STRATEGY AND OPTIONS FOR PRESERVING INDIAN HERITAGEJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an attempt to bring out issues hampering the identification , preservation and management of valuable heritage in India and suggest options for preserving and valuing it for posterity
Strategy and Options for Preserving Indian HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
presentation tries to define agenda for identification, preservation, conservation and making value addition to the valuable manmade heritage in the Indian context, looking at various facets of heritage including their context in the human settlements, their planning, development and management, making it community centric , sourcing funds and making it integral part of urban planning and development process. Heritage needs to be respected, preserved and promoted by making value addition.
Strategy and options for preserving indian heritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Heritage remains valuable possession for all communities, states and nations, because it portrays their glorious past . Heritage, unfortunately is lost in the haze of commercialization, economic development and urbanization. Majority of heritage is lost, because it was never identified to be valuable for communities. Majority of nations, have little capacity, capability, willingness and resources to identify their heritage, what to talk of their protection and effective management. Heritage is looked by majority of urban management agencies as a liability. Lack of adequate and effective framework, knowledge, understanding available to identify and manage heritage at local level has led to diluting its context . In majority of cases heritage management is considered as a government led agenda with least involvement of communities and people at the local level. Exclusion from the heritage framework of the communities has been the single important factor which has led to large damage and destruction to the heritage globally. In the larger interest of promoting understanding of our past and learn from their knowledge, understanding , it will be prudent to value heritage.
Based on the context and conclusion drawn from global practices, Heritage Conservation Strategy, should stand on four distinct pillars of Understanding, Positive Action, Developing Partnerships and Promoting Best Practices besides creating a dedicated cadre of experts in all planning/ development agencies for -identification of heritage; aiding, advising, assisting& guiding development agencies on heritage /conservation; Integrating efforts made by all stake-holders ; parastatal agencies, individuals, institutions ; involving communities; making heritage conservation people led movement; earmarking dedicated resources; involving academic institutions to create appropriate skilled manpower; positioning NGOs/CBOs engaged in heritage for preparing comprehensive vocabulary of heritage can help make India, having history spanning over 5000 years, globally recognized resource/ repository of Heritage Management and preferred tourist destination.
Presentation of Mr.Albert Van der Zeijden about the UNESCO convention of the intangible Cultural Heritage. New ways and opportuities to Strengthen and Safguard Traditional Sports in Europe.
1. The 1972 and 2003 Conventions focus on conserving cultural and natural heritage with an emphasis on communities and sustainable development.
2. Both conventions recognize World Heritage sites and cultural heritage lists. The 1972 Convention identifies sites in danger while the 2003 Convention recognizes best safeguarding practices and elements needing urgent safeguarding.
3. Core concepts like outstanding universal value, integrity, and authenticity are important to both while the 2003 Convention also emphasizes the viability and continued practice of intangible cultural heritage.
This document discusses inventorying and managing cultural heritage properties. It provides objectives for learning how to inventory artifacts and manage heritage sites. It also discusses challenges to heritage from climate change, such as rising sea levels threatening UNESCO World Heritage sites. The document outlines best practices for inventorying heritage properties, including documenting origins, significance, and implementing heritage preservation projects and legislation.
UNESCO 1 - “Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention: A decade after the entr...UNESCO Venice Office
The document discusses the implementation of the 2003 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention over the past decade since its entry into force. Some key points:
- 168 states have ratified the convention, including all countries in Southeast Europe.
- States are working to create legal and administrative frameworks to safeguard ICH through activities like awareness raising, identifying and inventorying traditions, and establishing partnerships.
- Community participation is emphasized but remains a challenge in implementation. Inventories should be defined by communities.
- 336 elements have been inscribed on the Representative List and awareness has increased at international and national levels. However, there is regional imbalance in inscriptions.
Chinatown
Chinatown has been consciously conserved due to the extensive existence of traditional shop houses and 5-foot walkways. The shophouses and streetscapes give Chinatown a distinct historical and cultural character.
STRATEGY AND OPTIONS FOR PRESERVING INDIAN HERITAGEJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an attempt to bring out issues hampering the identification , preservation and management of valuable heritage in India and suggest options for preserving and valuing it for posterity
Strategy and Options for Preserving Indian HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
presentation tries to define agenda for identification, preservation, conservation and making value addition to the valuable manmade heritage in the Indian context, looking at various facets of heritage including their context in the human settlements, their planning, development and management, making it community centric , sourcing funds and making it integral part of urban planning and development process. Heritage needs to be respected, preserved and promoted by making value addition.
Strategy and options for preserving indian heritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Heritage remains valuable possession for all communities, states and nations, because it portrays their glorious past . Heritage, unfortunately is lost in the haze of commercialization, economic development and urbanization. Majority of heritage is lost, because it was never identified to be valuable for communities. Majority of nations, have little capacity, capability, willingness and resources to identify their heritage, what to talk of their protection and effective management. Heritage is looked by majority of urban management agencies as a liability. Lack of adequate and effective framework, knowledge, understanding available to identify and manage heritage at local level has led to diluting its context . In majority of cases heritage management is considered as a government led agenda with least involvement of communities and people at the local level. Exclusion from the heritage framework of the communities has been the single important factor which has led to large damage and destruction to the heritage globally. In the larger interest of promoting understanding of our past and learn from their knowledge, understanding , it will be prudent to value heritage.
Based on the context and conclusion drawn from global practices, Heritage Conservation Strategy, should stand on four distinct pillars of Understanding, Positive Action, Developing Partnerships and Promoting Best Practices besides creating a dedicated cadre of experts in all planning/ development agencies for -identification of heritage; aiding, advising, assisting& guiding development agencies on heritage /conservation; Integrating efforts made by all stake-holders ; parastatal agencies, individuals, institutions ; involving communities; making heritage conservation people led movement; earmarking dedicated resources; involving academic institutions to create appropriate skilled manpower; positioning NGOs/CBOs engaged in heritage for preparing comprehensive vocabulary of heritage can help make India, having history spanning over 5000 years, globally recognized resource/ repository of Heritage Management and preferred tourist destination.
Presentation of Mr.Albert Van der Zeijden about the UNESCO convention of the intangible Cultural Heritage. New ways and opportuities to Strengthen and Safguard Traditional Sports in Europe.
1. The 1972 and 2003 Conventions focus on conserving cultural and natural heritage with an emphasis on communities and sustainable development.
2. Both conventions recognize World Heritage sites and cultural heritage lists. The 1972 Convention identifies sites in danger while the 2003 Convention recognizes best safeguarding practices and elements needing urgent safeguarding.
3. Core concepts like outstanding universal value, integrity, and authenticity are important to both while the 2003 Convention also emphasizes the viability and continued practice of intangible cultural heritage.
This document discusses inventorying and managing cultural heritage properties. It provides objectives for learning how to inventory artifacts and manage heritage sites. It also discusses challenges to heritage from climate change, such as rising sea levels threatening UNESCO World Heritage sites. The document outlines best practices for inventorying heritage properties, including documenting origins, significance, and implementing heritage preservation projects and legislation.
UNESCO 1 - “Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention: A decade after the entr...UNESCO Venice Office
The document discusses the implementation of the 2003 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention over the past decade since its entry into force. Some key points:
- 168 states have ratified the convention, including all countries in Southeast Europe.
- States are working to create legal and administrative frameworks to safeguard ICH through activities like awareness raising, identifying and inventorying traditions, and establishing partnerships.
- Community participation is emphasized but remains a challenge in implementation. Inventories should be defined by communities.
- 336 elements have been inscribed on the Representative List and awareness has increased at international and national levels. However, there is regional imbalance in inscriptions.
Chinatown
Chinatown has been consciously conserved due to the extensive existence of traditional shop houses and 5-foot walkways. The shophouses and streetscapes give Chinatown a distinct historical and cultural character.
The document discusses the preservation of cultural heritage and provides examples from Germany of integrated conservation approaches. It describes how the 1975 European Year of Preservation of Monuments marked a shift towards involving local communities in decisions and renewing historic areas in a way that maintains social diversity. The IBA in Berlin in the 1980s pioneered "careful urban renewal" through community participation and gradual improvements. Leipzig's "Guardian Buildings" program addresses vacant historic structures by having tenants take responsibility for upkeep in exchange for low rents.
ICOMOS is a non-governmental international organization dedicated to the conservation of cultural heritage sites around the world. It has over 10,000 members in 151 countries who are experts in fields like architecture, history, and archaeology. ICOMOS works to establish standards and best practices for conserving different types of cultural heritage properties. It also acts as an advisory body to UNESCO's World Heritage Committee and reviews nominations of cultural world heritage sites. ICOMOS promotes integrating cultural heritage conservation with sustainable development and addressing challenges like climate change, urbanization, and disasters.
Local development pilot project Cres - “Local Development Pilot Project: the ...UNESCO Venice Office
This document summarizes a local development pilot project on the Island of Cres in Croatia. The project was a collaboration between the Croatian Ministry of Culture and the Council of Europe to create a long-term development plan for the island based on its cultural heritage and traditions. Over 100 local stakeholders participated in workshops to analyze the island's landscape, heritage, economy and governance. This led to the production of a diagnostic report, territorial strategy and charter. The strategy aims to improve quality of life and stop depopulation by capitalizing on the island's unique cultural assets and traditional industries like agriculture, fishing and tourism. The project established management structures and seeks to demonstrate how heritage-led, community-driven development can achieve long-term, sustainable
The document discusses the creative and cultural industries and their significant contributions globally. Some key points:
- The creative and cultural industries generate over $2 trillion USD in revenue annually and employ over 29 million people worldwide.
- The top employment sectors are visual arts, books, and music.
- 11 sectors are identified as part of the creative and cultural industries including advertising, architecture, performing arts, books, music, film, newspapers/magazines, gaming, radio, TV, and visual arts.
- The industries are driving the digital economy and contributing over $200 billion to global digital sales.
This document discusses a pilot project called the Rideau Heritage Initiative that aimed to help rural communities along the Rideau Canal nominate heritage properties to the Canadian Register of Historic Places and build heritage management capacity. The project worked with 12 municipalities and identified 4 models of existing heritage stewardship capacity. It also encountered challenges like skepticism about heritage designation and a lack of municipal heritage committees. The project found that building community engagement and capacity, such as through municipal heritage committees, was key to successful implementation of the Historic Places Initiative in rural areas.
