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Presentation Outline
Introduction
Review of Multipath Routing Protocols
Energy Eﬃcient Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET
Conclusions
Energy Eﬃcient Multipath Routing Protocol for
MANET
Presented By
Prasanta Kumar Manohari
Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar
7thSep. 2015
Presented By Prasanta Kumar Manohari SIT-2015

Introduction
Conclusions
Introduction
Multipath Routing
Multipath Routing Classiﬁcations
Proposed Energy Aware Multipath Routing Protocol
Simulation Results and Analysis
Conclusions
Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
Multipath Routing
Multipath Routing
Multipath routing protocol has multiple numbers of routes
between a source and destination.
Figure: Multipath Routing
It overcomes certain limitation of single path routing.

Introduction
Conclusions
Multipath Routing
Multipath routing protocol gives some beneﬁts, such as:
Higher utilization of bandwidth,
Lower end-to-end delay,
Higher throughput and
Higher network life etc.
Multipath also associated with some issues like:
How to discover multiple paths,
How to distribute the load among the multiple paths.
Path discovery in multipath approach is very much similar to
single path approach.

Introduction
Conclusions
Multipath Routing
Multipath routing protocols prefers disjoint paths.
Paths can be disjoint in two ways:
Node-disjoint and,
Link-disjoint.
Nodedisjoint paths do not have any nodes in common, except
the source and destination. It also do not have any links in
common.
Link-disjoint do not have any links in common, but they may
have common nodes.

Introduction
Conclusions
Some on-demand routing protocols based on multipath path
selection are discussed.
We are categories them as;
AODV variants,
DSR variants and,
Hybrid variants.
AODV, DSR and ZRP are considered to be the most popular
routing protocols in MANET.

Introduction
Conclusions
Multipath Protocols Based On AODV
Many variants of AODV have been proposed in literature.
Some multipath extension of AODV approaches are;
AOMDV: Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector
SMORT: Scalable Multipath On-demand Routing
MNL-AODV: Multipath Node-disjoint with Backup List AODV
AODV-MAP: AODV Multiple Alternative Paths
QAAMR: QoS Aware Adaptive Multipath Routing
The main ideas in AOMDV protocol is to ﬁnd loop-free and
link-disjoint paths.
AOMDV improves fault-tolerance by selecting disjoint paths.

Introduction
Conclusions
SMORT main objective is to minimize the routing overhead.
It uses the fail-safe multiple paths instead of nodedisjoint and
link-disjoint.
A path is said to be fail-safe, if it passes through at least one
intermediate nodes on the primary path.
Figure: Fail-safe path

Introduction
Conclusions
MNL-AODV uses two node-disjoint routes in between the
source-destination pairs.
AODV-MAP protocol is designed to compute not only
node-disjoint paths but also fail-safe paths.
Fail-safe path gives the computation of more alternative paths
than node-disjoint and link-disjoint multipath routing.
QAAMR is uses loop-free distance vector routing, which found
single path in hop by hop mode.

Introduction
Conclusions
Multipath Protocols Based On DSR
Few multipath extension of DSR approaches are;
SMR: Split Multipath Routing
MSR: Multipath Source Routing
DMSR: Delay-Aware Multipath Source Routing
SMR establishes multiple routes of maximally disjoint paths to
minimize route discovery and control message overhead.
In SMR, the destination node chooses two maximally disjoint
paths.
The ﬁrst path is considered as shortest path and another path
is alternative path.

Introduction
Conclusions
Multipath Protocols Based On DSR
MSR proposes a mechanism to distribute load over multiple
paths, based on the round trip time (RTT).
It uses source routing mechanism in the route discovery.
DMSR adds two characteristics in the route discovery process.
One is maximum delay demand for current services and other
is accumulation delay.

Introduction
Conclusions
Multipath Protocols Based On Hybrid
Few multipath extension of hybrid approaches are;
MP-OLSR: Multipath Optimized Link-State Routing
SDMR: Spatially Disjoint Multipath Routing
MP-OLSR is a hybrid multipath routing protocol. It takes
advantages of multi point relay mechanism.
It applies multiple description coding for data changeover.
SDMR is ﬁnd multiple paths in route discovery, measuring
distance between nodes.

Introduction
Conclusions
Energy Efficient Multipath Routing
EAOMDV( Energy Efficient Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath
Distance Vector) aims to improves the efficiency of multipath
routing in MANETs.
The working principle of EAOMDV is basically same as
AOMDV(Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector).
It uses multiple routes, alternate path, and link and
node-disjoint paths.
It also uses loop freedom mechanism and finding link-disjoint
paths in its route discovery process.

