A comparative study on socio economic status and agricultural

A comparative study on Socio-economic status and
agricultural operation between jhumias and non-jhumias in
Tripura
BIDHAN CHANDRA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
AEXT-599 DATE: 29.05.2015
Speaker : Binoy Tripura
Chairman : Dr. S. Mondal
Seminar Leaders :Dr . S, Mondal

What is comparative study?
Comparative research is a research methodology in the social
sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries
or cultures. simply put, is the act of comparing two or more things with a
view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared.
( Heidenheimer, Heclo & Adams 1983: 505)
The general method of comparing things is the same for comparative
research as it is in our everyday practice of comparison. Like cases are
treated alike, and different cases are treated differently; the extent of
difference determines how differently cases are to be treated. If one is able
to sufficiently distinguish two carry the research conclusions will not be very
helpful. (Taylor 1990: 14)

Jhumias(shifting
cultivator) Non-jhumias
 According to the Food and
Agricultural Organization
(1957), shifting cultivation
has defined as “the
customs of cultivating
clearing scattered in the
reservoir of natural
vegetation (forest or grass
or wood-lands ) and of
abandoning them as soon
as the soil is exhausted
and this includes in
certain areas the custom
of shifting homesteads in
order to follow the
 Non-jhumias farmer are
those group of people
who are engaged in
agricultural activities
other than Jhum or
shifting cultivation such
as horticulture and
fishery.

Comparison
Jhumias Non-Jhumias
 Resource poor
 Illiterate
 Traditional
 Less income
 Depending upon
monsoon
 High agronomical
constraints
 Low social mobility
 Yearly land rotation
 Less yield
 Resource rich
 Educated
 Modern
 High income
 Independent on nature
 Less agronomical
constraints
 High social mobility
 Crop rotation
 High yield

Why this topic has chosen?
Why? Problems of Jhuming
1. In India around 2 million
tribal people cultivated
approximately 11 million
hectare of land under
shifting cultivation
2. In North-East India over a
100 of tribal ethnic
minorities are practicing
shifting cultivation
3. it is practiced not only by
the tribal minorities but
also by the landless
people and lowland
migrants.
 Land rotation every year
 Deforestation
 Ecological imbalance
 Low yield and income
 No govt. incentives
•To improve their socio-economic status
•To minimize agricultural constraint
•To formulate extension strategies
•To understand various factors

General objective
 The general objective of this study was to
investigate the differences between
Jhumias and Non-Jhumias with respect
to their socio-economic and agronomical
practices and to derive some extension
strategies for the development of Jhum in
Tripura.

Specific objectives
1. To study the socio-economic characteristics of
Jhumias and Non-jhumias in Tripura.
2. To find out the relationship between some dependent
and independent variables relating to socio-personal,
agro-economic characteristics of Jhumias and Non-
Jhumias.
3. To compare the socio-economic and agricultural
operations between Jhumias and Non-Jhumias.
4. To compare the yield and agricultural operational
constraints between Jhumias and Non-Jhumias
5. To formulate the some extension strategies for
improvement of the Jhuming system in Tripura.