Intangible Cultural Heritage - OpenArch Conference, Foteviken 2012EXARC
The document discusses intangible cultural heritage as defined by UNESCO. It describes intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills that communities recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is transmitted generationally and includes oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festivals, crafts, and knowledge of nature. The UNESCO Convention aims to safeguard intangible cultural heritage, which is represented by examples like Spanish tango, French gastronomy, and Mediterranean diet.
This document discusses several case studies of urban heritage projects in India that demonstrate good practices in conservation and management. It highlights four key categories: 1) Developing institutional infrastructure like heritage cells within local governments; 2) Integrating heritage into urban planning frameworks like master plans; 3) Revitalizing heritage areas through urban renewal focused on economic regeneration and upgrading environments; and 4) Engaging communities through participatory mapping and awareness programs. Example projects described include conservation efforts in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, heritage management planning in Jaipur, urban renewal initiatives in Pondicherry and Muziris, and community mapping in West Bengal. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing heritage as an asset, integrating it into urban planning, and
Turkey has taken several efforts to safeguard its intangible cultural heritage according to the 2003 UNESCO Convention. It established a legal and administrative framework including ratifying the convention in 2006, creating an ICH Commission of Experts and 81 Local ICH Boards. These bodies work to raise awareness, inventory elements, and implement safeguarding measures like publications, workshops, and regional cooperation. Turkey also recognizes Living Human Treasures and has nominated several elements for UNESCO's Representative List.
POTENTIAL OF HERITAGE TOURISM IN CHENNAI- A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HERITAGE BUI...IAEME Publication
India is having one of the oldest civilization on the planet, known for its own diversity of great culture, heritage, folklores, arts, traditions, rituals, monuments. Chennai is being one of the important metro city, developments with city plans and its sustainable initiatives with the environment conservation. The primary focus of the paper is to identify the of the current state of affairs on the heritage buildings in chennai and the ways to redefine and preserve the architecture.
This document provides an overview of preserving cultural heritage through conservation, restoration, and exhibition. It discusses international efforts to preserve both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Key terms are defined, such as conservation, preservation, restoration, and presentation. Controversies around balancing protection, restoration, and exhibition are examined. Examples of restoration projects in Germany, Bulgaria, Italy, and Spain are provided. The document concludes by discussing major organizations involved in cultural heritage preservation like UNESCO and ICCROM and how people can get involved through internships, volunteering, or field schools.
This document outlines a diversity and inclusion plan for the town of Stratford, PEI. It establishes four principles of sustainability: economic, environmental, social, and cultural. It then details goals and actions to create a sustainable and inclusive environment that protects human rights, fosters social engagement, and implements understanding, identification, and inclusion initiatives through community forums, data collection, policy reviews, and celebrations of cultural diversity. The next steps are to appoint an oversight committee and hire a coordinator to implement the plan.
Andalusia: Challenges and Conservation of HeritageVIVA_EAST
Challenges and conservation of tangible and intangible heritage in historic centres: the case study of Andalusia (Spain)
Presented during the VIVA EAST Thematic Seminar on Intangible Heritage, Cahul, Republic of Moldova, Sept. 2012
Architecture is the platform where all cultures, heritages, traditions, and histories meet, through architectural conservation, the built heritage is prolonged and conserved by the planning of individuals or organisations that works solely for the purpose of conservation & preservation of Architectural heritage.
Sample Report on Importance of Museum, Heritage and Cultural TourismAmelia Jones
Read sample report on Museum, Heritage and Cultural Tourism by the expert writers of Global Assignment Help and know the importance of heritage and museums and the vital role of cultural tourism. We are offering up to 50% off on our academic writing services. Don't miss this great deal and order your document now!!!
A definition of authenticity concept in conservation of cultural landscapesDorna Eshrati
Cultural landscape can be defined as the result of human interaction with nature over time, which has led to the formation of the many and diverse layers of value. Currently, the UNESCO World Heritage Centre has a unique role among other scientific associations. In recent years, the World Heritage Center has put efforts into developing a framework and measures for evaluation and management of cultural landscapes. Moreover, the concept of authenticity; as the transmitter of values and significance of cultural landscape, is considered as the key component in the process of cultural landscape conservation. A lot of scientific resources have pointed out the importance of authenticity in the process of conserving cultural landscapes. However, the role of authenticity within the domain of conservation of cultural landscapes has received little attention. One of the main reasons can be lack of adaptation between conventional definitions of UNESCO and international documents concerning the authenticity for including the flexible and dynamic structure of cultural landscapes around the world. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore and develop a flexible framework in order to redefine the concept of authenticity in relation to cultural landscapes, which has some overlaps with UNESCO definitions despite its differences. For developing this framework, Iranian-Islamic philosophy of Mollasadra is applied and described with some examples of cultural landscapes in Iran.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.473
Massimo Iacovazzi, Sviluppo Basilicata spa-"Rione Sassi" Incubator of Matera, Italija, Presentacija grada Matera, kandidat za Evropsku prestonicu kulture 2019.
CRINSS 2013 Creative Inudstries Conference, Novi Sad, Serbia
Konferencija kreativnih industrija
Public Awareness on Architectural Conservation in MalaysiaJing Fan Koh
The main issues affecting public awareness of architectural conservation in Malaysia are environmental, organizational, and human-related factors. Environmentally, weather conditions and the tropical climate can accelerate deterioration of historical buildings. Organizations face issues like a lack of maintenance authorities and expertise, opposing conservation philosophies, confusing laws and guidelines, and no standard conservation methods. On the human side, there are community issues like a lack of participation in conservation efforts. Poor communication and knowledge among the public are also challenges. Overall, the document discusses various internal and external barriers to raising awareness of and support for preserving architectural heritage in Malaysia.
Theories of Architecture and Urbanism Project 3Natalie Yunxian
This document provides a comparative analysis of social activities between Nanjing Road Pedestrian Street in Shanghai, China and Kawasan 1 in Klang, Malaysia. It finds that while necessary activities like shopping and eating are similar, Nanjing Road sees more optional activities due to better quality public spaces and outdoor conditions. These include activities like sightseeing, games, and socializing in public squares. In contrast, optional activities in Kawasan 1 mainly occur indoors due to lack of public spaces and hot weather. As a result, social interactions are more frequent on Nanjing Road where the environment better supports necessary and optional activities.
The document discusses the purpose and goals of the KAIRÓS Network project. The project aims to address urban environmental challenges in partner cities by using cultural heritage and tourism to promote social and economic revitalization of degraded historic areas. It will work to conserve cultural/natural spaces and engage local communities and stakeholders to develop sustainable cultural eco-tourism. This will improve cities' cultural assets, increase visitors, and benefit residents through new employment and social inclusion opportunities while achieving sustainability goals. The partner cities have significant cultural heritage in need of regeneration to attract residents and tourists alike.
The document discusses sustainable tourism and innovation. It covers topics like the Brundtland report's definition of sustainable development, DFID's definition of sustainable livelihoods, resilience, gilded traps, examples of unsustainable practices in history like Venice in the early 14th century, projections of environmental impacts between now and 2050, tourism's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, the poverty trap, principles of sustainable tourism from the Cape Town Declaration, principles of responsible tourism, and implications of accelerating technological change for the future of hospitality and tourism by 2045.
The document discusses the preservation of cultural heritage and provides examples from Germany of integrated conservation approaches. It describes how the 1975 European Year of Preservation of Monuments marked a shift towards involving local communities in decisions and renewing historic areas in a way that maintains social diversity. The IBA in Berlin in the 1980s pioneered "careful urban renewal" through community participation and gradual improvements. Leipzig's "Guardian Buildings" program addresses vacant historic structures by having tenants take responsibility for upkeep in exchange for low rents.
ICOMOS is a non-governmental international organization dedicated to the conservation of cultural heritage sites around the world. It has over 10,000 members in 151 countries who are experts in fields like architecture, history, and archaeology. ICOMOS works to establish standards and best practices for conserving different types of cultural heritage properties. It also acts as an advisory body to UNESCO's World Heritage Committee and reviews nominations of cultural world heritage sites. ICOMOS promotes integrating cultural heritage conservation with sustainable development and addressing challenges like climate change, urbanization, and disasters.
Local development pilot project Cres - “Local Development Pilot Project: the ...UNESCO Venice Office
This document summarizes a local development pilot project on the Island of Cres in Croatia. The project was a collaboration between the Croatian Ministry of Culture and the Council of Europe to create a long-term development plan for the island based on its cultural heritage and traditions. Over 100 local stakeholders participated in workshops to analyze the island's landscape, heritage, economy and governance. This led to the production of a diagnostic report, territorial strategy and charter. The strategy aims to improve quality of life and stop depopulation by capitalizing on the island's unique cultural assets and traditional industries like agriculture, fishing and tourism. The project established management structures and seeks to demonstrate how heritage-led, community-driven development can achieve long-term, sustainable
The document discusses the creative and cultural industries and their significant contributions globally. Some key points:
- The creative and cultural industries generate over $2 trillion USD in revenue annually and employ over 29 million people worldwide.
- The top employment sectors are visual arts, books, and music.
- 11 sectors are identified as part of the creative and cultural industries including advertising, architecture, performing arts, books, music, film, newspapers/magazines, gaming, radio, TV, and visual arts.
- The industries are driving the digital economy and contributing over $200 billion to global digital sales.
This document discusses a pilot project called the Rideau Heritage Initiative that aimed to help rural communities along the Rideau Canal nominate heritage properties to the Canadian Register of Historic Places and build heritage management capacity. The project worked with 12 municipalities and identified 4 models of existing heritage stewardship capacity. It also encountered challenges like skepticism about heritage designation and a lack of municipal heritage committees. The project found that building community engagement and capacity, such as through municipal heritage committees, was key to successful implementation of the Historic Places Initiative in rural areas.
Intangible Cultural Heritage - OpenArch Conference, Foteviken 2012EXARC
The document discusses intangible cultural heritage as defined by UNESCO. It describes intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills that communities recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is transmitted generationally and includes oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festivals, crafts, and knowledge of nature. The UNESCO Convention aims to safeguard intangible cultural heritage, which is represented by examples like Spanish tango, French gastronomy, and Mediterranean diet.
