This document provides information on the microscopic structure and burning characteristics of various textile fibers including cotton, wool, linen, silk, polyester, nylon, and jute. Cotton appears as a spirally twisted ribbon under a microscope. Wool has an irregular cylindrical structure with three layers. Linen resembles bamboo with nodes. Silk is smooth with two filaments. Polyester and nylon are round and smooth. Jute has crosswise marks and a central canal. The fibers vary in solubility and burning properties such as smoke, smell, and residue.
This document provides information on identifying different types of fibers through burning tests, chemical tests, and microscopic views. It discusses the characteristics of cotton, wool, silk, flax/linen, polyester, nylon, acrylic, and rayon under each of these tests. For each fiber, it describes flame color and odor when burned, solubility levels in different chemicals, and appearance under a microscope. The document is intended to serve as a reference for identifying unknown textile fibers.
This document describes the burning and microscopic properties of various textile fibers (cotton, wool, silk, linen, nylon, rayon, polyester, acetate). It notes how each fiber burns, its burning smell, and how it dissolves in various chemical solutions. Cotton burns with a steady flame and smells like burning leaves. Wool is harder to ignite than silk and smells like burning hair. Silk burns readily and smells like burning hair. Linen takes longer to ignite than other fibers. Nylon melts and burns rapidly, smelling like burning plastic. Rayon leaves a slight ash and smells like burning leaves. Polyester melts and burns at the same time, leaving a hard ash with a sweetish smell
This document discusses various tests for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. It describes burning tests that can identify natural fibers like cotton, linen, silk and wool based on how they burn and smell. It also explains burning tests for various man-made fibers like acetate, acrylic, nylon and polyester. Microscopic analysis is outlined for different fibers, noting distinguishing characteristics. Chemical tests are provided to distinguish fibers like using acid versus alkali solutions. Advantages of technical tests are their reliability over non-technical tests, while limitations include fiber treatments affecting microscopy and dye interference.
This document describes the identification of various textile fibers through burn, microscopic, and solubility tests. It provides details on the properties of cotton, silk, wool, linen, polyester, nylon, rayon, and acetate fibers when subjected to these standard tests. Key identifying features include how each fiber burns and any beads, ash, or odor produced; its appearance under a microscope; and whether it dissolves in various solvents like acetone or acids. The tests allow differentiation between natural fibers like cotton and silk from synthetic or manufactured fibers.
This document describes the microscopic views, solubility tests, and burn tests for various natural and synthetic fiber types. It provides microscope images and details the appearance of cotton, wool, linen, silk, polyester, nylon, jute, and rayon fibers at the microscopic level. It also lists substances the fibers are soluble or insoluble in and notes characteristics of burning, such as flame behavior, smoke, smell, and residue produced.
This document describes methods for identifying common fiber types including cotton, linen, silk, wool, polyester, acrylic, nylon, and acetate. It discusses identifying each fiber through burning tests, microscopic tests, and chemical tests. The burning test examines how the fiber burns and the resulting ash or bead. Microscopic tests observe fiber structure and appearance under a microscope. Chemical tests involve exposing fibers to specific solutions to observe solubility or color changes.
This document provides information on the microscopic structure and burning characteristics of various textile fibers including cotton, wool, linen, silk, polyester, nylon, and jute. Cotton appears as a spirally twisted ribbon under a microscope. Wool has an irregular cylindrical structure with three layers. Linen resembles bamboo with nodes. Silk is smooth with two filaments. Polyester and nylon are round and smooth. Jute has crosswise marks and a central canal. The fibers vary in solubility and burning properties such as smoke, smell, and residue.
This document provides information on identifying different types of fibers through burning tests, chemical tests, and microscopic views. It discusses the characteristics of cotton, wool, silk, flax/linen, polyester, nylon, acrylic, and rayon under each of these tests. For each fiber, it describes flame color and odor when burned, solubility levels in different chemicals, and appearance under a microscope. The document is intended to serve as a reference for identifying unknown textile fibers.
This document describes the burning and microscopic properties of various textile fibers (cotton, wool, silk, linen, nylon, rayon, polyester, acetate). It notes how each fiber burns, its burning smell, and how it dissolves in various chemical solutions. Cotton burns with a steady flame and smells like burning leaves. Wool is harder to ignite than silk and smells like burning hair. Silk burns readily and smells like burning hair. Linen takes longer to ignite than other fibers. Nylon melts and burns rapidly, smelling like burning plastic. Rayon leaves a slight ash and smells like burning leaves. Polyester melts and burns at the same time, leaving a hard ash with a sweetish smell
This document discusses various tests for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. It describes burning tests that can identify natural fibers like cotton, linen, silk and wool based on how they burn and smell. It also explains burning tests for various man-made fibers like acetate, acrylic, nylon and polyester. Microscopic analysis is outlined for different fibers, noting distinguishing characteristics. Chemical tests are provided to distinguish fibers like using acid versus alkali solutions. Advantages of technical tests are their reliability over non-technical tests, while limitations include fiber treatments affecting microscopy and dye interference.