Review of literature
Sl.
No.
Source Year Title Author’s Key contents
1.
Indian-Journal-
of-
Forestry.2001;2
4(2):153-161
2001
An exploration of indigenous hill
farming system in the South-
Eastern Bangladesh
Millat-e-
Mustafa-
M;Siddiui;-
M-A;Khan,-
N-A;Alam,-
M-S
Newas,-M-S
Data are presented on the various dimension of the farming system
in the indigenous communities in Bangladesh, Locally known as
Jhum, including the selection of land, preparation of the land for
cultivation, Planting materials used for different crops, Methods of
planting , cultural operation , Harvesting procedure, cultural and
religious norm, and the problems to issue as on average each
farmer manage a total area of 0.7 ha/year of Jhum cultivation.
2.
Current –
Science.2002;8
3(2):117-118
2002
Balancing Jhum with modern
Agro-forestry in Himalaya
Region.
Arunachal
am,-A;
Khan,-M-
L;Arunach
alam,-K
This paper contain a discussion on the comparison
between Jhum(Shifting) cultivation and agroforestry in
Arunachal Pradesh , India , based on a few ecological ,
economic and socio cultural principle.
3.
Advances-in-
Plant-Sciences.
2004; 17(1):
183-187
2004
Effects of sunlight intensity on
soil, due to shifting (jhum)
cultivation - in Goalpara District
(Assam).
Ahmed,-M
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sunlight
intensity on soil properties due to large-scale
deforestation by shifting (jhum) cultivation in Rangjuli
Range, Goalpara District, Assam, India. Results showed
that the level of soil pH, moisture, water holding capacity
and field capacity was significantly altered..
4.
International-
Journal-of-
Sustainable-
Agricultural-
Technology.
2007; 3(6): 47-
50
2007
rain-fed HYV aus BR 26, BRRI
Dhan 27 and local jhum paddy
on soil erosion and economic
sustainability at hill slopes of
Chittagong hill tracts.
Al-
Arman,-S-
M-Z;
Islam,-M-
M;
Rahman,-
M-L;
Gafur,-M-
A;
Shoaib,-J-
U-M
Traditionally shifting cultivators in Chittagong Hill Tracts
(CHT) practice nearly 20-25 local varieties of upland aus
paddy in jhum cultivation. These rainfed varieties of
paddy produce only up to 1 ton paddy ha-1. On the
contrary 4-5 tons ha-1 of HYV paddy produce in the hilly
valleys of CHT as in the plain areas of the country.
contd…

Sl.
No.
Source Year Title Author’s Key contents
5.
Indian-Journal-
of-Agronomy.
2008; 53(3):
167-171
2008
Productivity improvement in
jhum fields through integrated
farming system
Rathore,-
S-S;
Bhatt,-B-P
Field experiments were conducted in Nagaland, India,
from 2004 to 2007, to establish integrated farming
systems in jhum (slash and burn agriculture) fields,
identify suitable combination of crops and livestock for
better economic returns and employment opportunities.
Seven cropping systems were tested and integrated in
different farming systems.
6.
Journal-of-
Agricultural-
Science-
Toronto. 2012;
4(4): 181-189
2012
Improvement of jhum with crop
model and carbon
sequestration techniques to
mitigate climate change in
Eastern Himalayan Region,
India
Choudhar
y,-V-K;
Kumar,-P-
S;
Manish-
Kanwat;
Bhagawati
,-R
Slash and burn cultivation (jhum) is the most
disadvantageous method of cultivation in the
Eastern Himalayan Region. This practice
causes soil, nutrient, water erosion and
biodiversity loss.
7.
Agroforestry-
Systems.
2012; 84(2):
141-155
2012
Causes and consequences of
shifting cultivation and its
alternative in the hill tracts of
eastern Bangladesh.
Rahman,-
S-A;
Rahman,-
M-F;
Sunderlan
d,-T
Shifting cultivation, which is still prevalent in the
uplands of eastern Bangladesh, contributes
significantly to forest loss and is the main cause
of land degradation. This paper presents the
causes and consequences of shifting cultivation
and its potential land use alternatives

METHODOLOGY
The entire methodology has been made under the
following sub-heads:
i. Locale of study
ii. Pilot study
iii. Sampling design
iv. Variables and measurements
v. Method of data collection
vi. Statistical tools used for analysis and interpretation
of data

Independent variables
X1 Age
X2 Education level
X3 Family size
X4 Number of family member involved
X5 Family type
X6 Land size
X7 Selection of crop varieties
X8 Seed treatment
X9 Seed rate
X10 Application of additional plant nutrient
X11 Time of sowing
X12 Methods of sowing
X13 Time of harvest
X14 Irrigation facility/rainfall
X15 Mass media contact
X16 Income
Dependent variables