This document discusses several case studies of urban heritage projects in India that demonstrate good practices in conservation and management. It highlights four key categories: 1) Developing institutional infrastructure like heritage cells within local governments; 2) Integrating heritage into urban planning frameworks like master plans; 3) Revitalizing heritage areas through urban renewal focused on economic regeneration and upgrading environments; and 4) Engaging communities through participatory mapping and awareness programs. Example projects described include conservation efforts in Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, heritage management planning in Jaipur, urban renewal initiatives in Pondicherry and Muziris, and community mapping in West Bengal. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing heritage as an asset, integrating it into urban planning, and
Turkey has taken several efforts to safeguard its intangible cultural heritage according to the 2003 UNESCO Convention. It established a legal and administrative framework including ratifying the convention in 2006, creating an ICH Commission of Experts and 81 Local ICH Boards. These bodies work to raise awareness, inventory elements, and implement safeguarding measures like publications, workshops, and regional cooperation. Turkey also recognizes Living Human Treasures and has nominated several elements for UNESCO's Representative List.
POTENTIAL OF HERITAGE TOURISM IN CHENNAI- A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HERITAGE BUI...IAEME Publication
India is having one of the oldest civilization on the planet, known for its own diversity of great culture, heritage, folklores, arts, traditions, rituals, monuments. Chennai is being one of the important metro city, developments with city plans and its sustainable initiatives with the environment conservation. The primary focus of the paper is to identify the of the current state of affairs on the heritage buildings in chennai and the ways to redefine and preserve the architecture.
This document provides an overview of preserving cultural heritage through conservation, restoration, and exhibition. It discusses international efforts to preserve both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Key terms are defined, such as conservation, preservation, restoration, and presentation. Controversies around balancing protection, restoration, and exhibition are examined. Examples of restoration projects in Germany, Bulgaria, Italy, and Spain are provided. The document concludes by discussing major organizations involved in cultural heritage preservation like UNESCO and ICCROM and how people can get involved through internships, volunteering, or field schools.
This document outlines a diversity and inclusion plan for the town of Stratford, PEI. It establishes four principles of sustainability: economic, environmental, social, and cultural. It then details goals and actions to create a sustainable and inclusive environment that protects human rights, fosters social engagement, and implements understanding, identification, and inclusion initiatives through community forums, data collection, policy reviews, and celebrations of cultural diversity. The next steps are to appoint an oversight committee and hire a coordinator to implement the plan.
Andalusia: Challenges and Conservation of HeritageVIVA_EAST
Challenges and conservation of tangible and intangible heritage in historic centres: the case study of Andalusia (Spain)
Presented during the VIVA EAST Thematic Seminar on Intangible Heritage, Cahul, Republic of Moldova, Sept. 2012
Architecture is the platform where all cultures, heritages, traditions, and histories meet, through architectural conservation, the built heritage is prolonged and conserved by the planning of individuals or organisations that works solely for the purpose of conservation & preservation of Architectural heritage.
Sample Report on Importance of Museum, Heritage and Cultural TourismAmelia Jones
Read sample report on Museum, Heritage and Cultural Tourism by the expert writers of Global Assignment Help and know the importance of heritage and museums and the vital role of cultural tourism. We are offering up to 50% off on our academic writing services. Don't miss this great deal and order your document now!!!
A definition of authenticity concept in conservation of cultural landscapesDorna Eshrati
Cultural landscape can be defined as the result of human interaction with nature over time, which has led to the formation of the many and diverse layers of value. Currently, the UNESCO World Heritage Centre has a unique role among other scientific associations. In recent years, the World Heritage Center has put efforts into developing a framework and measures for evaluation and management of cultural landscapes. Moreover, the concept of authenticity; as the transmitter of values and significance of cultural landscape, is considered as the key component in the process of cultural landscape conservation. A lot of scientific resources have pointed out the importance of authenticity in the process of conserving cultural landscapes. However, the role of authenticity within the domain of conservation of cultural landscapes has received little attention. One of the main reasons can be lack of adaptation between conventional definitions of UNESCO and international documents concerning the authenticity for including the flexible and dynamic structure of cultural landscapes around the world. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore and develop a flexible framework in order to redefine the concept of authenticity in relation to cultural landscapes, which has some overlaps with UNESCO definitions despite its differences. For developing this framework, Iranian-Islamic philosophy of Mollasadra is applied and described with some examples of cultural landscapes in Iran.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.473
Massimo Iacovazzi, Sviluppo Basilicata spa-"Rione Sassi" Incubator of Matera, Italija, Presentacija grada Matera, kandidat za Evropsku prestonicu kulture 2019.
CRINSS 2013 Creative Inudstries Conference, Novi Sad, Serbia
Konferencija kreativnih industrija
Public Awareness on Architectural Conservation in MalaysiaJing Fan Koh
The main issues affecting public awareness of architectural conservation in Malaysia are environmental, organizational, and human-related factors. Environmentally, weather conditions and the tropical climate can accelerate deterioration of historical buildings. Organizations face issues like a lack of maintenance authorities and expertise, opposing conservation philosophies, confusing laws and guidelines, and no standard conservation methods. On the human side, there are community issues like a lack of participation in conservation efforts. Poor communication and knowledge among the public are also challenges. Overall, the document discusses various internal and external barriers to raising awareness of and support for preserving architectural heritage in Malaysia.
Theories of Architecture and Urbanism Project 3Natalie Yunxian
This document provides a comparative analysis of social activities between Nanjing Road Pedestrian Street in Shanghai, China and Kawasan 1 in Klang, Malaysia. It finds that while necessary activities like shopping and eating are similar, Nanjing Road sees more optional activities due to better quality public spaces and outdoor conditions. These include activities like sightseeing, games, and socializing in public squares. In contrast, optional activities in Kawasan 1 mainly occur indoors due to lack of public spaces and hot weather. As a result, social interactions are more frequent on Nanjing Road where the environment better supports necessary and optional activities.
The document discusses the purpose and goals of the KAIRÓS Network project. The project aims to address urban environmental challenges in partner cities by using cultural heritage and tourism to promote social and economic revitalization of degraded historic areas. It will work to conserve cultural/natural spaces and engage local communities and stakeholders to develop sustainable cultural eco-tourism. This will improve cities' cultural assets, increase visitors, and benefit residents through new employment and social inclusion opportunities while achieving sustainability goals. The partner cities have significant cultural heritage in need of regeneration to attract residents and tourists alike.
The document discusses sustainable tourism and innovation. It covers topics like the Brundtland report's definition of sustainable development, DFID's definition of sustainable livelihoods, resilience, gilded traps, examples of unsustainable practices in history like Venice in the early 14th century, projections of environmental impacts between now and 2050, tourism's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, the poverty trap, principles of sustainable tourism from the Cape Town Declaration, principles of responsible tourism, and implications of accelerating technological change for the future of hospitality and tourism by 2045.
Task 9 Kajang Local Plan For Sustainable Development (a133921)izham27
This document presents a proposed local plan for sustainable development in Kajang, Malaysia. It aims to produce a self-reliant town with a higher quality of living. The plan addresses objectives of maintaining economic growth, promoting social progress, protecting the environment, and using natural resources prudently. It proposes developing vibrant mixed-use centres and corridors connected by improved public transportation including bus rapid transit, an expanded subway system, and trams. It also recommends strategies like car sharing to minimize environmental impacts from increased travel demands. The plan emphasizes integrating land use and transportation planning, as well as prioritizing pedestrians, cyclists, public transit, and sustainable private transport options.
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): The Science of the City
Naples, March 2016
Presentation by Luigi Fusco Girard
Background: the challenges
This Meeting
Some expected conclusions
Heritage remains muted, diluted and marginalized, in the parlance of urban planning, development and management, which has led to loss of large volume of valuable built heritage in the country over the period of time. India with history spanning over 5000 years has created enormous wealth of heritage, which unfortunately, has not been identifies and quantified. Despite having distinct advantage of being the oldest civilization on this planet earth, India as a nation sufferers from the malady of the lack of capacity, resources and willingness to conserve, preserve, and manage heritage. Haphazard and unplanned development has led to large scale misuse and abuse of the heritage. Lack of adequate capacity and willingness at the local level has led to destruction of the heritage on large scale. In- adequate availability of the qualified manpower in the domain of the heritage management has done lot of damage to all kinds of heritage available in the country. Lack of resources and low priority accorded t heritage has led to marginalization of heritage. Existing Legal framework has done more damage than good to promote the heritage. Ignoring the cultural heritage at the altar of built heritage ,has led to losing the context of intangible cultural heritage. Divorcing heritage from communities and making it a state-led program has led to non-involvement of communities. Policy framework put in place has also led to heritage losing its importance in the parlance of heritage management. Limited use of technology has also contributed to marginalization of all efforts involved in identification, mapping, conservation and preservation of heritage. It is time when all parastatal agencies have to put in its best foot forward to help achieve the objective of identification and preservation of valuable heritage before it is lost to prosperity. Nation/states need to relook at the issue of heritage in a holistic manner and evolve rational policies and program which comprehensively looks at the issue of conservation and preservation of heritage. Leveraging heritage has enormous potential in leveraging economy, generating employment, removing poverty and making human settlements smart and sustainable. For promoting planned development in urban areas, master plans/development plans prepared for human settlements should include and involve the identification of heritage and suggest options for its management. Unless and until heritage is made integral part of the planning process, India will continue to lose valuable heritage. Role of urban planning assumes importance in the context of heritage management.
Heritage Management: Preserving the Past, Shaping the Futureshalinijoshi098
Immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of cultural heritage with our heritage management program. Learn to preserve and promote cultural treasures while navigating the complex challenges of heritage conservation and sustainable development.
The document discusses two case studies of youth initiatives to revitalize cultural heritage sites:
1) The Greek Youth and UNESCO developed an integrated plan to develop the Aegean island of Halki in a sustainable way, focusing on conservation, infrastructure, and attracting tourism to boost the local economy. This proved successful models of community participation and local management can revitalize historic areas.
2) In Rhodes, youth initiatives aimed to preserve the historic medieval city through tourism, improving quality of life, and education. Projects cleaned and improved the city walls and created cultural spaces. New laws and institutions managed conservation and development, showing historic cities can be laboratories for multidisciplinary research.
This document provides an overview of Module 3 from an e-learning course on developing local assets and community strategies in post-disaster areas. The module discusses how engaging communities and using an asset-based approach can help disaster-impacted areas recover economically by developing community-based tourism. It provides examples of how Aceh, Indonesia was able to transition from a disaster site to a tourism destination by developing tsunami-related attractions. The module aims to teach how identifying and leveraging local assets can assist community recovery following a natural disaster.
