This fiber test report summarizes burn, chemical, and microscopic tests performed on several natural and synthetic fibers. Cotton, linen, wool, jute, and silk are analyzed as natural fibers. Rayon, polyester, and nylon are examined as synthetic fibers. For each fiber, the burn test describes how it ignites and behaves when burned. The chemical test discusses the fiber's reactions to bleaches, acids, and alkalis. The microscopic test outlines what each fiber looks like at the microscopic level.

1. Fiber test Report
Submitted to:
I mran Raza
Submitted by:
Talha Rehman
AMM-1A

2. Cotton
Cotton is a natural cellulosic fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll.
Cotton today is the most used textile fiber in the world. Its current
market share is 56 percent for all fibers used for apparel and
home furnishings.

3. Tests
 Burn test
Is a cellulose fiber. It burns and may flare up when lit. No melted
bead is left by it. After burning, it continues to glow. It gives out
smell like that of a burning paper. The smoke is gray or white. The
ash is fine, soft that can be easily crumbled.

4. Chemical test
This is one of the very important test we ever known. Because,
in the buyer requirements it must be done before preparing the
yarn. Its done by the following way.
With concentrated Sulfuric Acid, the Cotton fiber is destroyed.
i.e; the cellulose components will be dissolved.

5.  Microscopic test
The cotton fiber is a single elongated cell. Under a microscope, it
looks like flat, spirally twisted ribbon like tube with rough
granular surface. However, cotton doesn't have natural twist.
The finishing process makes them swollen, straight, smooth and
round with a shining surface

6. Linen
Technically linen is a vegetable! Linen fabric is made from the
cellulose fibers that grow inside of the stalks of the flax plant.
70% is composed of cellulose, it cannot provoke allergies,
absorbs humidity and allows the skin to breathe: therefore it is
very indicated in the manufacture of summer articles.

7.  Burn test
A cellulose fiber, it takes longer to ignite. It is easily extinguished
by blowing on it. Other properties are similar to hemp and jute.

8.  Chemical test
Effect of Acids on Linen fiber is damaged by highly densified acids
but low dense acids does not affect if it is wash instantly after
application of acids .Effects of Alkalis on Linen has an excellent
resistance to alkalis. It does not affected by the strong alkalis. Effects
of Bleaching Agents Cool chlorine and hypo-chlorine bleaching agent
does not affect the linen fiber properties.

9.  Microscopic test
Linen fiber under a microscope, looks like having multiple sided
cylindrical filaments with fine pointed edges. The filaments show
nodes at intervals. It, in fact, looks like a bamboo stick having joints
that results into a little unevenness.

10. Wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep.
Crimp and Elastic.

11.  Burn test
Is a protein fiber which burns slowly. It sizzles and curls away from
flame and may curl back onto fingernail. It leaves beads that are
brittle, dark, and easily crushed. It is self-extinguishing and leaves
harsh ash from crushed bead. It gives out a strong odor of burning
hair or feathers. It gives out dark smoke and moderate fume.

12.  Chemical test
Reaction of bleach on wool Damages fiber, Mild bleach works well.
Reaction of alkalis on wool Quickly harms fiber
Reaction of acids on wool Only sulfuric acid damages fiber.

13.  Microscopic test
Wool fiber has irregular, roughly cylindrical, multi cellular structure
with tapered ends. Under a microscope, three basic layers are
shown- epidermis outer layer, cortex middle layer and medulla
inner layer. Medulla is seen only in coarse and medium wool fibers
and that too under a highly powerful microscope

14. Jute
Obtained from Jute Plant.
Cheapest of all textile fibers.
Fine silk like structure but not durable.
Low strength
Color Issues.
Damages when exposed to moisture.
Acids damages fiber.

15.  Burn test
Jute is a cellulose fiber, doesn’t shrink from flame. Other
characteristics are similar to those of hemp fabric

16.  Chemical test
pH of aqueous extract, water soluble matter, Scouring loss, Barium
activity No., finish content, water repellency spray test,colour
fastness, dimensional stability, relaxation to washing, relaxation on
additional washing, relaxation on heating , copper content of rot
proof fabric.