Variables Measurement
Age(X1) On the basis of chronological age at the time of investigation
Education level (X2) Education was measured with the help of socio-economic developed
by pareek and trivedi(1964)
Family size(x3) measured with the help of socio-economic developed by pareek and
trivedi(1964)
No. of family member involved(X4) Scale developed in study
Family type (X5) measured with the help of socio-economic developed by pareek and
trivedi(1964
Land size (X6) Measured with the help of suggested criteria by the department of
agriculture Tripura
Selection of crop var. (X7) Scale developed in study
Seed treatment (X8) Scale developed in study
Seed rate (X9) Scale developed in study
Application of fertilizers (X10) Scale developed in study
Time of sowing (X11) Scale developed in study
Methods of sowing (X12) Scale developed in study
Timely harvest (X13) Scale developed in study
Rainfall (X14) Scale developed in study
Mass media contact (X15) Scale developed in study
Income(X16) Scale developed in study
Yield(Y1) Scale developed in study
Constraint (Y2) Scale developed in study

Sampling design for Jhumias
Total-40

Sampling design for Non-
Jhumias
Total-41

Data collection ?
 Semi-structured
interview schedule are
prepared.
 Respondent are
selected randomly
 Oral-verbal responses
are noted down.

USED
 Mean
 Standard of Deviation
 Co-efficient of Variation
 Co-efficient of Correlation
 Co-efficient of Regression
 PCA/ Factor analysis
 T-test

Age
It was found that there is a
difference in case of age
distribution of Jhumias and
Non-jhumias farmers in
crop cultivation which are
50%, 42.5% and 7.5 % are
young, middle age , and
old age farmers
respectively in case of
Jhumias farmers, where as
37.5% , 50 % and 12.5%
for Non-jhumias
Item Category Jhumia Non-
Jhumia
Age
F % F %
Young (up to
35 year)
20 50 15 37.5
Middle age
(36-50 year)
17 42.5 20 50
Old (51 year
and above)
3 7.5 5 12.5
Table: 5.1. Distribution of Jhumias and non-jhumias farmers
according to their age

and non-jhumias farmers
according to their education
Education
It was found that
there is a
difference in
Educational level
of both group of
farmers. It is clear
that Non-jhumia
farmers are more
educated than
Jhumias farmers.
It is because
Jhumias farmers
are mostly unable
to access school
education in their
youth. The table
reveals that two
non Non-jhumia
are graduate.
jhumia
Education
F % F %
Illiterate (0) 4 10 0 0
Can Read
Only(1)
4 10 2 5
Can Read And
Write(2)
15 37.5 4 10
Primary
School (3)
14 35 16 40
Middle
School(4)
3 7.5 8 20
High School
(5)
0 0 8 30
Graduate (6) 0 0 2 5

Table: 5.3. Distribution of Jhumias and non-jhumias farmers according to
their family size
Family Size
In case of
Family size it
was found that
Jhumias farmers
has large family
size (Above 5
members )
which is 50 %
but in case of
Non-jhumias
farmer it is only
35%.which
implies that
there is a
difference in
family size. It is
because most of
jhumia
Family
size
F % F %
(Up to 5
members
(1)
20 50 26 65
Above 5
members
(2)
20 50 14 35

to their Number of family member
involved
Family member
involved
It was found that there is
difference in family
member involvement in
farming activities in
between Jhumias
farmers and Non-
jhumias farmers that is
for 35% (3-5 member)
where as only 17.5% (3-
5 member) for Non-
jhumias farmers. It is
because in case of
Jhuming (shifting
cultivation) more man
power is required.
Item Category Jhumia Non-jhumia
Number of
family
member
involved
F % F %
Up to 3
member
30 75 23 57.5
3-5
member
14 35 7 17.5
Above 5
member
3 7.5 3 7.5

and non-jhumias farmers according
to their family type
Family type
It was found that family
type, the differences are
more or less same for
both groups of farmers.
jhumia
Family
type
F % F %
Single(1) 20 50 20 50
Joint(2) 20 50 20 50