Study on Tourism and Intangible Cultural Heritage Summary Dr Lendy Spires
Why Tourism & Intangible Cultural Heritage? UNWTO Study on Tourism and Intangible Cultural Heritage Intangible Cultural Heritage is embodied in those practices, expressions, knowledge, and skills, as well as in associated objects and cultural spaces, that communities and individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. Transmitted through generations and constantly recreated, it provides humanity with a sense of identity and continuity.* This global wealth of traditions has become one of the principal motivations for travel, with tourists seeking to engage with new cultures and experience the global variety of performing arts, handicrafts, rituals, cuisines, and interpretations of nature and the universe.
As celebrated on World Tourism Day 2011, ‘Tourism – Linking Cultures’, the cultural interaction spurred by such encounters prompts dialogue, builds understanding, and, in turn, fosters tolerance and peace. One of the challenges currently facing the tourism sector is to contribute to the identification, protection and safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage through tourism development. Fostering the responsible use of this living heritage for tourism purposes can provide new employment opportunities, help alleviate poverty, curb rural flight migration among the young and marginally-employed, and nurture a sense of pride among communities.
Tourism also offers a powerful incentive for preserving and enhancing intangible cultural heritage, as the revenue it generates can be channelled back into initiatives to aid its long-term survival. Intangible cultural heritage must be thoughtfully managed if it is to survive in an increasingly globalised world. True partnerships between communities and the tourism and heritage sectors can only occur if all sides develop a genuine appreciation for each other’s aspirations and values.
Heritage remains most valuable asset inherited by human beings and communities from nature and society. Known as built and natural , heritage needs to be preserved, conserved, valued and promoted. Promoting heritage needs understanding of its origin, fabric, structure and the context. Considering the same it needs to be protected with appropriate sensitivity and understanding. Heritage hold enormous potential in leveraging, economy, generating employment, reducing poverty and making society culturally rich and vibrant. Unfortune heritage in India is not valued and is grossly misused, abused, manipulated and commercialized. Manpower remains low and the capacity , capability and willingness to identify, manage and promote remains marginalised. India , as a nation, house enormous wealth of heritage with history spanning over 5,000 years need to identify and create capacity to preserve, promote and make value addition to its valuable heritage. It will help in not only creating awareness but will also help in promoting environment and ecology
The document discusses issues and challenges related to architectural conservation in Malaysia. It examines common issues like environmental, organizational, human, financial, and technical challenges. Organizational issues include opposing conservation philosophies, confusing laws and guidelines, and a lack of standardized conservation methods. Case studies compare conservation approaches in Penang and Klang, finding that street art is poorly maintained in Klang due to neglect. UNESCO, the National Heritage Department, and non-profits help support conservation, but face challenges of standardized implementation and public awareness. Overall, the document aims to understand conservation issues in Malaysia and identify solutions through comparative analysis.
Making heritage our resources the italian lesson learnedRatri Wulandari
This document discusses Italy's approach to managing cultural heritage as a resource. It analyzes several of Italy's UNESCO World Heritage cultural landscapes, including the Val d'Orcia agricultural region, Amalfi Coast terraced lemon farms, and Cinque Terre coastal villages. These landscapes integrate conservation of cultural traditions like farming with heritage-based tourism that benefits local communities economically. The document contrasts this integrated approach with issues in Indonesia, where heritage sites are sometimes poorly integrated with local communities and viewed only as tourist revenue rather than part of cultural identity. It argues Indonesia could better manage its rich cultural heritage by educating communities and involving them in heritage governance.
Minister of Environment & Energy of GreeceOECD CFE
This document summarizes Greece's national circular economy action plan from 2018-2019. The plan includes 35 actions organized under regulations/legislation, financial tools/incentives, knowledge/expertise, and governance. It establishes a timetable, dialogue process, indicators, and interministerial committee to support circular economy goals. One initiative discussed is supporting "energy communities" through a new law. The plan aims to make circular economy a key part of Greece's strategy for exiting its long period of economic crisis.
Sustainable Tourism and Innovation
Week 1 reviewed sustainability issues, theories, and applications in tourism. Technological change will impact long-term sustainability planning. The Brundtland report defined sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. DFID defines sustainable livelihoods as having capabilities and activities to cope with stresses while maintaining resources. Resilience is a system's ability to recover from shocks. Gilded traps occur when economic incentives outweigh ecological risks. Between now and 2050, biodiversity and forests will decrease while pollution and water scarcity will increase. Tourism contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The Cape Town Declaration emphasizes stakeholder participation and monitoring impacts.
Walled Cities, Open Societies - 2nd meeting of the Regional Network on the Ma...UNESCO Venice Office
1) Traditional knowledge and management systems are important to integrate into urban conservation strategies to improve resilience. Such knowledge is transmitted across generations and reflects local environmental, social, and cultural contexts.
2) Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage like crafts, rituals, and language is key to sustaining traditions and resources in historic areas. Participatory approaches help keep knowledge alive.
3) Transmitting traditional knowledge more broadly through education, digital means, and experimental archaeology helps adapt proven methods to modern challenges like climate change and disaster risk reduction.
Abstract:
This in-depth analysis examines how cultural heritage tourism may advance both sustainable
development and cross-cultural understanding. Cultural heritage travel provides a venue for cross-cultural
exchanges, raising cultural knowledge and encouraging respect among various visiting groups. It
generates economic benefits, such as income generation and employment opportunities, contributing to
the sustainable development of local communities. Moreover, cultural heritage tourism important role in
preserving heritage identity, traditions, customs, strengthening community pride. However, challenges
such as finding the right balance between commercialization and authenticity, addressing overcrowding,
and mitigating cultural commodification exist. The integration of digital technologies presents new
opportunities for enhancing cultural heritage tourism experiences and connecting visitors with local
communities. Additionally, recent studies have explored the potential of cultural heritage tourism in
promoting peacebuilding and reconciliation in conflict-affected regions. Future research should address
the limitations, such as regional and cultural context specificity, long-term impact assessments, and
stakeholder perspectives. Moreover, quantitative research methods, consideration of social justice issues,
and examination of negative impacts are crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of cultural
heritage tourism's potential and challenges. By addressing these gaps, cultural heritage tourism can
contribute to a more inclusive, interconnected, and culturally diverse world, promoting intercultural
understanding and sustainable development.
Keywords: Cultural heritage tourism, Sustainable development, Intercultural understanding, Economic
benefits, Community empowerment.
1) The issue concerning conserving a heritage site while maintaining its identity relates to how human behavior impacts the site through mass tourism, fading history/culture, and destructive effects.
2) Cultural heritage tourism can both positively and negatively impact sustaining a heritage site. Potential negative impacts include low economic multipliers, increased prices, and conflicts with local needs, while potential benefits include revenue generation and preservation incentives.
3) Greater involvement of local communities and partnerships in conservation efforts can help address financial and management challenges but lack of collaboration between groups presents issues. Solutions include better communication, consultation, and inclusion of community organizations.
Similar to Terms of the problem: heritage, cities, risk, vulnerability, robustness, resilience (20)
Calcolo della precompressione:
DOMINI e STRAUS7
Corso di Gestione di Ponti e Grandi Strutture A.A. 2021/22
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Sapienza Università di Roma
Scopo dell'evento è
• illustrare l'identità culturale, e tecnica – di cui il progetto è parte fondante – del SSD Tecnica delle Costruzioni nella didattica,
• evidenziando contemporaneamente le opportunità di collaborazione trasversale con altre discipline,
• con particolare riferimento ai corsi della lauree magistrali o
equivalenti, e livelli di formazione successivi (master e dottorati).
L’incontro ha l’obiettivo di delineare l'identità culturale, scientifica e tecnica della disciplina della Tecnica delle Costruzioni nella didattica, evidenziando contemporaneamente le opportunità di collaborazione trasversale con altre discipline, con particolare riferimento ai corsi della lauree magistrali o equivalenti, e livelli di formazione successivi (master e dottorati).
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in permanent observation of the dynamic behaviour of bridges for longterm
monitoring purpose. This is due not only to the ageing of a lot of structures, but also for dealing with the increasing
complexity of new bridges. The long-term monitoring of bridges produces a huge quantity of data that need to be effectively
processed. For this purpose, there has been a growing interest on the application of soft computing methods. In particular,
this work deals with the applicability of Bayesian neural networks for the identification of damage of a cable-stayed bridge.
The selected structure is a real bridge proposed as benchmark problem by the Asian-Pacific Network of Centers for Research
in Smart Structure Technology (ANCRiSST). They shared data coming from the long-term monitoring of the bridge with the
structural health monitoring community in order to assess the current progress on damage detection and identification
methods with a full-scale example. The data set includes vibration data before and after the bridge was damaged, so they are
useful for testing new approaches for damage detection. In the first part of the paper, the Bayesian neural network model is
discussed; then in the second part, a Bayesian neural network procedure for damage detection has been tested. The proposed
method is able to detect anomalies on the behaviour of the structure, which can be related to the presence of damage. In order
to obtain a confirmation of the obtained results, in the last part of the paper, they are compared with those obtained by using a
traditional approach for vibration-based structural identification.
In recent years, structural integrity monitoring has become increasingly important in structural engineering and construction management. It represents an important tool for the assessment of the dependability of existing complex structural systems as it integrates, in a unified perspective, advanced engineering analyses and experimental data processing. In the first part of this work
the concepts of dependability and structural integrity are
discussed and it is shown that an effective integrity assessment
needs advanced computational methods. For this purpose, soft computing methods have shown to be very useful. In particular, in this work the neural networks model is chosen and successfully improved by applying the Bayesian inference at four hierarchical levels: for training, optimization of the regularization terms, databased model selection, and evaluation of the relative importance of different inputs. In the second part of the article,
Bayesian neural networks are used to formulate a
multilevel strategy for the monitoring of the integrity of long span bridges subjected to environmental actions: in a first level the occurrence of damage is detected; in a following level the specific damaged element is recognized and the intensity of damage is quantified.
This paper deals with the general framework for the development and the maintenance of complex structural systems. In the first part, starting with a semantic analysis of the term ‘structure’, the traditional approach to structural problem solving has been reconsidered. Consequently, a systemic approach for the formulation of the different kinds of direct and inverse problems has been framed, particularly with regards to structural design and
maintenance. The overall design phase is defined with the aid of the performance-based design (PBD) philosophy, emphasizing the concepts of dependability and enlightening the role of structural identification. The second part of the present work analyses structural health monitoring (SHM) in the systemic way previously introduced. Finally, the techniques related to the implementation of the monitoring process are introduced and a synoptic overview of methods and instruments for structural health monitoring is
presented, with particular attention to the ones necessary for structural damage identification.