This document describes the identification of various textile fibers through burn, microscopic, and solubility tests. It provides details on the properties of cotton, silk, wool, linen, polyester, nylon, rayon, and acetate fibers when subjected to these standard tests. Key identifying features include how each fiber burns and any beads, ash, or odor produced; its appearance under a microscope; and whether it dissolves in various solvents like acetone or acids. The tests allow differentiation between natural fibers like cotton and silk from synthetic or manufactured fibers.
This document describes the microscopic views, solubility tests, and burn tests for various natural and synthetic fiber types. It provides microscope images and details the appearance of cotton, wool, linen, silk, polyester, nylon, jute, and rayon fibers at the microscopic level. It also lists substances the fibers are soluble or insoluble in and notes characteristics of burning, such as flame behavior, smoke, smell, and residue produced.
This document describes methods for identifying common fiber types including cotton, linen, silk, wool, polyester, acrylic, nylon, and acetate. It discusses identifying each fiber through burning tests, microscopic tests, and chemical tests. The burning test examines how the fiber burns and the resulting ash or bead. Microscopic tests observe fiber structure and appearance under a microscope. Chemical tests involve exposing fibers to specific solutions to observe solubility or color changes.
This document provides information on identifying natural and man-made fibers through various tests. It discusses burn tests that examine how fibers behave when exposed to flame, as well as solubility tests that observe how fibers react to different chemicals. Specific fibers like silk, wool, cotton, nylon, acrylic, polyester, polypropylene, and linen are examined under a microscope to view their distinguishing microscopic characteristics. The document also provides methods to distinguish certain fibers from one another, such as using hydrochloric acid to dissolve silk but cause wool to swell.
This document provides information on various types of tests used to identify different types of fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. Non-technical tests include feeling, burning, and other basic observational tests. Technical tests require laboratory equipment and include microscopic analysis to examine fiber structure and characteristics, as well as chemical tests using reagents and solvents to isolate individual fibers. The document describes the processes and observations for each test and fiber type to allow for accurate fiber identification.
This document discusses various methods for characterizing fibers, including microscopic, burning, and solubility tests. Microscopic tests allow distinguishing between natural and man-made fibers by examining fiber characteristics like cross-sectional shape under high magnification. Burning tests identify fibers based on how they burn and the smell, flame, ash, and melting behaviors. Solubility tests use solvents to dissolve certain fibers but not others, helping to identify fiber composition. These methods help determine the structural, physical and chemical properties of fibers.
Microscopic View of fibers and their identification , solubility testSarmad Khan
The document reports on tests conducted to identify different types of fibers including cotton, silk, wool, linen, rayon, polyester, nylon, acrylic, acetate, and their solubility in various chemicals. Microscopic views of longitudinal and cross-sectional structures are presented. Burn tests note how each fiber burns and the smell/residue. Solubility tests list which chemicals dissolve each fiber (e.g. acetates dissolve in acetone and acetic acid but not HCl) to help in identification. The goal is to dissolve fiber specimens and record observations to determine the fiber type.
This document provides information about identifying various textile fibers through burn tests, microscopic views, and solubility tests. It describes the properties of cotton, silk, wool, polyester, nylon, rayon, linen, and acetate/triacetate fibers when subjected to these identification methods. For each fiber, it explains how the fiber burns, its appearance under a microscope, and whether it is soluble in various chemicals. The document aims to teach the process of identifying unknown textile fibers using these scientific examination techniques.
The document discusses the fiber manufacturing process. There are two types of manufactured fibers: regenerated and synthetic. The fiber spinning process involves three main steps: 1) preparing a viscous dope or melt, 2) forcing the dope or melt through a spinneret to form fibers, and 3) solidifying the fibers through coagulation, evaporation or cooling. Polyester is one of the most widely used synthetic fibers and is made from polymers containing ester functional groups. It is strong, durable, wrinkle resistant and can be blended with other fibers like cotton and wool.
This document describes various methods for identifying different types of textile fibers, including cotton, flax, silk, rayon, polyester, wool, nylon, and acrylic. It discusses the results of burning, chemical, and microscopic tests for each fiber. Burning tests examine how the fiber ignites and burns, as well as the odor, residue, and other characteristics. Chemical tests involve observing how the fiber reacts to different solutions. Microscopic tests analyze the fiber's appearance and structure at the microscopic level. The document provides details of these identification tests for each fiber type.
This presentation discusses methods for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical methods. Non-technical methods include feeling and burn tests, which can provide preliminary identification but are not always accurate. Technical methods like microscope and chemical tests provide more definitive results. Microscope tests examine fiber characteristics like cross-sectional shape. Chemical tests use solvents and stains to determine how fibers react; for example, cotton dissolves in sulfuric acid while linen is unaffected. Accurately identifying fibers is important for textile dyeing, printing, finishing and care.
This document describes various methods for identifying different types of textile fibers, including cotton, flax, silk, rayon, polyester, wool, nylon, and acrylic. It discusses the results of burning, chemical, and microscopic tests for each fiber. Burning tests examine how the fiber ignites and burns, as well as the odor, residue, and other characteristics. Chemical tests involve observing how the fiber reacts to different solutions. Microscopic tests analyze the fiber's appearance and structure at the microscopic level. The document provides details of these identification tests for each fiber type.