Table: 5.6. Distribution of Jhumias and non-jhumias farmers
according to their size of crop land
Size of crop
land
There is a
difference of
land holding
between
farmers. The
table reveals
that about 85%
Jhumias
possess 3-5
bighas of land.
But in case Non-
jhumia it is only
55%. So it is
clear that
Jhumias farmer
has more or less
land size per
year and it may
vary but for Non-
jhumia
Size of
crop land
F % F %
Less than 2
bigha
4 10 10 25
3-5 bigha 34 85 22 55
More than 5
bigha
2 5 8 20

and non-jhumias farmer according
to their selection of crop varieties.
Selection of crop varieties
In case selection of crop
varieties it was found that
about 50 percent Non-
jhumias farmers frequently
and regularly select crop
varieties recommended
from D.O.A.E as compare
to only 20 percent Jhumias
farmers recommended from
D.O.A.E. It is due to positive
attitude and adoption of
high yielding varieties by
the Non-Jhumias.
jhumia
Selection of
crop
varieties
F % F %
High
yielding
seed
2 5 10 25
Recommend
ed from
D.O.A
10 20 20 50
Previous
year seed
28 75 10 25

and non-jhumias farmers
according to their seed treatment
Seed
treatment
It was found
that about 35
percent Non-
jhumias
farmers always
do seed
treatment as
compare to
Jhumias
farmers which
is only
15percent. It is
because Non-
jhumias
farmers are
more educated
and prone to
jhumia
Seed
treatment
F % F %
Never (0) 25 62.5 10 25
Sometimes
(1)
9 22.5 26 40
Always (2) 6 15 14 35

to their Seed rate
Seed rate
Seed rate is very
much important for
determining plant
population and crop
production. It was
found that Jhumias
farmers do not
followed seed rate
of crop as compare
to Non-jhumias
about 57.5% non-
jhumias farmers
always follow
recommended seed
rate whereas about
62.5 percent
jhumias never
follow
recommended seed
rate. It is because
most of the Jhumias
farmers followed
mixed cropping
where seed rate
practice is quite
difficult.
jhumia
Seed rate F % F %
Followed
always (2)
3 7.5 23
57.5
Sometimes
(1)
12 30 12
30
Never(0) 25 62.5 5
12.5

according to their Application of
additional plant nutrients
Application of
additional plant
nutrients
It was found that
Non-jhumias
farmer applied
more fertilizer
that is 52.5%
(Chemical plus
organic) as
compare to
Jhumias farmer
which is only 10
% (Chemical plus
organic). It is
because Jhumias
farmer have
negative attitude
toward
application of
fertilizers.
Application
of
additional
plant
nutrients
F % F %
Chemical
plus
organic(3)
4 10 21
52.5
Chemical
fertilizer(2)
17 42.5 15
37.5
Organic
manure(1)
19 47.5 4
10

Table: 5.11. Distribution of
Jhumias and non-jhumias farmers
according to their Time of sowing
Time of sowing
It was found that
for Non-jhumias
farmer are more
evenly distributed
on their crop
sowing time as
compare to
Jhumias farmer. It
is because all
facilities like
irrigation, farm
implement are
always available
for Non-jhumias
farmer where as
Jhumias farmer
has to wait for
monsoon for
planting their crop
seeds.
Time of
sowing:
F % F %
Before
monsoon(3)
4 10 7
7.5
During
monsoon(2)
8 20 12
30
Late
monsoon(1)
22 55 8
20
Very late (0)
6 15 13
32.5

according to their Methods of
sowing
Methods of
sowing
It was found that
almost all the
Jhumias farmer
are practicing
broadcasting and
hand sowing
(40% and 47.5%
) respectively.
Where as Non-
jhumias farmer
practices
Transplanting of
their crops. It is
because in
Jhuming
operation is
dependent on
monsoon rain
where Non-
jhumia farming
operation does
not required so.
Methods of
sowing
F % F %
Transplanti
ng (4)
0 0 20
50
Dibbling (3) 5 12.5 6
15
Hand
sowing (2)
19 47.5 7
17.5
Broadcastin
g (1)
16 40 7
17.5