Disegni strutturali e particolari costruttivi di ponti in cemento armato raccolti dall'Ing. Cosimo Bianchi.
Ad uso esclusivo degli Allievi del Corso di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti della Facoltà di Ingegneria della Sapienza - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Disegni strutturali e particolari costruttivi di ponti in acciaio raccolti dall'Ing. Cosimo Bianchi.
Ad uso esclusivo degli Allievi del Corso di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti della Facoltà di Ingegneria della Sapienza - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Libro che raccoglie le lezioni del Prof. Giulio Ceradini a cura del Prof. Carlo Gavarini.
Ad uso esclusivo degli Allievi del Corso di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti della Facoltà di Ingegneria della Sapienza - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
A numerical approach to the reliability analysis of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures is presented. The problem is formulated in terms of the probabilistic safety factor and the structural reliability is evaluated by Monte
Carlo simulation. The cumulative distribution of the safety factor associated with each limit state is derived and a reliability index is evaluated. The proposed procedure is applied to reliability analysis of an existing prestressed concrete arch bridge.
This paper presents a general approach to the probabilistic prediction of the structural service life and to the maintenance
planning of deteriorating concrete structures. The proposed formulation is based on a novel methodology for the assessment of the time-variant structural performance under the diffusive attack of external aggressive agents. Based on this methodology, Monte Carlo
simulation is used to account for the randomness of the main structural parameters, including material properties, geometrical parameters, area and location of the reinforcement, material diffusivity and damage rates. The time-variant reliability is then computed with respect to proper measures of structural performance. The results of the lifetime durability analysis are finally used to select, among different maintenance scenarios, the most economical rehabilitation strategy leading to a prescribed target value of the structural service life. Two numerical applications, a box-girder bridge deck and a pier of an existing bridge, show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
This paper presents a novel approach using cellular automata to model the durability analysis of concrete structures exposed to aggressive environmental agents. The diffusion of these agents is modeled using cellular automata, which represent physical systems with discrete space, time, and state values. Mechanical damage from diffusion is evaluated using degradation laws. The interaction of diffusion and structural behavior is captured by modeling stochastic effects in mass transfer. Nonlinear structural analyses over time are performed using a deteriorating concrete beam element within a finite element framework. The approach is demonstrated on applications including a concrete box girder, T-beam, and arch bridge to identify critical members.
The paper deals with the assessment during time of r.c. structures under damage due to diffusion of external agents inside the structure. The diffusion process is modelled by a cellular automata based approach, taking the interaction with the mechanical state of the structures, i.e. the cracking state of the structures, into account. A so-called staggered process then solves the coupled problem. An application shows the effectiveness of the proposed analysis strategy, together some design considerations about the structural robustness.
Atti Congresso CTE, Pisa 2000
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Terms of the problem: heritage, cities, risk, vulnerability, robustness, resilience
1. Terms of the problem:
heritage, cities,
risk, vulnerability, robustness, resilience.
Franco Bontempi
School of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Rome La Sapienza
franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it
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12. What is heritage (1)
• Cultural heritage is often associated with grandiose monuments and iconic
archaeological sites that can hold us in awe of their beauty, history and sheer
scale.
• However, the understanding of cultural heritage has undergone a marked
shift during the last few decades in terms of what it is, why it is important,
why it is at risk and what can be done to protect it.
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13. What is heritage (2)
• Cultural heritage today encompasses a broader array of places such as
historic cities, living cultural landscapes, gardens or sacred forests and
mountains, technological or industrial achievements in the recent past and
even sites associated with painful memories and war.
• Collections of movable and immoveable items within sites, museums,
historic properties and archives have also increased significantly in scope,
testifying not only to the lifestyles of royalty and the achievements of great
artists, but also to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
• At the same time intangibles such as knowledge, beliefs and value systems
are fundamental aspects of heritage that have a powerful influence on
people’s daily choices and behaviors.
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14. Heritage contributions (1)
• Heritage contributes to social cohesion, sustainable development and
psychological wellbeing.
• A considerable wealth of experience exists in protecting heritage from
disasters and in harnessing the potential of a well maintained historic
environment to strengthen the resilience of communities.
• Nevertheless, with a few notable exceptions, efforts to protect heritage from
disaster risk remain fragmented and efforts to draw on heritage as an
instrument for building resilience remain inconsistent.
• Protecting heritage promotes resilience.
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15. Heritage contributions (2)
• The safeguarding of cultural heritage is important and must be ensured for
future generations, not only because it is a source of the cultural identity of
a local community, but also because cultural heritage is a driving force of the
economy.
• Natural events may become disasters if one is unprepared, and the
preparation includes a proper maintenance of historical centres of cities,
where the most important art works and cultural assets of a community are
hosted.
• In addition, a well maintained and living historic environment is very resilient
to natural phenomena.
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16. Heritage drives sustainable development/economies
• Today, as in the past, cultural heritage continues to perform its irreplaceable
role as a source of meaning and identity for communities and individuals.
Heritage is not a relic of the past, but is increasingly instrumental in steering
sustainable development and the wellbeing of communities.
• Many people, especially the poor, depend directly on ecosystems for their
livelihoods, their economic, social and physical well-being, and their cultural
heritage, and this calls for the conservation, as appropriate, of the natural
and cultural heritage of human settlements, the revitalization of historic
districts and the rehabilitation of city centres.
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17. Heritage drives sustainable development/economies
• The safeguarding of cultural heritage sites and of the ensemble of intangible
cultural expressions, knowledge and skills that, collectively, define a
community, can be considered in itself a contribution to human wellbeing.
• Cultural heritage is also a powerful asset for inclusive economic
development, by attracting investments and promoting green, locally based,
stable and decent jobs related to a wide range of sustainable activities in
areas such as tourism, conservation, construction, food production,
traditional healing and, the production of crafts of all kinds and the arts in
general.
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18. Heritage for inclusive social development
• Finally, cultural heritage appears also to be closely connected to the
fundamental components of an inclusive social development.
• As a vehicle to express values and identity, and organize communities and
their relationships through its powerful symbolic and aesthetic dimensions,
cultural heritage is essential to the spiritual wellbeing of people.
• The acknowledgment and conservation of the diversity of cultural heritage,
fair access to it and equitable sharing of the benefits deriving from its use
enhance the feeling of place and belonging, mutual respect and sense of
collective purpose, and ability to maintain a common good, which has the
potential to contribute to the social cohesion of a community and reduce
inequalities.
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19. Disasters are driving losses to heritage
• There has emerged a growing awareness that the loss of cultural properties
and their values as society-related capital is essentially the loss of a common
catalyst that creates a ‘sense of place’ for all generations of people.
• Disasters caused by natural and human-induced hazards result in the
destruction of countless historical properties, museums and archives that
hold the history of humanity within their walls. Cultural landscapes and
natural heritage are being destroyed, and with them valued ecosystem
services.
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20. Heritage contributes to resilience
• In the same way that biological diversity increases the resilience of natural
systems, cultural diversity has the capacity to increase the resilience of social
systems.
• The maintenance of cultural diversity into the future, and the knowledge,
innovations and outlooks it contains, increase the capacity of human systems
to adapt to and cope with change.
• Cultural heritage, as a key component of cultural diversity, is a critical
consideration for any strategy to build the resilience of communities.
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22. Resilience
• It is “the ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb,
accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely
and efficient manner, including through ensuring the preservation,
restoration, or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions”.
• Resilience applies to both people and the built and natural environment and
is shaped by both physical and social factors.
• Experience has shown that degradation of natural resources, neglected rural
areas, urban sprawl and poorly engineered new construction increase the
vulnerability of communities to disaster risks. On the other hand, a well-
conserved natural and historic environment, based on traditional knowledge
and skills, considerably reduces underlying vulnerability factors, strengthens
the resilience of communities and saves lives.
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23. Symbolism
• The symbolism inherent in heritage is also a powerful means to help victims
recover from the psychological impact of disasters. In such situations, people
search desperately for identity and self-esteem. Traditional social networks
that provide mutual support and access to collective assets are extremely
effective coping mechanisms for community members.
• The virtues of heritage should be recognized and built upon, while at the
same time, those aspects of heritage that contribute to physical, social and
attitudinal vulnerability should be appropriately addressed through efforts to
promote a robust culture of prevention.
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25. Kind of knowledge
• Both modern science and indigenous knowledge play vitals roles in reducing
communities’ risks. Taking advantage of scientific and technological
advances does not imply disregarding the capacities and resources already
available locally. Indigenous knowledge for disaster reduction lies in the
accumulated experience that comes with the close relationship of
communities to their environment.
• Communities have learned to read the signs in the sea, the skies and wildlife
to predict hazards. Direct experience with disasters has taught many
communities the duration, location, time, frequency, intensity, predictability,
onset and possible behavior of the hazards linked to these events.
• Likewise, local technologies and construction practices often reflect
adaptations to the environmental conditions.
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26. Cultural dimensions
• Cultural values and beliefs underlie the decisions people make when facing
risk and coping with disasters.
• Moreover, cultural values provide a source of pride and identity that can
inspire communities to undertake bold actions. An understanding of these
values can greatly enhance the effectiveness of risk communication and can
speed economic as well as psycho-social recovery after disaster strikes.
• Understanding how people interpret risks and choose actions based on their
interpretations are vital to any strategy for disaster reduction.
• These issues have significant implications for efforts to cultivate a ‘culture of
prevention’, particularly as they relate to risk communication and motivation
to act on that information.
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27. Recovery
• Cultural heritage can play an important role in the recovery of the victims of
disasters.
• Often, cultural insensitivity or ignorance in post-disaster recovery
programmes can have adverse effects on people.
• It was found that those villages which were reconstructed on the basis of
traditional architecture, with courtyards and surrounding verandahs using
locally available materials and skills and cluster planning of neighbourhoods,
were adapted by the villagers much more successfully than those that had
‘city-like’ layouts, with wide streets forming grid patterns and row housing
built using imported building materials and construction technology.
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30. Understanding of culture
• An understanding of culture is an important instrument for the many
organizations working to build resilient communities and nations.
