The document describes a new thermoformability testing device called Technoform. It aims to address limitations of current testing methods by evaluating materials under conditions that closely mimic the full thermoforming process. Technoform tests specimens through heating, 3D stretching, forming, and cooling. It provides quantitative data on various metrics like sag distance, forming force, and shrinkage. The document outlines Technoform's design and capabilities, and provides several examples showing how it can evaluate the effects of various material and process parameters on thermoformability.
Standard plank for wood lamination on khaya ivorensisIzzah Noah
khaya ivorensis species
wood lamination
standard for ripping and planing wood
lamination with two different types of surfaces
rough and smooth surface glue surfaces
khaya ivorensis have interlocking grain which easy to split( wood defect)
Fabric softness evaluation by fabric extractionPawan Gupta
This presentation includes my research work done during my M.tech. In this i summarised the functional working of Fabric Feel Tester. In future my research gives an idea for replacing subjective assessment of fabric feel in textile processing industry.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Standard plank for wood lamination on khaya ivorensisIzzah Noah
khaya ivorensis species
wood lamination
standard for ripping and planing wood
lamination with two different types of surfaces
rough and smooth surface glue surfaces
khaya ivorensis have interlocking grain which easy to split( wood defect)
Fabric softness evaluation by fabric extractionPawan Gupta
This presentation includes my research work done during my M.tech. In this i summarised the functional working of Fabric Feel Tester. In future my research gives an idea for replacing subjective assessment of fabric feel in textile processing industry.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The intent of this study is to evaluate three step stencil technologies and measure their effectiveness in applying different volumes of paste on the same board during the printing process.
In scientific terms, Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from a solid state to a gas state. It does not pass through the usual liquid state, and only occurs are specific temperatures and pressures. It's a general term that is used to describe the solid to gas transition and refers to the physical change in state only. It has specific process of printing that first involves printing onto a special sheet of paper, then transferring that image onto another material. The ink is then heated until it disintegrates into the fabric. The aim of this paper is to present scientific research method of sublimation printing process. Rajeev Kumar "Dynamics of Sublimation Printing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46353.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46353/dynamics-of-sublimation-printing/rajeev-kumar
The Claryfil Visco M cartridge filter is made entirely of molded layers, to provide excellent filtration capabilities for highly viscous liquids. It is engineered for applications that involve high temperature liquids and organic solvents. Olefin filters are not suitable for such applications, here the Claryfil Visco M variant fills the gap. The variant has a polyester medium and is designed to meet diverse process requirements. The molded layers of the spun cartridge filter provide structural support to the filter. The filter variant is manufactured for a controlled gradient porosity, this not only enhances the filtration capabilities of the variant but also extends the service life of the variant.
Special Instruction:
Fabric shrinkage must keep within ±5%
Color fastness should be 4-5 range
Pilling range 3 to 5
pH range 5.5 to 7
Fabric weight will be allowed ±02%
Fabric quality should be s per approved swatches & Lab-Dips.
Batch to batch color matching should be 4-5
Batch to batch “Shade Band Swatch” must be submitted for approval.
A test method is a method for a test in science or engineering, such as a physical test, chemical test, or statistical test. It is a definitive procedure that produces a test result. There are so many standards /test methods for textile testing.
Effect of industrial bleach wash and softening on the physical, mechanical an...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Garments washing is a novel process to impart worn-out look, to modify the appearance and to improve the comfort ability of the garments. Bleach wash is used to fade the color of denim in a higher degree as well as bleach wash has effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the denim also. This paper presents the impact of bleach wash and subsequent softening treatment on 100% cotton denim dyed with indigo dye. Garments were washed using a bleach concentration of 10 g/l for 30 minutes in 50oC temperature and then softened using standard recipe. The physical, mechanical and color properties were analyzed in before wash, after desizing, after bleaching and after softening. The properties that were analyzed include hand feel, tensile strength, seam strength, fabric weight, stiffness, dimensional stability and color fading. Bleach washed and softened garments exhibit a great difference in the physical, mechanical and color properties than the unwashed garments.
The intent of this study is to evaluate three step stencil technologies and measure their effectiveness in applying different volumes of paste on the same board during the printing process.
In scientific terms, Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from a solid state to a gas state. It does not pass through the usual liquid state, and only occurs are specific temperatures and pressures. It's a general term that is used to describe the solid to gas transition and refers to the physical change in state only. It has specific process of printing that first involves printing onto a special sheet of paper, then transferring that image onto another material. The ink is then heated until it disintegrates into the fabric. The aim of this paper is to present scientific research method of sublimation printing process. Rajeev Kumar "Dynamics of Sublimation Printing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46353.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46353/dynamics-of-sublimation-printing/rajeev-kumar
The Claryfil Visco M cartridge filter is made entirely of molded layers, to provide excellent filtration capabilities for highly viscous liquids. It is engineered for applications that involve high temperature liquids and organic solvents. Olefin filters are not suitable for such applications, here the Claryfil Visco M variant fills the gap. The variant has a polyester medium and is designed to meet diverse process requirements. The molded layers of the spun cartridge filter provide structural support to the filter. The filter variant is manufactured for a controlled gradient porosity, this not only enhances the filtration capabilities of the variant but also extends the service life of the variant.