Jhumias and non-jhumias farmer
according to their Time of
harvesting
Time of
harvesting
The final process
of any farming
operation is
harvesting. It was
found that there
is an existence of
differences
between Jhumias
and non-jhumias
farmer with
respect to their
time of crop
harvesting which
directly or
indirectly effect
on yield of crop.
The only reason
behind difference
in time of
harvesting is
personal and
agronomical
perception.
Time of
harvesting
F % F %
Late (1) 14 35 5
12.5
Early (2) 13 32.5 15
37.5
On time (3) 13 32.5 20
50

according to their Rainfall
/irrigation
Rainfall /irrigation
It was found that there is
a difference in availability
of irrigation facility for the
two groups of the
farmers. In case of
Jhumias farmer only
27.5% have regularity in
irrigation availability
where as it is 90% for
Non-jhumias farmer. It is
because jhumias farmers
are mostly dependent on
monsoon rain where as
non-jhumias are not.
jhumia
Rainfall
/irrigation
F % F %
Regular (2)
11 27.5 36
90
Irregular (1)
29 72.5 4
10

to their Mass media exposure
Mass media
exposure
It was found
that Jhumias
farmer are
quite less
frequent in
mass media
exposure
where as in
case Non-
jhumia farmer
they are more
frequent in
mass media
contact. Which
reveal there is
a difference in
mass media
exposure .
Mass media
exposure
F % F %
Most
often(4)
4 10 10
25
Often(3) 5 12.5 13 32.5
Sometimes(
2)
9 22.5 12
30
Never(1) 22 55 5 12.5

and non-jhumias farmer according to
their Income / Yearly
Income / Yearly
It was found that
Jhumias farmer income
is less as compare to
Non-jhumias farmer
about 35 percent
jhumias annual income
is above Rs. 20000 for
Jhumias farmer but in
case of Non-jhumias
farmers it is 87.5
percent. So it is clear
that there is difference in
income between
Jhumias and Non-
jhumias farmers.
jhumia
Income /
Yearly
F % F %
Up to
20000
26 65 5
12.5
Above
20000
14 35 35
87.5

Table: 5.17. Distribution of
Jhumias and non-jhumias
farmer according to their Yield
Yield
It was found that
there is
difference in
crop yield for the
both groups of
farmer which is
62.5 % (Above 1
quintal) for
Jhumias farmer
and 95 %
(Above 1
quintal) for Non-
jhumias farmer.
It is because
difference in
agronomic
practice in crop
jhumia
Yield F % F %
Up to 1
quintal
15 37.5 2
5
Above 1
quintal
25 62.5 38
95

Table: 5.20. Distribution of Jhumias and non-jhumias farmer according to their constraints.
Constraints
About 80 percent Jhumias reported that
changes relating to land availability is an
important constraints in Jhum cultivation but
this is not a problem of non-jhumias.
In case of Changes in crop varieties &
technology Jhumias farmer are less active in
adopting and growing any new crop varieties
as compare to Non-Jhumias farmer. Which
are 32.5% and 67.5% for Jhumias and Non-
Jhumias farmer respectively . It is because
Jhumias farmer are traditional in nature but
Non-jhumias are modern in farming activities.
In case of Change in crop yield of past and
present there is a significant difference
between Jhumia and Non-jhumia famers.
In case of Change in crop protection and
management, Any introduction of horticultural
crops /orchards / forestry / spices and
plantation crops, and Value addition of farm
produce viz. fruits /vegetables an existence of
difference is occurred between jhumias and
non-jhumias farmer.
In case of Change in mass media
participation (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Krishi-
mela Non-jhumia farmer come contact with
more regularly and frequently to different
source of mass media 70% (Yes) as
compare to Jhumias farmer 5%(Yes). It is
because differences in education level and
knowledge level.
In case of Change is climatic condition
comparing past & present jhumias farmer has
more knowledge than Non-jhumias farmer. It
is because self perception relating to
monsoon arrival and temperature rise yearly.
Item Category Jhumias Non-jhumias
F % F %
Constraint
Changes relating
to land
availability
Yes 32 80 7 17.5
No 8 20 33
82.5
Changes in crop
varieties &
technology
Yes 13 32.5 27
67.5
No 27 67.5 13
32.5
Change in crop
yield of past and
present
Yes 38 95 34
85
No 2 2 6
15
Change in crop
protection and
management
Yes 27 67.5 35
87.5
No 13 32.5 5
12.5
Any introduction
of horticultural
crops /orchards /
forestry / spices
and plantation
crops
Yes 22 55 24
60
No 23 57.5 26
65
Change in mass
media
participation (TV,
Radio, Newspaper,
Krishi mela)
Yes 5 12.5 28
70
No 35 87.5 12
30
Value addition of
farm produce viz.
fruits /vegetables
Yes 7 17.5 22
55
No 33 82.5 18
45
Change is
climatic
condition
comparing past &
present
Yes 24 60 23
57.5
No 26 65 17
42.5