• The tools for cultivating culturally informed approaches to risk reduction can
be quite basic, including an openness and sensitivity to cultural differences.
• Spending time with communities and asking about their views and
experience is essential.
• Investments in understanding culture yields dividends in fostering a genuine
culture of prevention and promoting resilience in disaster-affected
communities.
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35. 13/06/2018 35
City after Lynch
Kevin Andrew Lynch (January 7, 1918 – April 25, 1984)
was an American urban planner and author. He is known
for his work on the perceptual form of urban
environments and was an early proponent of mental
mapping. His most influential books include The Image of
the City (1960), a seminal work on the perceptual form
of urban environments, and What Time is This Place?
(1972), which theorizes how the physical environment
captures and refigures temporal processes.
A student of architect Frank Lloyd Wright before training
in city planning, Lynch spent his academic career at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, teaching there
from 1948 to 1978. He practiced site planning and urban
design professionally with Carr/Lynch Associates, later
known as Carr, Lynch, and Sandell.
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36. Performance of the city
The degree of good city performance is determined by its ability
of providing biological, psychological, social and cultural requirements to its
inhabitants.
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37. Vitality
• The degree to which the city sustains the essential, biological performance
of human beings: this is the supports of our bodies needs such as water, air,
energy and food, there should be sufficient supply of them to sustain life,
moreover good settlement should be free of danger, poisons and disasters,
then it supports safety for its inhabitants.
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38. Sense
• It is the degree of fit between the physical city (form) and the way people
recognize and organize it in their minds.
• In other words, it is the degree of homogeneity between environment and
observer. Sense then, reflects the clarity with which people perceive the
space.
• Sense depends upon spatial structure, quality, the culture and the current
purpose of the observer.
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39. Fit
• It is the match between the action (function) and the physical city (form).
• It is “ how well the spatial and temporal pattern of a settlement matches the
customary behavior of its inhabitants”.
• When there is congruence between form and patterns of behaviors, people
feel comfortable; conversely, absence or lack of fit could make it
uncomfortable and difficult to behave through an area.
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40. Accessibility
• That is not means the ability to reach transportation only, but to access to all
things such as services, information, other places and to other peoples also,
then an interaction is established between these variables.
• Access offers the degree of choice and diversity presented to us.
• A place should provide people with information about physical ways of
reaching it.
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41. Control
• It the degree to which the environment is under the control of the people
who actually use it or reside in it.
• According to Hall, control gives people feelings of power and stability.
• People feel in control when there is enough social and physical space to do
as they need.
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44. Sense (1)
• It is clearly believed that building the image of an environment is a two way
process, it is the result of an interaction between the observer and the
environment in which he lives.
• The process is not just how we see things and others, but also how others
see us as a part of environment.
• Consequently, it reflects the influence of observer and environment on each
other: “ nothing is experienced by itself, but in relation to its surroundings,
the sequences of events leading up to it”.
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45. Sense (2)
• Sense of the city as mentioned above represents the relationship between
physical environment and cognition, since its components are the observer
and his environment, this sense can be broken into six elements:
• Identity,
• Structure,
• Meaning,
• Congruence,
• Transparency (Immediacy),
• Legibility
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46. Identity
• “Identity is the characteristic that allow us to differentiate one space from
another”.
• It is the character and spatial attributes of an object or a place that enhance
the ability of recognizing and identifying an environment, those attributes of
the object make it distinct, ultimately unique and easily separable, then it
stands for individuality or oneness.
• Place identity is closely linked to personal identity, “I am here supports I am”.
• There is not only an identity of place, but also an identity of events which
differs naturally from the first as it gives peoples a means to remember
events that happened, thus helps them to structure their life.
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47. Structure
• It is how the object is placed in the space considering its relation to the
observer and to other objects, as the object is not seen isolated from
surroundings but as a part of all environmental components.
• “The architect has to realize that the forms of his buildings react on adjacent
forms”.
• Norberg-Schulz and Lynch refer to organization when they talk about
structure.
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48. Meaning
• Meaning is that which the place stands for or represent.
• It is a hidden character of the object and the deepen sense that reflects the
importance of the object, this sense may be practical or emotional.
• The meaning is a complicated notion, its sides are difficult to be specified,
but can be separated from the form in the early stages of analysis. A
particular city may stands for enjoyment, power, vitality, mystery or
something else presented in mental image of its inhabitants.
• Lynch says that “the visual environment should be meaningful; that is, its
visible character should relate to other aspects of life”.
• Steinitz (1968) made an inference that the city becomes more meaningful
and known to its inhabitants when there is a congruence between its
physical form and activity.
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49. Congruence
• It is the relationship of the form to its function.
• In other words, how is the environmental structure congruent with
nonspatial structure.
• For instance, what degree of congruence between a residential building and
family size.
• Congruence can be tested by comparing abstraction of place with
abstraction of function.
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50. Transparency (Immediacy)
• It stands for the degree of visibility of process occurring in the place to users.
• In other words, it is the degree to which one can actually see what's going.
• There are many events occur in the city such as selling, buying and
movement, how many of them we can see actually. Definitely, we see less of
what actually happening.
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51. Legibility
• It is the term that has been used for along time in urban planning defined as
“the ease with which its parts can be recognized and organized into a
coherent pattern”.
• This definition estates that degree of legibility depends upon the formation
of cognitive maps within wayfarers mind.
• Legibility is “the degree of distinctiveness that enables the viewer to
understand or categorize the contents of a scene the greater the legibility
the greater the preference”.
• It is the quality which makes an area understandable.
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52. Notes on legibility (1)
• Lynch considers Legibility as a physical and spatial characteristic of the
environment, so visual sensations of color, motion, smell, touch and
sound…etc. are all cues of orientation that reinforce legibility. This view
postulates that environmental surroundings influence immediately spatial
cognition, and spatial representation is isomorphic to the physical structure.
• According to Lynch definition, legibility can enhance the identity, structure
and the meaning of environmental surroundings. The city may has strong
identity and character but still confusing and unclear because of confusion of
its path system.
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53. Notes on legibility (2)
• Identity and structure are the formal components which help us to perceive
and organize both of space and time in themselves, while congruence,
transparency and legibility are the informal ones which create interaction
between environment and other sides of our lives.
• It worth mentioning that Lynch's initial interest was of legibility, but soon the
focus adjusted to the issue of the city's mental representation. This led Lynch
to the concept of imageability and the identification of the city elements
(paths, edges, nodes, landmarks, and districts). The sketch map drawn by
city's dweller is more accurate and legible than that drawn by a visitor
because image clarity is improved by familiarity and its conformity with
stereotype.
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57. FAR FIELD ZONE
EXCHAGE ZONE
STRUCTURE
FAR FIELD ZONE
EXCHAGE ZONE
STRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
OBJECT
NET
Local / Punctual
Scale
Global / Regional
Scale
Structural
System
Infrastructural
System
Also if artificial,
these systems
need to have
necessarily
evolutive soundness,
ecological coherence
and sustainability
characteristics
Structure / Infrastructure
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58. Ecology
1. The branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions
between organisms and their environment, including other
organisms.
2. The set of relationships existing between organisms and their
environment: desert ecologies.
3. The set of relationships existing between any complex system and
its surroundings or environment.
4. Ecological engineering uses ecology and engineering to predict,
design, construct or restore, and manage ecosystems that integrate
"human society with its natural environment for the benefit of
both“.
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59. Survivability
• Survivability is the ability to remain alive or continue to exist.
• Ecological: Following disruptive forces such as flood, fire, disease, war,
or climate change some species of flora, fauna, and local life forms are
likely to survive more successfully than others because of consequent
changes to their surrounding biophysical conditions.
• In engineering, survivability is the quantified ability of a system,
subsystem, equipment, process, or procedure to continue to function
during and after a natural or man-made disturbance.
• For a given application, survivability must be qualified by specifying the
range of conditions over which the entity will survive, the minimum
acceptable level functionality, and the maximum acceptable downtime.
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60. Evolution
1. Any process of formation or growth; development: the evolution
of a language; the evolution of the airplane.
2. A product of such development; something evolved: the
exploration of space is the evolution of decades of research.
3. Biology: the change in the gene pool of a population from
generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural
selection, and genetic drift.
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61. Sustainability
• Sustainability is the process of change, in which the exploitation of
resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological
development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both
current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.
• The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development, which
includes the following interconnected domains: environment, economic and
social. Sub-domains of sustainable development have been considered also:
cultural, technological and political.
• Sustainable development, is the development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
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63. Vulnerability
• The state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed,
either physically or emotionally.
• Vulnerability refers to the inability (of a system or a unit) to withstand the
effects of a hostile environment.
• A window of vulnerability (WOV) is a time frame within which defensive
measures are diminished, compromised or lacking.
• The understanding of a system vulnerability, as a methodological approach,
involves the analysis of the risks and assets of the system itself.
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65. Risk
• A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative
occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that
may be avoided through preemptive action.
• At its simplest, risk is the possibility of an adverse outcome. Risk is often
expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of a series of
events and the associated likelihood of occurrence. The probability,
frequency of occurrence and impact of an event are factors which should be
considered in any analysis of risk.
• Possibility of loss or injury
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68. Option 1 – Risk avoidance, which usually
means not proceeding to
continue with the system;
this is not always a feasible
option, but may be the only
course of action if the
hazard or their probability of
occurrence or both are
particularly serious;
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70. Option 2 – Risk reduction, either through
(a) reducing the probability
of occurrence of some
events, or (b) through
reduction in the severity of
the consequences, such as
downsizing the system, or
(c) putting in place control
measures;
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72. Option 3 – Risk transfer, where insurance
or other financial
mechanisms can be put in
place to share or completely
transfer the financial risk to
other parties; this is not a
feasible option where the
primary consequences are
not financial;
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73. Using insurance and risk transfer effectively
• In some respects the use of insurance for cultural heritage may seem
problematic, for example in terms of estimating the appropriate insurance
value of something that is unique, priceless and often intangible.
• However, the insurance industry plays an important role in promoting
investments in risk reduction, specifically as a means to reduce the cost of
losses.
• One of the primary functions of insurance is to spread losses and to reduce
financial exposure; this is often the only means that owners and managers of
heritage assets have to invest in recovery or restoration after damage.
• Business interruption and denial of access, for instance, are important
considerations for many heritage managers.
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74. Insurance for the damage or for the event
• Important lessons were learned about testing the insurance policy to see if
coverage was ‘for the damage’ or ‘for the event’.