This document discusses methods for identifying textile fibers. It notes that while identifying natural fibers was once simple, man-made fibers have increased complexity. A series of visual, burning, chemical, and microscopic tests are used. The burning test observes how fibers react to flame. Chemical tests use stains like Shirlastain A and C to identify un-dyed fibers based on color changes. The document provides details on testing procedures and reaction results to identify various natural and man-made fiber types.
This document provides information on identifying natural and man-made textile fibers through burn, microscopic, and chemical tests. It discusses the identification of cotton, linen, silk, and wool fibers naturally as well as several man-made fibers including acetate, acrylic, nylon, and polyester. Burn tests examine how the fibers ignite and burn while microscopic analysis looks at fiber structure and chemical tests involve dissolving or coloring fibers using specified chemicals.
This document discusses methods for identifying different types of fibers, including cotton, wool, linen, silk, acetate, rayon, and polyester. The three main methods discussed are burn testing, microscopic analysis, and chemical tests. Burn testing examines how the fiber burns and what odor/residue is produced. Microscopic analysis looks at the fiber structure and appearance under a microscope. Chemical tests investigate how the fibers react to specific solutions to determine their composition. The document provides details on the characteristic signs for each fiber type under each testing method.
The document describes various tests for identifying natural and synthetic fibers:
- Burning tests examine how fibers burn and the characteristics of the flame, smoke, odor, and ash. Cotton burns steadily like paper while wool curls away from flame and burns slowly like hair.
- Microscopic tests reveal distinguishing features like cotton's spiral shape, wool's layered structure, and nylon's smooth, round appearance.
- Chemical tests use solvents to dissolve certain fibers - concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves silk but not wool, and hot meta cresol dissolves polyester but not acetate or nylon. Microscopic analysis and solvent tests are needed to identify fiber blends.
This document provides information on identifying different textile fibers through burning, microscopic, and solubility tests. It describes the burning characteristics of cotton, linen, silk, wool, acetate, acrylic, nylon, rayon, polyester, and their appearances under a microscope. Specific solvents that fibers are soluble or insoluble in are also listed to aid in identification. The document was submitted by M. Usman Irshad to Sir Imran Raza for a discipline of textile science.
This document discusses elements of textile identification and measurement. It describes various technical and non-technical tests that can be used to identify textile fibers, including burning tests and chemical tests. Burning tests observe a fiber's reaction to heat, such as whether it melts, curls or burns continuously. Chemical tests involve treating fibers with specific solvents to determine solubility. The document also discusses common units of textile measurement like ends per inch, picks per inch and momme, which measure various characteristics of woven fabrics like thread count.
This document discusses various methods for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. Non-technical tests include feeling, burning, and microscopic analysis. The burning test observes each fiber's reaction to heat, including flame characteristics, odor, and ash properties. Technical tests like microscopic examination and chemical analysis require specialized equipment and knowledge but can more precisely identify fiber blends and properties. Microscopy reveals unique structures of natural and man-made fibers. Chemical tests use solvents and reagents to distinguish fibers based on their different solubility properties.
The document describes the burn test, microscopic structure, and chemical analysis of several natural and synthetic fibers: flax, silk, polyester, wool, cotton, jute, rayon, leather, and synthetic leather. For each fiber, the burn test describes characteristics like odor and residue. The microscopic structure identifies features visible under a microscope. Chemical analysis outlines the fiber's resistance to acids, alkalis, bleaches, and other chemicals.
The document discusses natural remedies for arthritis and joint pain, including proper posture, exercise, massage, and diet. Maintaining good posture helps distribute weight evenly in joints to reduce pressure and inflammation. Regular exercise can strengthen muscles around joints to provide stability. Massage increases blood and lymph flow to nourish joints and reduce scar tissue buildup. Diet plays a role as an acidic environment contributes to joint pain, so an alkaline diet along with supplements can help balance the body's internal environment to support joint health.
This document is an assignment submission for a course on testing textiles. It describes an experiment conducted on a Yarn Lea Strength Tester to determine the strength of a cotton yarn sample. The experiment found that the yarn strength was 79.32 lbs/lea and the Count Strength Product (CSP) was 2379.6. Since the CSP was greater than the standard of 2200, the document concludes that the yarn sample had good strength fibers.
Cotton, flax, and wool are natural fibers with various properties and uses. Cotton has good strength when wet due to hydrogen bonding between polymers. It is hydroscopic and does not cause static electricity. Common uses include clothing, home textiles, and medical supplies. Flax has high tensile strength and resistance to alkalis and sunlight. Linen is used for clothing and canvas. Wool is flame retardant, insulating, and durable. It regulates temperature and moisture. Wool is used for clothing, carpeting, and insulation.