Variables Mean SD CV (%)
Age(X1) 37.10 8.99 24.25
Education level (X2) 2.20 1.06 48.50
Family size(x3) 5.20 1.57 30.23
No. of family member involved(X4)
3.07 1.30 42.55
Family type (X5) 1.50 0.50 33.76
Land size (X6) 3.17 1.36 42.88
Selection of crop var. (X7) 1.35 0.57 42.93
Seed treatment (X8) 0.52 0.75 142.98
Seed rate (X9) 0.45 0.67 150.55
Application of fertilizers (X10)
1.62 0.66 41.07
Time of sowing (X11) 1.22 0.8 67.89
Methods of sowing (X12) 1.72 0.67 39.36
Timely harvest (X13) 1.98 0.83 42.10
Rainfall (X14) 1.30 0.51 39.72
Mass media contact (X15) 1.69 0.35 21.26
Income(X16) 17370 5693.46 32.78
Yield(Y1) 1104.50 351.21 31.80
Constraint (Y2) 5.80 1.05 18.10
Descriptive Analysis of the Independent and Dependent variables of Jhumias

Variables Mean SD CV (%)
Age(X1) 39 9 22.86
Education level (X2) 3.6 1.2 34.15
Family size(x3) 4.9 1.8 36.15
No. of family member involved(X4) 3.3 1.1 32.03
Family type (X5) 1.5 0.5 33.47
Land size (X6) 2.2 1 48.49
Selection of crop var. (X8) 2 0.7 35.36
Seed treatment (X9) 1.1 0.8 73.34
Seed rate (X10) 1.7 0.7 50.12
Application of fertilizers (X11) 2.6 0.9 34.75
Time of sowing (X12) 1.9 1.2 83.39
Methods of sowing (X13) 3 1.2 39.4
Timely harvest (X15) 2.4 0.7 29.4
Rainfall (X16) 1.9 0.3 15.79
Mass media contact (X17) 1.7 0.4 22.33
Income(X18) 39043.9 20061.18 51.38
Yield(Y1) 2571 1277 49.66
Constraint (Y2) 5.302 0.887 16.73
Descriptive Analysis of the Independent and Dependent variables of Non-Jhumias

Co-efficient of Correlation between yield (Y1) Vs 16 Independent Variables
Jhumias Non-Jhumias
Variables r value r value
Age -0.333* -0.316*
Education level -0.100 0.376*
Family size -0.090 0.111
Number of family member involved -0.223 -0.156
Family type 0.099 0.170
Land size -0.221 0.330*
Selection of crop varieties 0.464** -0.229
Seed treatment 0.356* 0.365*
Seed rate 0.271 0.346*
Application of fertilizers 0.546** 0.435**
Time of sowing 0.406** 0.336*
Methods of sowing 0.330* 0.113
Time of harvest 0.107 -0.018
Irrigation/rainfall 0.332* 0.051
Mass media contact 0.123 0.595**
Income 0.789** 0.988**
** Significant at 1% level of significance * Significant at 5% level of significance

Comparative Analysis : Jhumias and Non-jhumias Farmers
Y
Selection of crop var. (X7),
 Methods of sowing (X12),
 Irrigation (X14),
Education level (X2)
 Land size (X6)
Seed rate (X9)
Mass media contact (X15)
Age(X1)
Seed treatment (X8),
Application of fertilizers (X10),
Time of sowing (X11)
 Income(X16)
Jhumias Non-jhumias
Common
variables
Y1
(Yield)
.