Introduction
Conclusions
Route Cost Function for Proposed Protocol
The Route Cost Function (RCF) is
RCF = (α ∗ Wad + β ∗ Wal ) ∗ Tdc (1)
Residual Power Consideration The formula to calculate the
energy consumption is computed as:
Energy = Power ∗ Time (2)
The time needed for handling a data packet is:
Time = 8 ∗ Packetsize/Bandwidth (3)

Introduction
Conclusions
Residual Power Consideration
The total energy consumed by a node forwarding a data
packet Etotal is:
Etotal = Etn + Ern (4)
Where, Etn and Ern indicate the amount of energy consumed
by a node.
The energy delay weights Wad at the node is
Wad = 1 − Eacurrent/Etotal (5)
We know 0 ≤ Wad ≤ 1;

Introduction
Conclusions
Traffic Load Consideration
The present traffic load delay weights Wal is computed as::
Wal = Qacurrent/Qamax (6)
We know 0 ≤ Wal ≤ 1,the higher Wal value indicates more
traffic load at the node

Introduction
Conclusions
The Implementation of Proposed Protocol
Residual Energy Attribute: a node in the network has two
states:
1. Active and
2. Inactive State
Traffic Load Attributes: the load queue is a queue maintained
by node. We have considered the queue parameter in
eaomdv rqueue.cc.
Modifications on the source file:
eaomdv.h
eaomdv.cc

Introduction
Conclusions
Packet Delivery Fraction(PDF): It is the ratio of number of
packets successfully received to the total number of packet
sent.
End-to-end delay(E2ED): Average time taken by all packets
to reach the destination.
Normalized Routing Load(NRL): The number of routing
control packets transmitted per data packet delivered at the
destination.
Residual energy(RE): The amount of residual energy or
battery life for each node at the end of simulation time.

Introduction
Conclusions
Simulation Parameters
Simulator NS-2.35
Simulation time 300s
No of nodes 60, 80, 100
Simulation area 1000*1000 m2
Traﬃc type Constant Bit Rate(CBR)
Mobility model Random Way point (RWP)
Node speed 10 m/s
Pause time 30 sec
Queue length 50 packets
Table: Table of simulation parameters

Introduction
Conclusions
Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF)
Figure: PDF for 60 numbers of nodes

Introduction
Conclusions
Packet Delivery Fraction

Introduction
Conclusions
End-to-END Delay (E2ED)
Figure: E2ED performance for 60 numbers of nodes

Introduction
Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
Normalized Routing Load (NRL)
Figure: NRL performance for 60 numbers of nodes

Introduction
Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
Residual Energy (RE)
Figure: RE performance for 60 numbers of nodes

Introduction
Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
Conclusions
Conclusions
It is found that, multipath routing has many benefits, such as; higher
throughput, lower end-to-end delay, higher network lifetime etc.
It improves energy efficiency and reliability of networks.
Node-disjoint paths are used in most of the multipath routing protocols.
Also, it is found that the proposed EAOMDV performs better in term of
higher packet delivery fraction and higher energy efficiency. It has also
lower end-to-end delay and lower routing overhead.
The future work will be focused on to extending our work further by using
other types of mobility models and at different traffic models.

Introduction
Conclusions
Conclusions
References
1. P. Mohapatra, and S. Krishnamurthy. Ad Hoc Networks: Technologies and Protocols. Springer, 2005.
2. M. Tarique, K. E. Tepe, S. Adibi, and S. Erfani. Survey of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of
Network and Computer Applications. vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 11251143, 2009.
3. C. E. Perkins, and E. M. Royer. Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routingc.IEEE, pp. 90100, 1999.
4. D. B. Johnson, and D. A. Maltz. Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. pp. 153181, 1996.
5. M. K. Marina, and S. R. Das. Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing.Wireless Communications and Mobile
Computing, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 969988, 2006.
6. L. Reddeppa Reddy, and S. Raghavan. Smort: Scalable multipath ondemand routing for mobile ad hoc networks. Ad Hoc
Networks, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 162188, 2007.
7. S.-J. Lee and M. Gerla. Split multipath routing with maximally disjoint paths in ad hoc networks. IEEE, pp. 32013205, 2001.
8. J. J. Galvez, P. M. Ruiz, and A. F. Skarmeta. Multipath routing with spatial separation in wireless multi-hop networks without
location information. Computer Networks, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 583599, 2011.

Introduction
Conclusions
Conclusions
Dissemination Of Work
Conference Proceedings
1. Prasanta K.Manohari, and Niranjan Ray,EAOMDV: An
Energy Eﬃcient Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET, To
be publication in the Proceeding of Power, Communication and
Information Technology Conference, Bhubaneswar, India, 2015.
2. Prasanta K.Manohari, and Niranjan Ray, Multipath Routing
Protocols in MANETs: A Study, In Proceeding of International
Conference on Futuristic Trends in Computational Analysis and
Knowledge Management, Greater Noida, India, 2015.
Book Chapters
1. Prasanta K. Manohari, and Niranjan Ray, Security Aspect in
Multipath Routing Protocols, Communicated to Handbook of
Research on Next Generation Wireless Network Security and
Privacy, IGI Global 2015, DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-8687-8.

Introduction
Conclusions
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