This document provides information on identifying natural and man-made fibers through various tests. It discusses burn tests that examine how fibers behave when exposed to flame, as well as solubility tests that observe how fibers react to different chemicals. Specific fibers like silk, wool, cotton, nylon, acrylic, polyester, polypropylene, and linen are examined under a microscope to view their distinguishing microscopic characteristics. The document also provides methods to distinguish certain fibers from one another, such as using hydrochloric acid to dissolve silk but cause wool to swell.
This document provides information on various types of tests used to identify different types of fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. Non-technical tests include feeling, burning, and other basic observational tests. Technical tests require laboratory equipment and include microscopic analysis to examine fiber structure and characteristics, as well as chemical tests using reagents and solvents to isolate individual fibers. The document describes the processes and observations for each test and fiber type to allow for accurate fiber identification.
This document discusses various methods for characterizing fibers, including microscopic, burning, and solubility tests. Microscopic tests allow distinguishing between natural and man-made fibers by examining fiber characteristics like cross-sectional shape under high magnification. Burning tests identify fibers based on how they burn and the smell, flame, ash, and melting behaviors. Solubility tests use solvents to dissolve certain fibers but not others, helping to identify fiber composition. These methods help determine the structural, physical and chemical properties of fibers.
Microscopic View of fibers and their identification , solubility testSarmad Khan
The document reports on tests conducted to identify different types of fibers including cotton, silk, wool, linen, rayon, polyester, nylon, acrylic, acetate, and their solubility in various chemicals. Microscopic views of longitudinal and cross-sectional structures are presented. Burn tests note how each fiber burns and the smell/residue. Solubility tests list which chemicals dissolve each fiber (e.g. acetates dissolve in acetone and acetic acid but not HCl) to help in identification. The goal is to dissolve fiber specimens and record observations to determine the fiber type.
This document provides information about identifying various textile fibers through burn tests, microscopic views, and solubility tests. It describes the properties of cotton, silk, wool, polyester, nylon, rayon, linen, and acetate/triacetate fibers when subjected to these identification methods. For each fiber, it explains how the fiber burns, its appearance under a microscope, and whether it is soluble in various chemicals. The document aims to teach the process of identifying unknown textile fibers using these scientific examination techniques.
The document discusses the fiber manufacturing process. There are two types of manufactured fibers: regenerated and synthetic. The fiber spinning process involves three main steps: 1) preparing a viscous dope or melt, 2) forcing the dope or melt through a spinneret to form fibers, and 3) solidifying the fibers through coagulation, evaporation or cooling. Polyester is one of the most widely used synthetic fibers and is made from polymers containing ester functional groups. It is strong, durable, wrinkle resistant and can be blended with other fibers like cotton and wool.
This document describes various methods for identifying different types of textile fibers, including cotton, flax, silk, rayon, polyester, wool, nylon, and acrylic. It discusses the results of burning, chemical, and microscopic tests for each fiber. Burning tests examine how the fiber ignites and burns, as well as the odor, residue, and other characteristics. Chemical tests involve observing how the fiber reacts to different solutions. Microscopic tests analyze the fiber's appearance and structure at the microscopic level. The document provides details of these identification tests for each fiber type.
This presentation discusses methods for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical methods. Non-technical methods include feeling and burn tests, which can provide preliminary identification but are not always accurate. Technical methods like microscope and chemical tests provide more definitive results. Microscope tests examine fiber characteristics like cross-sectional shape. Chemical tests use solvents and stains to determine how fibers react; for example, cotton dissolves in sulfuric acid while linen is unaffected. Accurately identifying fibers is important for textile dyeing, printing, finishing and care.
This document describes various methods for identifying different types of textile fibers, including cotton, flax, silk, rayon, polyester, wool, nylon, and acrylic. It discusses the results of burning, chemical, and microscopic tests for each fiber. Burning tests examine how the fiber ignites and burns, as well as the odor, residue, and other characteristics. Chemical tests involve observing how the fiber reacts to different solutions. Microscopic tests analyze the fiber's appearance and structure at the microscopic level. The document provides details of these identification tests for each fiber type.
This document discusses methods for identifying textile fibers. It notes that while identifying natural fibers was once simple, man-made fibers have increased complexity. A series of visual, burning, chemical, and microscopic tests are used. The burning test observes how fibers react to flame. Chemical tests use stains like Shirlastain A and C to identify un-dyed fibers based on color changes. The document provides details on testing procedures and reaction results to identify various natural and man-made fiber types.
This document provides information on identifying natural and man-made textile fibers through burn, microscopic, and chemical tests. It discusses the identification of cotton, linen, silk, and wool fibers naturally as well as several man-made fibers including acetate, acrylic, nylon, and polyester. Burn tests examine how the fibers ignite and burn while microscopic analysis looks at fiber structure and chemical tests involve dissolving or coloring fibers using specified chemicals.
This document discusses methods for identifying different types of fibers, including cotton, wool, linen, silk, acetate, rayon, and polyester. The three main methods discussed are burn testing, microscopic analysis, and chemical tests. Burn testing examines how the fiber burns and what odor/residue is produced. Microscopic analysis looks at the fiber structure and appearance under a microscope. Chemical tests investigate how the fibers react to specific solutions to determine their composition. The document provides details on the characteristic signs for each fiber type under each testing method.