Co-efficient of Correlation between constraints (Y2) Vs 16 Independent Variables
Variables
Jhumias Non-Jhumias
r value r value
Age 0.132 0.107
Education level -0.027 0.038
Family size 0.082 0.042
Number of family member involved -0.372* -0.172
Family type -0.208 -0.331*
Land size -0.098 0.341*
Selection of crop varieties -0.356* -0.100
Seed treatment 0.067 -0.040
Seed rate -0.071 0.078
Application of fertilizers -0.082 -0.316*
Time of sowing 0.025 0.130
Methods of sowing -0.220 0.137
Time of harvest -0.115 -0.045
Irrigation/rainfall 0.040 0.029
Mass media contact -0.186 0.062
Income -0.291 -0.073
** Significant at 1% level of significance * Significant at 5% level of significance

Comparative Analysis : Jhumias and Non-jhumias Farmers
Y
No. of family member
involved(X4)
Selection of crop var.
(X8)
Family type (X5)
Land size (X6)
Application of fertilizers (X11)
Jhumias Non-jhumias
Y2
(Constraint
prospect)
.

T-test
Hypothesis testing:
 Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significance
difference between socio-economic and agricultural
operation between the Jhumias and Non-jhumias.
(µ= µ)
 Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is
significance difference between socio-economic
and agricultural operation between the Jhumias and
Non-jhumias .
(µ≠ µ)

Table: 5.35. Test-statistics for determining significant
difference between the socio-economic and agricultural
operation of Jhumia and Non-Jhumia farmers:
Sl.
no
Variables t-test
1 Age(X1) 1.145
2 Education level (X2) 5.433**
3 Family size(x3) -0.936
4 No. of family member
involved(X4)
0.823
5 Family type (X5) 0.108
6 Land size (X6) -3.787**
7 Selection of crop var. (X7) 4.529**
8 Seed treatment (X8) 3.208**
9 Seed rate (X9) 6.558**
10 Application of fertilizers (X10) 5.679**
11 Time of sowing (X11) 0.738
12 Methods of sowing (X12) 5.892**
13 Timely harvest (X13) 2.424*
14 Rainfall (X14) 6.4**
15 Mass media contact (X15) -0.182
16 Income (X16) 6.648**
 From table: 5.35. it is clear that there is
no significant difference between
Jhumias and Non-jhumias farmers on
their Age, No. of family member
involved, Family type. So from above
result it is clear that there is no
difference in age of Jhumias and Non-
jhumias farmers that is more or less
similar in age and number of family
member involved in farming activities.
 There is negative difference between
the family size and but no significance
and in case of land size of Jhumias and
non-jhumias farmers’ it is negative and
significantly difference at 1% level. So
it’s clear that a Jhumias and non-
jhumias farmers land size has varies
differently.
 There is positive and significant(1%
level) difference exist between the
education level, selection of crop
varieties, seed treatment, seed rate,
application of fertilizers, methods of
sowing, irrigation, mass media contact
and income

T-test
Hypothesis testing:
 Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significance
difference between yield and constraints between
the Jhumias and Non-jhumias. (µ= µ)
 Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is
significance difference between yield and
constraints between the Jhumias and Non-jhumias
.(µ≠ µ)

Table: 5.36. Yield (Y1) difference between
Jhumias and Non-jhumias farmer.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal
Variances
Statistics Jhumia (µ1)
Non-
jhumia(µ2)
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 1104.5 2571.22
Variance 123348.5 1630661
Observations 40 41
df 79
t Stat 7
t Critical two-
tail 1.99
 Inference: Null
hypothesis is rejected and
alternative hypothesis is
accepted both at 5% and
1% level of significance
level. So it is clear that
there is an existence of
difference in income
between Jhumias and
Non-jhumias farmer
significantly and it was
found that Jhumias farmer
earn less income as
compare to Non-jhumias
farmer.

