and the star closest to
the Earth is called Proxima Centauri.
Stars are made up of vast clouds of hydrogen and helium gas and
dust.
STARS:

13. Some celestial bodies don’t have their own heat and light. These are
called planets. The word planet means “Wanderer”.
There are about 8 planets and 5 dwarf planets in our solar system.
There are about 100 to 200 billion planets in the milky way galaxy
approximately which is a lower limit expectations.
PLANETS:

14. The word satellite means smaller companion to anything. True to
their meaning, these satellites revolve around their planets and also
follow them in their revolution around the sun.
The moon, for example, is a satellite of the Earth. It moves around the
Earth and also around the sun along with the earth.
SATELLITES: NATURAL SATELLITES

16. METEORS:
 Small pieces of space debris (usually parts of comets or asteroids)
that are on a collision course with the Earth are called meteoroids.
 When meteoroids enter the Earth’s atmosphere they are called
meteors or colloquially a shooting stars or falling star.

17.  Comets are the most exciting of heavenly bodies. They are made up
of loose collections of ice , dust and small rocky particles.
 A well developed comet has a tail which is always turned away from
the sun. The head forms the bright portion of the comets.
 Halley’s comet is one of the important comets. It regularly visits the
earth once in 76 years. It was last seen in 1986.
COMETS:

19. ASTEROID BELT:
 Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, there is a swarm of small
bodies which also revolve round the sun. They are called asteroids.
 They are controlled by the gravitational pull of the Jupiter and Saturn.

20. KUIPER BELT:
• Region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the
orbit of Neptune .
• it consists mainly remnants from the Solar System's formation
• composed largely of frozen volatiles (termed "ices"), such as
methane, ammonia and water. It is home to at least three dwarf
planets – Pluto, Haumea, and Makemake.

21. BLACK HOLE:
• A black hole is formed when a
star of sufficient mass
undergoes gravitational
collapse, with most or all of its
mass compressed into a
sufficiently small area of space,
causing infinite space time
curvature at that point
• Such a massive space time
curvature allows nothing, not
even light, to escape from it.

22. Our solar system is a elliptical circle consisting of sun at the centre
and 8 planets revolving around the sun.
There are another 5 known dwarf planets beyond the planets which
are known as Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake, Haumea.
These names of the dwarf planets were given by IAU (international
astronomical union)
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM:

24. Weight: 2*10^27 tons
Core temperature: 15 million degree C
71% Hydrogen
26.5 % helium
Source of energy: nuclear fusion
THE SUN:

25. SOME FACTS ABOUT THE EARTH:
DIAMETER
 Equatorial : 12,756 km
 Polar: 12,714 km
CIRCUMFERENCE
 Equatorial: 40,077 km
 Polar: 40,009 km
DENSITY : 5.52 g/cm^3
AGE: 4.6 billion years old.
ESCAPE VELOCITY: 11200 m/s

27. It is a robotic NASA Spacecraft that will en route the outer corona of
the sun. It will approach within 6.9 million km from the centre of the
sun.
It will travel at the speed of 690,000 km/hr
It was launched in August 12, 2018 at cape canaveral.
The spacecraft systems are protected from extreme heat from the sun
by the help of solar shield.
NASA’S Latest technology Parker Solar
probe

28.  The solar shield is hexagonal, mounted on the Sun-facing side of the spacecraft, 2.3
m in diameter, 11.4 cm thick and is made up of reinforced carbon-carbon
composite, which is designed to withstand temperature outside the spacecraft.
SOLAR SHIELD:

29. Is it possible to create artificial Sun or
moon?

30. By 2020, The tian fu New Areas science society plans to launch an
artificial moon to light up the night sky.
If the plan goes through, the so-called “illumination satellite” would
orbit above the chinese city of chengdu and glow in conjunction with
the actual moon, but can shine 8 times brighter than the moon.
China’s latest innovative technology of creating
Artificial moon as well as sun in future:

31. The artificial sun(not to be confused with the “artificial moon”) is a
popular name given to one of the most promising nuclear fusion
experiments to date.
Designed to replicate the process our sun uses to generate energy.
This was set up in the EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting
Tokamak).
CHINA’S ARTIFICIAL SUN IN PROCESS:

32.  Researchers from china’s Hefei institutes of physical sciences
announced that China’s Artificial Sun just became the hottest known
nuclear fusion on earth.
 Literally, with the plasma reaching 100 million degree celsius as
compared to sun which is only 15 million degree celsius.

33. Artificial sun development lab, EAST

34. CONCLUSION:
 Knowing about the vast universe makes you even more
curious about the things that are beyond our reach of
human.
 Universe keeps on expanding day to day, year to year,
decade to decade, centuries to centuries where scientists
still couldn’t predict even with advanced technology.

35. REFERENCES:
 www.space.com
 www.astro.tek
 www.nasa.com
 NASA imagery
 www.astronomy.com