The document describes various tests for identifying natural and synthetic fibers:
- Burning tests examine how fibers burn and the characteristics of the flame, smoke, odor, and ash. Cotton burns steadily like paper while wool curls away from flame and burns slowly like hair.
- Microscopic tests reveal distinguishing features like cotton's spiral shape, wool's layered structure, and nylon's smooth, round appearance.
- Chemical tests use solvents to dissolve certain fibers - concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves silk but not wool, and hot meta cresol dissolves polyester but not acetate or nylon. Microscopic analysis and solvent tests are needed to identify fiber blends.
This document provides information on identifying different textile fibers through burning, microscopic, and solubility tests. It describes the burning characteristics of cotton, linen, silk, wool, acetate, acrylic, nylon, rayon, polyester, and their appearances under a microscope. Specific solvents that fibers are soluble or insoluble in are also listed to aid in identification. The document was submitted by M. Usman Irshad to Sir Imran Raza for a discipline of textile science.
This document discusses elements of textile identification and measurement. It describes various technical and non-technical tests that can be used to identify textile fibers, including burning tests and chemical tests. Burning tests observe a fiber's reaction to heat, such as whether it melts, curls or burns continuously. Chemical tests involve treating fibers with specific solvents to determine solubility. The document also discusses common units of textile measurement like ends per inch, picks per inch and momme, which measure various characteristics of woven fabrics like thread count.
This document discusses various methods for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. Non-technical tests include feeling, burning, and microscopic analysis. The burning test observes each fiber's reaction to heat, including flame characteristics, odor, and ash properties. Technical tests like microscopic examination and chemical analysis require specialized equipment and knowledge but can more precisely identify fiber blends and properties. Microscopy reveals unique structures of natural and man-made fibers. Chemical tests use solvents and reagents to distinguish fibers based on their different solubility properties.
The document describes the burn test, microscopic structure, and chemical analysis of several natural and synthetic fibers: flax, silk, polyester, wool, cotton, jute, rayon, leather, and synthetic leather. For each fiber, the burn test describes characteristics like odor and residue. The microscopic structure identifies features visible under a microscope. Chemical analysis outlines the fiber's resistance to acids, alkalis, bleaches, and other chemicals.
The document discusses natural remedies for arthritis and joint pain, including proper posture, exercise, massage, and diet. Maintaining good posture helps distribute weight evenly in joints to reduce pressure and inflammation. Regular exercise can strengthen muscles around joints to provide stability. Massage increases blood and lymph flow to nourish joints and reduce scar tissue buildup. Diet plays a role as an acidic environment contributes to joint pain, so an alkaline diet along with supplements can help balance the body's internal environment to support joint health.
This document is an assignment submission for a course on testing textiles. It describes an experiment conducted on a Yarn Lea Strength Tester to determine the strength of a cotton yarn sample. The experiment found that the yarn strength was 79.32 lbs/lea and the Count Strength Product (CSP) was 2379.6. Since the CSP was greater than the standard of 2200, the document concludes that the yarn sample had good strength fibers.
Cotton, flax, and wool are natural fibers with various properties and uses. Cotton has good strength when wet due to hydrogen bonding between polymers. It is hydroscopic and does not cause static electricity. Common uses include clothing, home textiles, and medical supplies. Flax has high tensile strength and resistance to alkalis and sunlight. Linen is used for clothing and canvas. Wool is flame retardant, insulating, and durable. It regulates temperature and moisture. Wool is used for clothing, carpeting, and insulation.
Jute is a natural fiber obtained from the stems of the jute plant. It is the second most produced textile fiber in the world after cotton. India, China, and Bangladesh are leading producers. The fiber goes through cultivation, harvesting, retting, stripping, washing, drying, baling, and packing processes. Jute has good antistatic properties but low crease resistance and drape. It is biodegradable and used widely in sacks, carpets, rugs, and other products due to its low cost. However, it has poor strength when wet and loses strength with sunlight.
This document provides information about hair and fiber analysis in forensic science. It discusses the biology and structure of hair, including that hair is composed of keratin and grows from follicles. Hair color, shape, and texture are influenced by genes and other factors. Microscopic analysis of hair can determine characteristics like where on the body it came from. DNA can be extracted from hair roots. The structure of hair includes the cuticle, cortex, and sometimes a medulla. Fiber evidence analysis examines the type of fibers, how they were spun and constructed, and can match unique fibers between crime scenes and suspects. Natural fibers like cotton and wool and synthetic fibers like nylon and polyester are analyzed. Microscopic examination of hairs
Fiberglass is a material made of thin glass threads used for textiles and insulation. It exists in two main types, S-glass which is high strength but expensive, and E-glass which is cheaper. Fiberglass is used in many industries like automotive, textiles, and construction for items like car parts, clothing, and reinforcement of structures due to its durability and heat resistance.
