The Natural Approach was developed by Tracy Terrell and Stephen Krashen and was introduced in the book The Natural Approach in 1983. This method is based on observations of how children acquire their native language. It attempts to adapt this process of language acquisition to an adult learning environment.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Reference Books
Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching, Diane Larsen-
Freeman, Oxford University Press.
Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, H. Douglas Brown,
Prentice Hall Regents.
Teaching by Principles, H. Douglas Brown, Prentice Hall Regents.
Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Jack C. Richards
& Theordore S. Rodgers, Cambridge University Press.
An introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research. Diane
Larsen-Freeman & Michael H. Long.
The Practice of English Language Teaching, Jeremy Harmer,
Longman, Ltd.
Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language.
Celce-Murcia, M. H&H
Second Language Teaching & Learning. David Nunan. (1995). H& H.
2
3. Research findings on Learning a
Language
(a) Adults and adolescents can acquire a L2
(b) The learners create concepts with the same systematic
errors as the child learning the L1
(d) Practice doesn’t make perfect
(e) Knowing a linguistic rule doesn’t mean knowing how to use it
(f) Isolated explicit error correction is usually ineffective
(g) More adult learners fossilize
(h) One cannot achieve native-like command of a L2
in one hour a day
(i) A meaningful context is paramount.
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4. Advantages children benefit from in
learning a foreign language:
Children’s greater potential for developing accurate
pronunciation, accent and fluency before puberty
Children’s favorable attitude towards a language and its
culture, either their mother tongue or a second language.
Children’s less mental barriers of learning than adults
Children’s learning two languages simultaneously without
suffering from inter-lingual interference
Listening along with speaking, a preliminary and preferable
role in the natural order of language acquisition for
children
4
5. What is a “good” English
learner/teacher?
A “good” learner of English is
Willing to experiment
Willing to listen
Willing to ask questions
Willing to think about how to learn
Independent/responsible
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6. What is a “good” English teacher?
According to Brown (2001)
i) technical knowledge—understanding linguistics; grasping basic
principles of language learning and teaching; language proficiencies
in speaking, reading, writing and listening; knowledge about language
learning process through one’s own experience; understanding the
relationship between culture and language and knowledge of latest
development of language teaching and learning.
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7. Deductive learning of grammar— is an
approach to language learning in which
learners are taught rules and given specific
information about a language. They then
apply these rules when they use the
language.
7
8. Inductive learning— is an approach to
language learning in which learners are not
taught grammatical or other types of rules
directly but are left to discover or induce
rules from their experience of using the
language.
8
9. Performance and competence
Performance-- a person’s actual use of
language;
Competence-- a person’s knowledge of a
language
9
10. Acquisition vs. learning
Acquisition--the processes by which people naturally develop
proficiency in a language
Learning-- the processes by which people formally develop
language proficiency.
10
the Acquisition-learning hypothesis by Stephen Krashen-
(1941-)
11. 11
bottom-up processing vs. top-down processing
Top-down processing—a way in which humans
analyze and process language as part of the
process of comprehension and learning by
making use of previous knowledge (higher-level
knowledge) in analyzing and processing
information which is received such as one’s
expectations, experience, schemata in reading
the text.
Bottom-up processing— a way making use
principally of information which is already
present in the data (words, sentences, etc.) such
as understanding a text mainly by analyzing the
words and sentences in the text itself.
12. Teacher-centered vs. learner-centered teaching
Teacher-centered (fronted) teaching— a
teaching style in which instruction is closely
managed and controlled by the teacher
Learner-centered teaching— methods of
teaching which emphasizes the active role of
students in learning, tries to give learners more
control over what and how they learn and
encourages learners to take more responsibility
for their own learning. It is encouraged by many
current teaching approaches.
12
13. Target language vs. native
language
Target language—the language
which a person is learning
Native language— a first language
or mother tongue/motherese which
is acquired first.
13
14. Form vs. function
Form— the physical characteristics of a thing->
in language use, a linguistic form is like the
imperative
Function— a linguistic form can perform a
variety of different functions:
Come here for a drink-> invitation
Watch out-> warning
Turn left at the corner-> direction
Pass the salt-> request
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