Special Instruction:
Fabric shrinkage must keep within ±5%
Color fastness should be 4-5 range
Pilling range 3 to 5
pH range 5.5 to 7
Fabric weight will be allowed ±02%
Fabric quality should be s per approved swatches & Lab-Dips.
Batch to batch color matching should be 4-5
Batch to batch “Shade Band Swatch” must be submitted for approval.
A test method is a method for a test in science or engineering, such as a physical test, chemical test, or statistical test. It is a definitive procedure that produces a test result. There are so many standards /test methods for textile testing.
Effect of industrial bleach wash and softening on the physical, mechanical an...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Garments washing is a novel process to impart worn-out look, to modify the appearance and to improve the comfort ability of the garments. Bleach wash is used to fade the color of denim in a higher degree as well as bleach wash has effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the denim also. This paper presents the impact of bleach wash and subsequent softening treatment on 100% cotton denim dyed with indigo dye. Garments were washed using a bleach concentration of 10 g/l for 30 minutes in 50oC temperature and then softened using standard recipe. The physical, mechanical and color properties were analyzed in before wash, after desizing, after bleaching and after softening. The properties that were analyzed include hand feel, tensile strength, seam strength, fabric weight, stiffness, dimensional stability and color fading. Bleach washed and softened garments exhibit a great difference in the physical, mechanical and color properties than the unwashed garments.
API 12F Shop Welded Tank Pressure AnalysisKieran Claffey
I performed a finite element stress analysis to validate current pressure and vacuum allowable limits for API 12F shop welded tanks. I was invited to speak at the American Petroleum Institute 2014 Fall Refining and Equipment Standards Conference in Denver CO, on the topic of pressure studies of API 12F series tanks. The work was performed for the API Committee on Refinery Equipment, Subcommittee on Above-ground Storage Tanks (SCAST), Work Group on 12 Series documents, and Task Group on 12F Pressure Research, and was used as a basis for further consultation and pressure studies commissioned by the API.
Celcon® m90 Material Certificates of Quick Connect FittingsAquafittings
Wisnex Aqua Fittings Co., Ltd, is a professional manufacturer of the plastic push fittings. All the materials are food rank, certificated by NSF, FDA, NSF etc, nontoxic, suitable for all kinds of drinking water systems.
The World's only Double Contact Flipper Gasket for Sliding Sash Windows - Tec...Coastal Joinery Hardware
A white premium quality Tempo sliding sash double flipper seal with a closed cell micro foam for ensuring that no water absorption is possible, coupled with good aesthetics and no wavy effects post installation.
Feature a rigid back for easy installation and to prevent stretching.
The closed cell foam and hollow chamber gives a high tolerance and an acoustic value of 40dB.
Easy creation of gasket by means of notches with the SPVT tool.
Working temperature -40°C - +120°C.
Colour Stable, Ultra-Violet and Ozone resistant, and conform to the requirement set out for the fire resistant products pursuant to DIN 18095.
The high quality material is compatible with thinned acrylic paints and alkyd resin paints containing conventional solvents.*
*Paints and coatings of which the properties are unknown must be tested for compatibility in contact with the weatherseals.
Advanced Polymer Nanocomposites for 3D printing in SpaceColeman Fincher
Space and at-sea environments pose significant challenges due, in part, to logistics associated with repair and replacement of worn or damaged equipment. These technical and economic challenges may be significantly mitigated through the use of Additive Manufacturing (AM), specifically Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing, as a method to produce desired repair parts at the point of usage. However, most state-of-art polymers generally employed in AM possess relatively low melting points and poor ratings in terms of fire, smoke, and toxicity.
We have developed an FDM filament and modifications to an existing FDM process to allow printing of thermally stable and flame resistant polymeric parts.
Thermoforming (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Thermoforming, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
DuraForm HST Composite - SLS Systems - Material properties (EN)Quoc Tuan Duong, ing.
High specific stiffness, elevated temperature resistance, anisotropic mechanical properties just like fiber-filled, injection
molded materials. For UAV structural components, housings, enclosures, impellers, connectors, consumer sporting goods applications, etc.
Characterization study of the products produced by AM. The parts tested were produced by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process by varying process parameters. DOE is used to compare the properties with standard properties of PLA.