This document discusses several enzymes and protein drugs, including their sources, descriptions, and uses. Papain is obtained from papaya latex and used as a meat tenderizer. Bromelain comes from pineapple and is used to treat inflammation. Malt extract from barley contains proteins and enzymes used as nutrients and flavorings. Serratiopeptidase from bacteria breaks down proteins to reduce inflammation. Urokinase from urine dissolves blood clots, as does streptokinase from bacteria. Pepsin in the stomach digests proteins.
Properties of Natural and Man made fibersTalha Rehman
This fiber test report summarizes burn, chemical, and microscopic tests performed on several natural and synthetic fibers. Cotton, linen, wool, jute, and silk are analyzed as natural fibers. Rayon, polyester, and nylon are examined as synthetic fibers. For each fiber, the burn test describes how it ignites and behaves when burned. The chemical test discusses the fiber's reactions to bleaches, acids, and alkalis. The microscopic test outlines what each fiber looks like at the microscopic level.
This document provides information about enzymes, including their general properties, chemical nature, and various classification systems. Some key points:
- Enzymes are biological catalysts produced by living organisms that speed up chemical reactions necessary for life processes. They are proteins that typically function best around body temperature.
- Enzymes can be classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze (oxidation, hydrolysis, etc.), where they act in the body (intracellularly or extracellularly), or the type of substrate they break down (carbohydrates, proteins, etc.).
- Important individual enzymes discussed include pepsin, rennin, pancreatin, and others and their sources, functions, and
Fiberglass, or glass-reinforced plastic, is a material made of extremely fine glass fibers set in or surrounded by plastic. It is made by melting glass into fine fibers, which are then bonded together with a plastic resin to form a strong, lightweight material. Fiberglass is used widely in many applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, resistance to corrosion, and ability to be molded into complex shapes. Some common uses include building insulation, boats, cars, and building panels.
The document discusses the structure and properties of various natural and man-made fibers. It describes fiber characteristics like length, shape, surface, configuration and diameter. It also examines essential fiber properties such as abrasion resistance, absorbency, elasticity, environmental resistance, and flexibility. The document provides details on specific natural fibers including cotton, flax, wool, silk and specialty animal hairs. It also discusses the classification and development of cellulosic, protein and synthetic man-made fibers.
I am the student of Textile Institute of Pakistan in the discipline of Textile Science [B.Sc( Hons)] & this presentation is about Viscose Rayon fiber, its manufacturing, its chemical composition, its types, its modification, its identification and its uses.
The document discusses textile fibers, defining them as hair-like substances that are much longer than they are wide and can be spun into yarns. It outlines key properties of textile fibers including a high length-to-width ratio, flexibility, strength, and ability to be spun. The document then classifies fibers as natural (vegetable, animal, mineral) or man-made (regenerated, synthetic, inorganic) and describes properties of common natural fibers like cotton and jute.
This document provides an overview of enzymes, including their chemistry, classification, mechanisms of action, kinetics, inhibition, and activation. It begins with the basic introduction that enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. It then covers enzyme structure and components like cofactors. The major sections explain classification of enzymes based on reaction type, mechanisms like induced fit and catalytic types, kinetics concepts like Michaelis-Menten modeling and factors affecting reaction rates, and types of inhibition like competitive and noncompetitive. The document aims to comprehensively summarize the key topics relating to enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They are highly specific and only catalyze particular reactions. Enzymes work by weakening the bonds of reactants, reducing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur. The substance an enzyme acts on is called the substrate, which binds to the enzyme's active site to induce a shape change that facilitates the reaction. Environmental conditions like temperature and pH can impact enzyme activity, as can cofactors, coenzymes, and enzyme inhibitors.
textile fiber identification lecture material for level two student.pdfMezgebuTesfaye4
The identification of common fibers is comparatively easy as they have diverse physical and chemical properties. To identify the fibers different types of tests are performed such as solubility, burning test, staining test, and swelling test, microscopical tests etc.
textile fiber identification lecture material for level two student.pptxMezgebuTesfaye4
The identification of common fibers is comparatively easy as they have diverse physical and chemical properties. To identify the fibers different types of tests are performed such as solubility, burning test, staining test, and swelling test, microscopical tests etc
This document discusses methods for identifying different types of fibers, including cotton, wool, linen, silk, acetate, rayon, and polyester. The three main methods discussed are burn testing, microscopic analysis, and chemical tests. Burn testing examines how the fiber burns and what it smells like. Microscopic analysis looks at the fiber structure and appearance under a microscope. Chemical tests investigate how the fiber reacts to specific solutions to determine its composition. The document provides details on the characteristics examined for each fiber using these three identification methods.
This document describes methods for identifying common fiber types including cotton, linen, silk, wool, polyester, acrylic, nylon, and acetate. It discusses identifying each fiber through burning tests, microscopic tests, and chemical tests. Burning tests examine how the fiber burns and any residues left. Microscopic tests look at fiber structure and appearance under a microscope. Chemical tests involve observing how the fibers react to specific chemical solutions. The document provides details on the characteristics and properties identified during testing for each fiber type.