17.  Microscopic test
Colour fastness to light, washing, rubbing, perspiration, hot
pressing, organic solvent, Fine silk like structure but not durable.
Low strength , Color Issues.
Damages when exposed to moisture.

18. Silk
Silk is a protein fiber made by silk worms and is the only natural
fiber that is a filament fiber.
Luxurious hand
Excellent drape
Wonderful luster

19.  Burn test
Is a protein fiber which burns slowly and curls away from the flame.
It leaves dark bead which can be easily crushed. It is self-
extinguishing and leaves ash that is dark, gritty, fine powder. It
smells like burned hair or charred meat. It gives out a little or no
smoke and the fume has no hazard.

20.  Chemical test
Reaction of bleach on silk Mild bleach works well with caution.
Reaction of alkalis on silk not as sensitive as wool, mild soap can be
used.
Reaction of acid on silk Dissolves fiber.

21.  Microscopic test
Raw silk fiber, composed of two filaments, has elliptical shape under
the microscope. The two fine and lustrous filaments are shown
clearly looking like transparent rods with triangular shape. Wild silk
or tussah fiber has different appearance than the cultivated silk. It is
flattened, coarse, thick and broader fiber having fine, wavy lines all
across its surface whereas cultivated silk is narrower fiber with no
marks on it.

22. Rayon
Rayon is a man-made redeveloped cellulose fiber.
Rayon fiber has the same comfort property as natural fibers.
Rayon fibers are wet spun
Rayon is recognized by the name viscose rayon in the textile
industry.
Very first rayon was called artificial silk.

23.  Burn test
Is a manufactured cellulose fiber. It burns without flame or
melting and may flare up. Unless there is a fabric finish, it doesn't
leave any bead. After the flame is removed, it may glow a bit
longer than cotton. It smells like burning paper and leaves soft,
gray ash. It's smoke is a little hazardous.

24.  Chemical test
Reaction of bleach on rayon bleaching is not required.
Reaction of alkalis on rayon Shows sensitivity, mild soap can be
used.
Reaction of acids on rayon fiber Disintegrates fiber.

25.  Microscopic test
Rayon fiber has uniform diameter with glass like shine. If delustered
then rayon fiber shows marks similar to pepper, when viewed cross
sectionally. Viscose fiber of rayon looks irregular when viewed cross
sectionally.

26. Polyester
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any
long-chain synthetic polymer ester.
The most common polyester for fiber purposes is poly (ethylene
terephthalate), or simply PET.

27.  Burn test
Is a polymer produced from coal, air, water, and petroleum
products. It burns quickly and shrinks away from flame, may also
flare up. It leaves hard, dark, and round beads. After the flame, it
burns slowly and is not always self-extinguishing. It has a slightly
sweet chemical odor. It leaves no ash but its black smoke and fume
are hazardous.

28.  Chemical test
Reaction of bleach on polyester Good resistance.
Reaction of alkalis on polyester Fair resistance at room
temperature.
Reaction of acid on polyester Excellent to good resistance.

29.  Microscopic test
Generally, polyester fiber is smooth, straight. It looks round
cross sectionally. However, with various finishing processes, its
appearance changes in context of texture and luster.

30. Nylon
The term nylon refers to a family of polymers called linear
polyamides.
Melt Spun
Exceptionally strong
Elastic
Abrasion resistant
Lustrous
Easy to wash

31.  Burn test
Are made from petroleum. Due to their fabric finish, they quickly
burn and shrink to flame. The beads are hard, grayish and
uncrushable. After flame, they burn slowly and melt. They are self-
extinguishing but drip dangerously. Their odor is like celery and they
leave no ash but the fume is very hazardous.

32.  Chemical test
Reaction of bleach on nylon Bleaching is not required.
Action of alkalis on nylon fiber Substantially inert to alkalis.
Reaction of acids on nylon Decomposes.

33.  Microscopic test
There are many variants of nylon fiber. However, generally it
appears fine, round, smooth and translucent. Sometimes it has
shiny appearance. If it looks dull, it will also be dotted under the
microscope.