Table: 5.37.Constraint (Y2) difference
between Jhumias and Non-Jhumias farmer.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
Statistics Jhumias
Non-
jhumias
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 5.80 5.30
Variance 1.10 0.79
Observations 40 41
df 79
t Stat -6.95
t Critical two-tail 1.99
 Inference: Null
hypothesis is rejected
and alternative
hypothesis is accepted
both at 5% and 1% level
of significance level. So
it is clear that there is a
significance difference
between the constraints
of Jhumias and Non-
jhumias farmer that
different groups has
different problem like
example education

Some extension strategies for improvement of
the Jhuming system in Tripura1. Transfer of need based
information and practice
relating to Jhum
cultivation.
2. To give thrust on ITK and
encourage to used them in
crop production.
3. To provide need based
training programmes to the
Jhumias farmer.
4. To encourage farmers to
participate in various
farmer programme
conducted by various
agencies.
5. To increase the frequency
of Mass media contact.

Summary conclusion
and recommendation

Summary conclusion and
recommendation
From the above finding certain inference can be made based
on conducted studies on Jhumia and Non-Jhumia farmers
which are as follows:
 Socio-psychological characteristics between jhumia and
Non-Jhumia farmers are completely different such as
age, education level, family type and family size etc.
 In case of agronomic aspect Jhumia farmers are less
advances than Non-Jhumia farmers in various aspects
such as land size, application of fertilizer and method of
sowing, seed treatment etc.
 In case of economic aspect Non-Jhumia farmers are
more resource rich and prone to take risk whereas
Jhumia farmers are more Traditional in their way that is
why economic level also more inferior as compare to
Non-Jhumia farmers.

RECOMMENDATION:
 Jhuming with plantation crop and orchards
 Organic Jhum farming
 Value addition and marketing of Jhum produces
 Development of cottage industries
 Application of fertilizers in the Jhum land
 Provision of communication facilities
 Improve seed should be provided by the
government
 Introduction of soil testing methods

FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH
 Similar studies may be conducted on the jhumias
in other districts of Tripura
 A comparative study between Jhum cultivators
and other farmer who have been switch over to
different enterprise in order to find out their socio-
economic differences.
 There are several other factors contributing to
Jhumias socio-economic status can be study in
depth.
 Policy study may be conducted on needs of
Training programme by Jhumias

References
Al-Arman,-S-M-Z; Islam,-M-M; Rahman,-M-L; Gafur,-M-A; Shoaib,-J-U-M. (2007)
Performance of rain-fed HYV aus BR 26, BRRI Dhan 27 and local jhum paddy on soil erosion
and economic sustainability at hill slopes of Chittagong hill tracts. International-Journal-of-
Sustainable-Agricultural-Technology. 2007; 3(6): 47-50
ANDERSEN, K. E., SOPHORN, S. AND THORNBERRY, F., 2008,Development of a Sub-
decree on Shifting Cultivation under Article 37 of the Forestry Law, Cambodia, International
Labor Organisation.
Arunachalam,-A; Khan,-M-L;Arunachalam,-K (2002) Balancing Jhum with modern Agro-
forestry in Himalaya Region. Current –Science.2002;83(2):117-118
Boral,L(1996), Variance in dominance and diversity of the vegetation during succession on a
protected Jhum fallow. Indian-Journal-of-Forestry.1995 publ 1996 ; 18(4); 285-289
Bordoloi,-D-K; Paul,-S-R; Roy,-A (1997) Influence of different fungicides on viability and
vigour of Jhum rice. Annals-of-Agricultural-Research. 1997; 18(4): 552-553
Choudhary,-V-K; Kumar,-P-S; Manish-Kanwat; Bhagawati,-R. (2012), Improvement of jhum
with crop model and carbon sequestration techniques to mitigate climate change in Eastern
Himalayan Region, India, Journal-of-Agricultural-Science-Toronto. 2012; 4(4): 181-189
Ahmed,-M. (2004), Effects of sunlight intensity on soil, due to shifting (jhum) cultivation - in
Goalpara District (Assam). Advances-in-Plant-Sciences. 2004; 17(1): 183-187

Plate 1: selection of Jhum Plate 2: Burning of Jhum

Plate 3: cleaning of
Jhum land
Plate 4: sowing of crop
seed

Plate 5: weeding of Jhum
Plate 6: Full grown Jhum
crop

Plate 7: Watch house (Hachuk)
Plate 8: Marketing of Jhum
produces

A comparative study on socio economic status and agricultural

A comparative study on socio economic status and agricultural

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