• A similar situation property was damaged by hurricanes Rita and Katrina.
This was subsequently the subject of litigation and it was decided in the US
case that even if the building had not been damaged, it would have suffered
the same business interruption loss because of the devastation to the
surrounding area and therefore the claim was allowed.
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75. More about insurance
• Another important issue is the appropriateness of the insurance policy to
the heritage site: a cultural heritage site contains an inherent and unique
series of values which deserve a higher degree of care and consideration
than modern property counterparts.
• This heightened sensitivity needs to be applied when assessing requirements
for property insurance for cultural heritage sites to ensure that the
appropriate levels of cover is achieved. For these reasons, the choice and
level of coverage is extremely important, with significant differences
between ‘Total reinstatement’ and ‘No rebuilding insurance’, for instance.
• Insurers will often conduct surveys as part of their consideration as to
whether to accept a risk, and even if they do not ultimately accept that risk
the prospective insured will still have the benefit of the recommendations.
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76. 13/06/2018 76
Option 4 – Risk acceptance, even when it
exceeds the criteria, but
perhaps only for a limited
time until other measures
can be taken.
77. Option 1 – Risk avoidance, which usually means not proceeding to continue
with the system; this is not always a feasible option, but may be
the only course of action if the hazard or their probability of
occurrence or both are particularly serious;
Option 2 – Risk reduction, either through (a) reducing the probability of
occurrence of some events, or (b) through reduction in the
severity of the consequences, such as downsizing the system, or
(c) putting in place control measures;
Option 3 – Risk transfer, where insurance or other financial mechanisms can
be put in place to share or completely transfer the financial risk to
other parties; this is not a feasible option where the primary
consequences are not financial;
Option 4 – Risk acceptance, even when it exceeds the criteria, but perhaps
only for a limited time until other measures can be taken.
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78. DEFINE CONTEXT
(social, individual,
political, organizational,
technological)
RSK ANALYSIS
(for the system are defined organization,
scenarios, and consequences of
occurences)
RISK ASSESSMENT
(compare risks
against criteria)
RISK TREATMENT
option 1 - avoidance
option 2 - reduction
option 3 - transfer
option 4 - acceptance
MONITOR
AND
REVIEW
RISK
MANAGEMENT
RISK
ANALYSIS
RISK
ASSESSMENT
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Risk concern
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83. Reference: Bontempi, F. (2005) Frameworks for structural analysis, In: Innovation in Civil and Structural
Engineering Topping, BHV ed., pp. 1-24
HPLC
High Probability –
Low Consequences
LPHC
Low Probability –
High Consequences
Complexity
Non linear issues and
interaction mechanisms
Designapproach:
StochasticDeterministic
QUALITATIVE RISK
ANALYSIS
PROBABILISTIC
RISK ANALYSIS
PRAGMATIC
ANALYSIS OF
RISK SCENARIOS
Low Probability – High Consequences Events
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84. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (April 2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (1st ed.). London:
Penguin. p. 400. ISBN 1-84614045-5.
A Black Swan is an event with the following three attributes.
1. First, it is an outlier, as it lies outside the realm of regular expectations,
because nothing in the past can convincingly point to its possibility.
Rarity -The event is a surprise (to the observer).
2. Second, it carries an extreme 'impact'.
Extreme “impact” - the event has a major effect.
3. Third, in spite of its outlier status, human nature makes us concoct
explanations for its occurrence after the fact, making it explainable and
predictable.
Retrospective (though not prospective) predictability - After the first
recorded instance of the event, it is rationalized by hindsight, as if it could
have been expected; that is, the relevant data were available but
unaccounted for in risk mitigation programs. The same is true for the
personal perception by individuals.
Black Swan Event
84
85. Black Swan Theory (1)
• The theory was developed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb to explain:
1. The disproportionate role of high-profile, hard-to-predict, and rare events
that are beyond the realm of normal expectations in history, science,
finance, and technology.
2. The non-computability of the probability of the consequential rare events
using scientific methods (owing to the very nature of small probabilities).
3. The psychological biases that blind people, both individually and
collectively, to uncertainty and to a rare event's massive role in historical
affairs.
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86. Black Swan Theory (2)
• The black swan theory or theory of black swan events is a metaphor that
describes an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect, and is often
inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. The
term is based on an ancient saying that presumed black swans did not exist –
a saying that became reinterpreted to teach a different lesson after black
swans were discovered in the wild.
• Taleb's "black swan theory" refers only to unexpected events of large
magnitude and consequence and their dominant role in history. Such events,
considered extreme outliers, collectively play vastly larger roles than regular
occurrences
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93. Levels of Structural Crisis
UsualULS&SLS
VerificationFormat
Structural Robustness
Assessment
1st level:
Material
Point
2nd level:
Element
Section
3rd level:
Structural
Element
4th level:
Structural
System
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104. • Ma, oltre a queste osservazioni, mi sembra opportuno concludere
osservando in via generale che, relativamente ai metodi di calcolo e alle
normative, si debba evitare di dar loro importanza eccessiva, per non
mettere in ombra la progettazione vera e propria.
• La quale ha nel calcolo soltanto una delle sue fasi, seppure fondamentale,
mentre trova in altre questioni aspetti altrettanto qualificanti: intendo
soprattutto la concezione generale delle strutture; l’armonica distribuzione
delle masse; i particolari costruttivi; l’analisi dei problemi esecutivi e dei
costi; l’esame critico del comportamento generale della costruzione
comprendente anche, e non secondariamente, la presenza di elementi non
strutturali e della parte del terreno coinvolta dalla struttura.
• Fatti, questi, che debbono entrare nel vivo del processo progettuale,
divenendo una forza unica e ogni volta diversa. Fatti che non possono essere
unitariamente colti da elaborazioni numeriche e computers come invece può
riuscire a fare la mente umana con gli insostituibili ausili, peculiari soltanto
ad essa, dell’intuizione, dell’inventiva, della fantasia, della creatività.
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- IL CONVENZIONALISMO NEL CALCOLO STRUTTURALE SISMICO – P. Pozzati 5 marzo 2004
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105. 105
105
Semplicità
• Il criterio più generale di progetto riguarda la semplicità: per l’Ingegneria
questo è un valore fondamentale, perché pone i fondamenti per la certezza
di comportamento.
• Questo vale diventa, quindi, una strategia globale per non introdurre
ulteriori complessità in un ambiente già di per se altamente incerto.
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106. 106
106
Regolarità geometrica e simmetria
• La regolarità geometrica riguarda la disposizione in pianta ed in elevazione
della struttura; riguarda l’adozione di una configurazione geometrica chiara,
lineare, con limitate eccentricità e variazioni brusche di masse o rigidezze,
con possibili simmetrie e ripetizioni.
• Questo è un criterio che coinvolge tutte le scale strutturali, dai componenti
all’intera struttura: si pensi alle connessioni delle aste nelle strutture
reticolari al fine di evitare sollecitazioni parassite o alla disposizione di un
intero edificio.
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107. 107
107
Iperstaticità e ridondanza
• La ridondanza strutturale consiste nel prevedere la duplicazione dei percorsi
e dei meccanismi resistenti, ponendoli in parallelo, in modo da assicurare la
sicurezza globale dell’opera anche in caso di crisi da parte di un sistema
resistente, per mezzo della ridistribuzione dei percorsi di carico.
• A questa si accosta il concetto di iperstaticità, che consiste nel progettare
strutture con vincoli ed interconnessioni sovrabbondanti rispetto alla
quantità strettamente necessaria.
• Entrambi i criteri assumono un importante ruolo nel governo del
comportamento strutturale, indirizzando nelle dovute forme le modalità di
collasso.
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108. 108
108
Prevedibilità nel tempo
• Riguarda la necessità di utilizzare materiali, componenti o soluzioni il cui
comportamento sia il più possibile prevedibile.
• Anche in questo caso, alterazioni brusche ed imprevedibili dei
comportamenti meccanici di materiali e componenti, che si ripercuotano
sulla risposta strutturale complessiva, non possono essere accettabili.
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109. 109
109
Principio di precauzione
• Il criterio si rivolge alla scelta dei materiali e prodotti strutturali da usare
nelle opere affinché si possa garantire il rispetto dei requisiti
precedentemente indicati. Nel caso si scelgano materiali e prodotti non
esplicitamente citati nelle norme si richiede che tali materiali possano essere
impiegati solo se il produttore ne garantisce prestazioni in linea con quanto
richiesto dalla norma stessa.
• Per poter essere utilizzato ai fini strutturali, un materiale o un componente
devono avere caratteristiche geometriche, chimiche, fisiche e meccaniche,
certe.
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113. 113
Constructive attitude
Knowledge of the design
method, how it is done or to
know things, is a liberating value:
it is a "do-it-yourself" yourself.
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115. 115
Constructive attitude
Knowledge of the design
method, how it is done or to
know things, is a liberating value:
it is a "do-it-yourself" yourself.
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117. 117
Luxury is the manifestation of the
uncivilized wealth that wants to
impress who is poor.
It is the manifestation of the
importance that is given to the
exteriority and reveals the lack of
interest in the whole cultural
elevation.
It's the triumph of appearance on
the substance.
Disvalori
Anti-values
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118. 118
Simplifying means trying to solve the
problem by eliminating everything that is
not needed to perform the functions
Simplifying is to reduce costs, reduce
machining, assembly, and finishing times.
One wants to solve two issues together in
one solution. Simplifying is a hard work and
requires a lot of creativity.
Complicating is much easier, just add
anything what comes to your mind without
worrying if costs go beyond sales limits,
you take more time to realize the object,
and so on.
Valori
Values
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119. 119
It is necessary, however, to say that the general
public is more inclined to evaluate the manual
"so much work" that it takes to do a
complicated thing than to recognize the "so
much work" mental that it wants to simplify,
since then you can not see it.
Indeed, people in the face of simple solutions,
which may have required lengthy research and
trials, say: but how, is everything here? but this
I knew I did too!
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120. 120
It is important to consider things
not only for what they are, but
also for what they might be.
Generally, the same thing can be
looked at in many respects, and
sometimes the less obvious
points of view are most useful.
It's always worth it, when
something is happening for what
it is, to go deep into the exam to
see what else it might be.
Sostenibilità
Sustainability
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125. 125
Structural Robustness (2)
• Capacity of a construction to show regular decrease of its
structural quality due to negative causes.