1. Technoform – For Rapid, Repeatable
Thermoformability Analyses
Dr. Amit Dharia
Transmit Technology Group, LLC, TX
www.transmit-technology.com
2. Outline
® Properties –Thermoforming Process
relationship
® Current test methods
® Description of Technoform
® Application and data interpretation
® Products – Basic, Standard, Advanced
® Conclusion
3. Thermoforming Process
® Extruding sheet stock
® Heating sheet above Tg
® Stretching heated sheet in rubbery state
® Cooling
® Trimming
® Finishing
4. Structure - Properties -
Thermoformability
® Rate of change of strength with the
change in strain rate at forming
temperature
® % Crystallinity – Breadth of rubbery
Plateau
® Molecular weight, Molecular weight
distribution, molecular architecture
(branching, crosslinking) – MFR, Melt
Elasticity
5. Other parameters
® Density - % filler, type of fillers, degassing
® Geometry – Thickness, area, multi-layered
structures, adhesion between layers
® Residual stresses between and within in
extruded layer sheet stock
® Thermal diffusivity (Cp, K. Rho)
® Extrusion quality ( gels, unmelts,
thickness variation, grain patterns)
® Color (IR absorption)
6. Current tests
® Low shear melt viscosity (MFR, RMS)
® Melt Tension (Draw Force –Melt
tension, Break Velocity -extension)
® Sag Test (sag distance, sag time)
® Hot Creep Test
® DMA (Relaxation time)
7. Major disadvantages of current
methods
® Most tests are conducted in melt or near melt
phase
® Test Specimens does not reflect actual test
geometry (shape, size, clamping mode)
® Tests does not account for orientation, thermal
stresses, thickness variations
® Isothermal environment, does not account for
transient nature of heating/ cooling
® Effects of secondary process parameters can not
be evaluated
® Results cannot be directly used.
8. What processors want to know?
® Will this material thermoform?
® Will this new material process the same?
® Will this lot process the same as the last one?
® Why this lot does not process the same?
® How much time is needed to heat the sheet?
® How fast material will heat?
® What is the right forming temperature range?
® Will melt adhesion between layers survive
heating and stretching step?
® Will material discolor, fed or degrade during
heating?
9. What processors want to
know? -II
® What is the maximum draw down?
® How fast part can be made?
® What is the MD and TD shrinkage?
® Will material tear at the corners and ribs?
® How much regrind can I use?
® Will grains retain shape and depth?
® Does extruded sheet have gels or
unmelts?
10. What Industry Needs?
® A standard test method which reflects all unit
steps – heating, 3D stretching, forming, and
cooling
® A test equipment which can be precisely
controlled, is rapid, easy to use, provides
repeatable and quantitative information, using the
lease amount of material.
® Easy to use “Thermoformability Index” standard
for comparing, contrasting effects of selected
process/ material variables
13. Typical Data input
® Mode of operation – Plug Assisted, Vacuum
® The heating element distance from the sheet
surface
® The heating element temperature
® The sheet temperature
® Heat Soak time at given temperature
® Plug velocity (2 to 200 mm/second)
® Plug Delay Time
® Plug Temperature
® Part Cooling time
14. Typical user Input Screen
Sag Distance
Thinning
Strain
hardening
Forming Depth mm
Thermoformability Index=
slope
15. Typical Data Output
® Heating rate (Delta C/ time) = f (thickness)
® Sag distance
® Forming force (Stress) vs. forming
distance (strain)
® Forming Force vs. time
® Yield force
® Forming force vs. actual temperature
® Shrinkage (manual measurements)
16. Effect of Heating time
Force vs. Depth (180 C, Isothermal)
4" dia hemi-spherical plug, 20 ipm
(effect of pre-heat time)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60
Depth, mm
Force,lbs
10 min
15 min
17. Plug Material and Shapes
® Truncated cone with flat end (2.5” Top
D, 0.75 “ Bottom D, 4” Height)
® Truncated cone with Rounded End (2.5”
Top D, 1” D bottom, 4” Height)
® Hemisphere of 3.5” Diameter
® All tools made of Foam Epoxy
18. Effect of Plug Temperature
35 Mil Black HIPS, 130 C,40 mm/s
- No control -
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 50 100 150
Draw Depth, mm
Force,Lbf
Series1
Series2
Series3
19. Effect of controlling Plug Temperature
HIPS, 40 mm/second with T control
HIPS @130 C, 40 mm/second
Plug cooled for five minutes
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Depth, mm
Force,Lbf
#1
#2
#3
#4
20. Effect of Plug Geometry
Force vs. Depth 180 C, 40 mm/s
Hemi-Spherical Plug with 4 " Diameter
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50
Depth mm
Force,lbsf
1
2
37. Comparison of Test Methods
Relaxation Time (s) Vs. Force @ 75 mm depth
R2
= 0.9968
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8
Relaxation Time (sec)
FormignFroce(75mm)
PP, 165 C
HDPE,140C
HIPS,160 C
39. Technoform Features
Basic Standard Advanced
Fixed heaters, 120 V Manual Adjustment Automated
Adjustment = F
(thickness, material)
Fixed Watt Fixed Watts Close loop
Chamber at Ambient Chamber T control Chamber T control
Speeds 0-120 mm/s 0-200 mm/second 0-200 mm/second
Plug T @ ambient Plug T @ ambient Plug T Controlled
Plug mode only Plug and Vacuum Plug and Vacuum
No Vacuum mode No Vacuum vs. depth Vacuum vs. Depth
record
Basic software Basic Software Advanced features
40. Conclusions
® Technoform is a simple to operate test
equipment is which closely reflects all unit
steps of the typical thermoforming
process and generates quantitative and
repeatable information in short time.
® The test data can be used in raw form to
compare or contrast various materials,
process parameters or can be further
modeled as a design or predictive tool.