The document describes the results of burn, solubility and microscopic tests conducted on various natural and synthetic fibers including cotton, linen, rayon, silk, wool, polyester, acetate and acrylic. Cotton burns quickly leaving a yellow afterglow and is soluble in sulfuric acid. Under a microscope, its longitudinal structure is ribbon-like and cross-sectional is kidney-like. Linen and rayon also burn and dissolve similarly to cotton but at different rates. Silk burns slowly and shrinks from flames, dissolving in acids and alkalis. Wool burns slowly with a smell of burning hair and dissolves in sodium hydroxide. Polyester and acetate burn slowly and are soluble in sodium hydroxide and sulfuric
This document describes the properties of silk fiber. It notes that silk is a natural protein fiber that is lustrous, smooth, and very strong. It takes dyes well and can burn slowly while smelling like burning hair and leaving an irregular soft bead residue. Under a microscope, silk appears ellipitical or triangular in cross-section and is composed of two filaments held together by fibroin and sericin. Concentrated hydrochloric acid will dissolve silk wool fiber and cause it to swell.
This document provides an overview of hematoxylin and eosin staining techniques. It discusses the structures of dyes, classifications of dyes, staining mechanisms, hematoxylin, eosin, and the hematoxylin and eosin staining procedure. The key steps of the H&E staining procedure are deparaffinization, hydration, hematoxylin staining, differentiation, blueing, and eosin counterstaining to color nuclei blue and cytoplasm pink, respectively. The document also covers dye origins, properties, affinities, and terms used in biological staining.
The document describes various tests for identifying natural and synthetic fibers:
- Burning tests examine how fibers burn and the characteristics of the flame, smoke, odor, and ash. Cotton burns steadily like paper while wool curls away from flame and burns slowly like hair.
- Microscopic tests reveal distinguishing features like cotton's spiral shape, wool's layered structure, and nylon's smooth round appearance.
- Chemical tests use solvents to dissolve certain fibers - concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves silk but not wool, showing how to distinguish the two protein fibers. Identification is difficult when fibers are blended chemically.
The document discusses various physical and chemical properties of matter. It defines physical properties as those that can be determined without changing the composition of a substance, such as texture, color, and boiling point. Chemical properties describe how a substance can change to form another substance through a chemical reaction. The document also defines physical and chemical changes, and discusses the phases of matter, forms of matter such as elements and compounds, properties of metals and acids/bases, and types of mixtures like solutions, suspensions and colloids.
This presentation summarizes methods for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical methods like feeling and burn tests, and technical methods like microscope and chemical tests. Microscope tests examine fiber characteristics like cross-sectional shape to identify natural fibers, while chemical tests use solvents and stains to determine fiber composition based on how fibers react. The presentation provides detailed descriptions of burning behaviors and microscopic appearances to distinguish common natural and synthetic fibers and outlines specific chemical tests and solvents used to identify fiber types.
Sulphur dyes contain disulfide linkages and are used to produce black, brown, and other dark shades on cellulosic materials like cotton. They are water-insoluble so must be converted to a water-soluble leuco form using a reducing agent before application. After dyeing, an oxidizing agent turns the dye back to its insoluble form within the fiber. Issues like poor fastness, bronzing, and material tendering can occur but have corrective actions like ensuring complete dissolution and reaction of the dye and proper washing after dyeing.
The document describes methods for identifying different types of fibers, including cotton, wool, linen, silk, nylon, polyester, acetate, and rayon. It provides details on identifying each fiber through microscopic view, burn tests, and solubility tests. The burn tests note how each fiber burns and any odors produced. The solubility tests list specific acids, solvents, or chemicals each fiber dissolves or does not dissolve in.
Color is the sensation resulting from light waves of different wavelengths activating the retina of the eye. Longer wavelengths such as red have lower frequencies while shorter wavelengths like blue have higher frequencies. There are three aspects to color: hue (name), value (amount of black or white), and intensity (purity). Dyes are soluble colored organic compounds that can be applied to substrates to impart color, while pigments are insoluble colored particles that remain physically and chemically unaffected by the substrate. The key differences between dyes and pigments are their solubility, size, bonding method, longevity, and combustibility.
This document provides information about different staining techniques used to visualize bacteria under a microscope. It begins with an introduction to staining and describes various types of stains including acidic, basic, and neutral stains. It then discusses positive and negative staining techniques as well as how to prepare, fix, and stain bacterial smears using simple stains, Gram staining, acid-fast staining, endospore staining, and flagella staining. The purpose of these staining methods is to contrast bacterial structures from their environment to facilitate examination under a microscope.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
This document provides information about pigment dyeing. It begins with definitions of pigment and pigment dyeing. Pigments are insoluble in water but can be dispersed to modify color and light scattering properties. Pigment dyeing involves fixing pigments to textile materials with binders rather than a chemical reaction between dye and fabric. The document then discusses classification of pigments, trade names, properties, requirements, differences between dyes and pigments, examples of organic and inorganic pigments, binders, and the pigment dyeing process.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. BURN TEST :-
Burn with a yellow
flame, light smoke,
and have glowing
embers. Cellulosic
fibers do not melt
or draw away from
flames.The residue
is a fine, feathery,
gray ash.
3. MICROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE :-
Fiber look like a small
length of bamboo
under a
microscope.The
cellulose molecules are
folded back & forth in a
fairly regular
arrangement & they
show the property of
crystallinity.
4. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS :-
Flax fiber are weakened and destroyed by acids.
Acidic condition hydrolyze the flax polymer at
the glycoside oxygen atom , which links the tow
glucose units to form the cellobiose unit.
Mineral or inorganic acid being stronger that
organic acid , will hydrolyze the flax polymer
more rapidly.
Effect of sunlight.
Effect of alkalis.
Effect of bleaches.
5. BURN TEST :-
Burns, but does not
melt. It shrinks from
the flame. It has the
odor of charred meat.
The residue is a black,
hollow irregular bead
that can be easily to a
gritty black powder. It
is self-extinguishing,
i.e., it burns itself out.
6. MICROSCOPIC
STUCTURE :-
1. Rod like
structure
2. Circular
3. High luster
4. Gum present on
the surface
5. No crimp.
7. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS :-
Silk is somewhat sensitive to heat.
This fiber is not affected by moisture. It does
not shrink or stretch when wet.
Effect of bleaches
Effect of alkalis
Effect of sunlight
Silk fiber is damaged by perspiration. Organic
acids do not harm silk, but concentrated mineral
acids will dissolve silk fiber.
8. BURN TEST :-
Has a somewhat
sweet chemical
odor. The residue is
initially a hard
cream-colored
bead that becomes
darker. Flames
gives off black
smoke.
9. MICROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE :-
Polyester filaments have
no identifiable
microscopic appearance.
The longitudinal
appearance of the fiber
is very regular and
featureless because of
the near circular cross-
section. The magnified
appearance of polyester
is similar to a glass rod.
10. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS :-
Acid: good resistance to acids in cold
condition.
Basic: good resistance to acids in cold
condition, but strong NaOH dissolves
polyester in boiling.
Polyester does not effected by bleaching
process.
Organic solvent does not effect on polyester
fiber.
Polyester could by dye with disperse, azoic
color and some pigments.
11. BURN TEST :-
Burns, but does not melt.
It shrinks from the flame.
It has a strong odor of
burning hair. The residue
is a black, hollow irregular
bead that can be easily
crushed into a gritty black
powder. It is self-
extinguishing, i.e., it
burns itself out.
13. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS:-
Wool is attacked by hot concentrated
sulphuric acid and decomposes it
completely.
It is sensitive to alkalis substances.
Wool affected by insects.
Wool fiber can be dye by organic dye,
direct dye and basic dye.
It affected with mildew if it remains wet
for a long time.
14. BURN TEST :-
Smell: paper/
burning leaves
Ignites: burns
readily with a
flickering flame that
cannot be easily
extinguished
15. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE :
Mature flat and ribbon like
with convolutions, thick
wall and small
lumenImmature very thin
wall and large lumen with
few convolutions-Kidney
Shaped
Elliptical
Very thin like a strip
Nearly round or circular-
16. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS :-
Cotton has an excellent resistance to
alkalis.
Cotton has high resistance to normal
cleaning solvents.
Cotton is not attacked by moth-grubs
or beetles.
Cotton is affected by fungi and bacteria.
17. BURN TEST :-
Burns quickly with
bright flame , does
not shrink from
flame. It smells like
burning leaves and
wood. The ash is
gray and smoke has
no fume hazard.
18. MICROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE :-
Mainly jute fiber are
composed of
cellulose, hemi-
cellulose and lignin.
It is harder than
other fiber because
of the presence of
lignin in its
structure.
19. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS:-
Easily damaged by hot dilute acids and
conc.: cold acid.
Fibers are damaged by strong alkali
Resistant to bleaching agents.
Color changes slightly in presence of sun
light.
Prevention ability id better than cotton and
linen.
Easy to dye. Basic dye is used to color jute
Fiber
21. MICROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE:-
The structure of rayon
fiber is generally is that of
smooth , inelastic filament
like glass rod. However
different processes ,
additives and finishes
techniques can vary the
physical appearance and
structure of the fiber.
22. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :-
Rayon has moderate resistance to acids
and alkalis and generally the fiber itself
is not damaged by bleaches , however
dyes used in the fabric may experience
color change . As a cellulosic Fiber ,
rayon will burn but flame retardant
finishes can be applied.
23. BURN TEST:-
leather will not easily
catch flame, and it will
burn with a horrible
smell, like that of
burning hair. Synthetic
leather, on the other
hand, will melt and
smell like burning
plastic.
24. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE:-
A scanning acoustic microscope
(SAM) has been used to
investigate the structure of
thermoplastic leather. This
material is formed by pressing
fibers of leather under high
pressure and moderate
temperature. The result is a
matrix from transformed, melted
fibers in which leftover fibers act
as reinforcement. Unlike the
scanning electron microscope
(SEM), the SAM is able to
distinguish between completely
and incompletely transformed
fibers and also to penetrate the
material beneath the surface.
25. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS:-
Resistance to fire
- Leather is inherently resistant
to heat and flame.
Resistance to fungi
- Leather is resistant to mildew.