• It implies:
a) some smoothness of the decrease of structural performance
due to negative events (intensive feature);
b) some limited spatial spread of the rupture (extensive
feature).
• Fragility is the opposite of robustness.
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131. STRUCTURE
& LOADS
Collapse
Mechanism
NO SWAY
“IMPLOSION”
OF THE
STRUCTURE
“EXPLOSION”
OF THE
STRUCTURE
is a process in which
objects are destroyed by
collapsing on themselves
is a process
NOT CONFINED
SWAY
131
Bad vs Good Collapse
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141. Definition (not univocal):
A resilient community is defined as the one having the ability to absorb disaster
impacts and rapidly return to normal socioeconomic activity.
MCEER (Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research), (2006). “MCEER’s Resilience Framework”. Available at
http://mceer.buffalo.edu/research/resilience/Resilience_10-24-06.pdf
NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program), 2010. “Comments on the Meaning of Resilience”. NEHRP Technical
report. Available at http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/ACEHRCommentsJan2010.pdf
MCEER framework for resilience evaluation:
Initial losses Recovery time, depending on:
• Resourcefulness
• Rapidity
Disaster strikes
Systemic
Robustness
(disaster) resilience
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142. (disaster) resilience
Definition (not univocal):
A resilient community is defined as the one having the ability to absorb disaster
impacts and rapidly return to normal socioeconomic activity.
MCEER (Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research), (2006). “MCEER’s Resilience Framework”. Available at
http://mceer.buffalo.edu/research/resilience/Resilience_10-24-06.pdf
NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program), 2010. “Comments on the Meaning of Resilience”. NEHRP Technical
report. Available at http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/ACEHRCommentsJan2010.pdf
MCEER framework for resilience evaluation:
Resilience is inversely proportional to the area A.
(dQ/dt)
L0
TR
(dQ/dt)0
A
143. Combined effect of discrete events and continuous deterioration
big earth uake,
human error, …
nrecoverable uality level survivability threshold
System
demission
ecovery
elasticity
egradation of the uality due to
continuous occurrences e.g. aging
LP e e t
P e e t
LC
C
eight of the
discrete event
144. Combined effect of discrete events and continuous deterioration
Hazards
Losses
(disaster)
Event
145. Combined effect of discrete events and continuous deterioration
Pre-event
uring the event
Aftermath of
the event
Long-runistorical
i. Historical political decisions (e.g. political regime) influence the initial system quality Q0.
This parameter is related the initial system state.
146. Combined effect of discrete events and continuous deterioration
Pre-event
uring the event
Aftermath of
the event
Long-runistorical
ii. Urban and social service planning is relevant for the pre-event system integrity and it is
one of the factors determining the trend of system quality before the event (dQ/dt) and the
amount of immediate losses (ΔQ). The first parameter is by a statistical correlation
between the political decision and the quality trend, while the second parameter can be
modeled by the system fragility.
147. Combined effect of discrete events and continuous deterioration
Pre-event
uring the event
Aftermath of
the event
Long-runistorical
iii. Fast decisions are taken during the event or a disaster (on the basis of knowledge and
experience from similar past events - if any - and the system properness knowledge). The
political decisions in this phase influence the initial slope of the recovery phase (dQR/dt).
This parameter can be modeled by a statistical correlation between the political decision
and the quality trend.
148. Combined effect of discrete events and continuous deterioration
Pre-event
uring the event
Aftermath of
the event
Long-runistorical
iv. Emergency plans and prioritization of recovery actions are relevant in the aftermath of the
event (recovery phase). In addition, the declaration of a state of emergency can have a
substantial short and long-term effect on the local economy. The actions in this phase
influence the shape of the recovery function fR(t).
149. Combined effect of discrete events and continuous deterioration
Pre-event
uring the event
Aftermath of
the event
Long-runistorical
v. Urban and social service re-planning on the basis of the consequences of the occurred
event are relevant in the long run (influencing the losses and the recovery for the next
discrete event).
150. Robustness / Resilience
1 bar
determinate structure
fragile
n bar
indeterminate structure
robust
1/n bar
stand-by structure
resilient
Passive behavior before Active behavior after
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152. References: Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (November 2012). Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder(1st ed.). London:
Penguin. p. 519. ISBN 1-400-06782-0.
People/systems/organizations/things/ideas can be described in one
of three ways:
- fragile
- resilient, or
- antifragile
"Some things benefit from shocks; they thrive and grow when
exposed to volatility, randomness, disorder, and stressors and love
adventure, risk, and uncertainty. Yet, in spite of the ubiquity of the
phenomenon, there is no word for the exact opposite of fragile.
Let us call it anti-fragile. Anti-fragility is beyond resilience or
robustness. The resilient resists shocks and stays the same; the
anti-fragile gets better".
“an i- ragili y”
153. Antifragile
• Taleb introduces the book as follows:
• "Some things benefit from shocks; they thrive and grow when exposed to
volatility, randomness, disorder, and stressors and love adventure, risk, and
uncertainty. Yet, in spite of the ubiquity of the phenomenon, there is no
word for the exact opposite of fragile. Let us call it antifragile. Antifragility is
beyond resilience or robustness. The resilient resists shocks and stays the
same; the antifragile gets better.“
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154. References: Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (November 2012). Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder(1st ed.). London:
Penguin. p. 519. ISBN 1-400-06782-0 .
-----
----
“an i- ragili y”
Things that are fragile
break or suffer from
chaos and randomness.
The resilient, or
robust, don’t care if
circumstances become
volatile or disruptive
(up to a point).
Things that are anti-
fragile grow and
strengthen from
volatility and stress (to
a point).
168. • «Ma un numero di regole eccessivo comporta vari degli
inconvenienti dianzi citati e in particolare:
- l'impoverimento dell'autonomia e della creatività, in
quanto l'opera del progettista è irretita dalle norme;
- la difficoltà di discernere ciò che veramente conta;
- la sensazione di avere, al riparo delle norme,
responsabilità assai alleviate;
- la difficoltà non infrequente di rendersi conto dei
ragionamenti che giustificano certe regole, rischiando di
considerare queste alla stregua di algoritmi, ossia di
schemi operativi che, una volta appresi, il pensiero non è
più chiamato a giustificare.»
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- Proliferazione delle normative e tecnicismo. Ultima lezione ufficiale del corso di Tecnica delle costruzioni
tenuta dal prof. Piero Pozzati nell'a.a. 1991-'92, presso la Facoltà di Ingegneria dell'Università di Bologna (3
giugno 1992).
costruzioni esistenti in muratura
170. Vn = 100
Cu = 2
q0 = 4
NB
Caratteristiche
Struttura
Vn = 100
Cu = 2
q0 = 2
Periodo
di ritorno
sisma
Vn = 50
Cu = 1
q0 = 2
Opere ordinarie, ponti, opere infrastrutturali
e dighe di dimensioni contenute o di importanza normale
Grandi opere, ponti, opere infrastrutturali
e dighe di grandi dimensioni o di importanza strategica
170
171. 13/06/2018 171
Causes of System Failure
100%
Time
%offailure
Unknown phenomena
Known phenomena
Research level Design code level
past present future
A
BB B
C
Humanerrors
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173. 13/06/2018 173
Due diligence
• Due diligence (also known as due care) is the effort made by an
ordinarily prudent or reasonable party to avoid harm to another
party. Failure to make this effort is considered negligence.
• It is necessary to discover all risks and implications regarding a
decision to be made
• Due diligence is also a dynamic concept in that it is a constantly
evolving standard of care that is determined by the requirements
of law, industry standards as well as professional and other codes
of practice.
costruzioni esistenti in muratura
175. Declaratoria
•Il settore della Tecnica delle Costruzioni si interessa
dell’attività scientifica e didattico-formativa inerente teorie
e tecniche rivolte sia alla concezione strutturale ed al
progetto di nuove costruzioni, sia alla verifica ed alla
riabilitazione strutturale di quelle esistenti.
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176. • I contenuti scientifico-disciplinari riguardano:
- le azioni sulle costruzioni, compreso l’effetto dell’azio e sismica,
- il comportamento delle strutture in funzione della tipologia e della
morfologia, dei materiali, delle tec iche e delle tec ologie, dell’i terazio e
col terreno e con l'ambiente, dei modi e delle strategie d'uso e di controllo;
- metodi e strumenti per la progettazione strutturale, la realizzazione e la
gestione di strutture;
- valutazioni di vulnerabilità, affidabilità, comfort, sicurezza e durabilità;
- sperimentazione, collaudo e monitoraggio delle costruzioni;
- indagini storiche sul costruire, verifiche di sicurezza e soluzioni d'intervento
strutturale applicabili all’edilizia storica ed ai mo ume ti;
- architettura strutturale.
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177. Statement della giornata (1)
•La Tecnica delle Costruzioni si occupa della concezione e
della progettazione strutturale.
•E’ una disciplina di sintesi - in cui confluiscono idee, teorie,
metodi, strumenti, sperimentazione, sviluppo storico e
principi empirici – che porta alla scelta oculata di schemi
portanti, elementi e componenti, materiali strutturali,
partendo da una solida e ampia base culturale.
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178. Statement della giornata (2)
•Il progetto strutturale riguarda con una visione olistica tutto
il ciclo di vita di una costruzione e l’ambiente in cui è
immersa, prevedendo necessariamente un percorso
decisionale caratterizzato da assunzione di responsabilità.
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179. Statement della giornata (3)
•L’analisi strutturale è il presupposto per capire ed esplorare
qualitativamente e quantitativamente il comportamento
strutturale in termini di prestazioni e sicurezza della
costruzione nel suo insieme, ivi compresi i componenti non
portanti.
•La corretta comprensione della relazione fra modello e
realtà è essenziale a tal fine.
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180. Statement della giornata (4)
•Lo studio di casi reali di costruzioni, in particolare nei casi di
fallimento, è fonte essenziale di aumento di conoscenza
della disciplina.
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181. 13/06/2018 181
Statement della giornata (5)
• L’insegnamento della disciplina deve:
- partire dai principi meccanici generali,
- favorire una valida comprensione dei comportamenti strutturali
elementari e complessivi, anche alla luce della storia di
insuccessi costruttivi,
- predisporre a una fondata organizzazione della disposizione
delle varie parti strutturali supportata da una coerente scelta dei
materiali,
- aiutare ad individuare le possibili situazioni in cui una
costruzione può trovarsi in termini di azioni e configurazioni.
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