Overview of outcomes from the UKCLE funded literature review and practice survey of the teaching, learning and assessment of law in undergraduate medical education by Michael Preston-Shoot and Judy McKimm (University of Bedfordshire).
Integration in Competency based medical educationKhan Amir Maroof
Presented by Dr Amir Maroof Khan and Dr Dinesh Kumar in IAPSM Preconference workshop held on 16th March 2021 - online. Focused on Community Medicine.
Workshop convener: Dr Pankaj Shah
Integration in Competency based medical educationKhan Amir Maroof
Presented by Dr Amir Maroof Khan and Dr Dinesh Kumar in IAPSM Preconference workshop held on 16th March 2021 - online. Focused on Community Medicine.
Workshop convener: Dr Pankaj Shah
Attitude, Ethics and Communication-skills for the Teacher and the TaughtK Raman Sethuraman
Imparting education to inculcate ethical values, professional attitude and effective inter-personal communication is much stressed in current curricula for Medical and other Health-professions. This talk stresses the need for the teachers to evolve themselves as positive role models if they wish to be effective in their mission to empower their students with values and professional identity.
The undergraduate medical education program is designed with a goal to create an
“Indian Medical Graduate” (IMG) possessing requisite knowledge, skills, attitudes,
values and responsiveness, so that he or she may function appropriately and
effectively as a doctor of first contact of the community while being globally relevant.
AETCOM module is a manifestation of this realization that endeavors to strike a balance between the five identified roles of an ‘Indian Medical Graduate (IMG)’ viz; Clinician, Leader & Member of health care team, Communicator, Life- long learner and Professional; right from the 1st professional year of training.
Electives - Opportunities in Community Medicine - Dr Animesh Jain 12th Mar 2021Animesh Jain
Electives have been introduced in the new CBME curriculum of MBBS. This presentation is an attempt to provide some insights and ideas about Elective opportunities in Community Medicine.
Geoff Norman, PhD
McMaster University
Presented at Perspectives in Competency Assessment
A Symposium by Touchstone Institute
www.touchstoneinstitute.ca
Competency-based education has been a concept in medical education since the 1970s, though has only gained traction and application in programs in the last 15-20 years. Multiple competency models exist (e.g. CANMeds, ACGME), though ACGME is prevalent in the US and is the focus of this presentation. The most common tensions in the competency-based education movement exist around: the deconstruction of clinical practice over respect for the complexity of the tasks; the challenge of appropriate assessments; and when to know to trust a resident with increasing responsibilities. The benefits and challenges are discussed; the session closes with an exploration of three case studies, drawing from different geographical regions (US, Canada, Australia), as a way to help participants appreciate the issues in implementating competency-based education in residency programs.
Prepared for and presented to Teaching Scholars Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Dec 18, 2012. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. References used within the presentation available upon request - email author please.
The University of Michigan Medical School is developing a competency-based curriculum that is driving the organization toward change. The Learning Informatics team that is part of Medical School Information Services is pulling together data from disparate systems that can be facilitated by the use of standards. They are leading the charge toward a well-integrated portfolio system.
Competency-based education in Public Health, a model of employing Hybrid-PBL educational method in building core Public Health competencies at the undergraduate medical education.
The Value of Competency-based Medical Education Across the ContinuumMedCouncilCan
"The Value of Competency-based Medical Education Across the Continuum." Workshop presented by Dr. Eric S. Holmboe at Memorial University's Faculty of Medicine.
The nature of reflection as demonstrated by Healthcare Science students as th...Laverty Jacqueline
My presentation will report the initial findings from a study aiming to explore in rich detail the nature of reflection on critical incidents as demonstrated by student Healthcare Science (Respiratory and Sleep Science) practitioners studying at a post 1992 University. The type of incident students choose to make critical together with the level and nature of reflection demonstrated within both written reports and peer discussion will be explored.
The Modernising Scientific Careers curriculum introduced by the Department of Health in 2010 requires Healthcare Science (HCS) students to produce reflective reports within a record of clinical competence. The HCS programme includes academic study and clinical work-based placements exposing students to professional practice providing opportunities to gain practical skills. Students are required to engage with reflection throughout their studies. Reflection considered as, ‘… taking our experiences as a starting point for learning … thinking about them in a purposeful way – using reflective processes ‘ (Jasper, 2003, p. 1). Any experience can become a topic for reflection as ‘critical incidents are produced by the way we look at a situation: a critical incident is an interpretation of the significance of an event.’ (Tripp, 2012, p. 8).
Students attending the institution within this study are required to regularly reflect on their experiences producing monthly written reflective reports for inclusion within their record of clinical competence, and participate in group discussions to introduce the concept of peer supported reflection. These naturalistically occurring reflective events are the subject of this investigation which forms part of a doctoral enquiry. There are small numbers of students within single cohorts of this specialised area of practice; the findings presented are from one cohort comprising three students.
A social constructivist approach was taken as individuals were considered to make sense of their experiences through construction of meanings. Thematic analysis using a constant comparative technique was used to determine the type of incident students considered, level of reflection determined using Kember, et al., (2008) and Johns (2010) framework was used to explore the nature of reflection demonstrated. The preliminary findings may be used to help inform the introduction of reflection to help facilitate the development of reflective skills, and could be transferable to other similar programmes involving work-based clinical professional practice.
Electives in Undergraduate Medical Education: A sneak-peeklavanyasumanthraj
National Medical Commission has introduced electives module in Indian Undergraduate Medical System (CBME model). This slide set gives an introduction in to the basic principles (What, why, how, when) of Electives module
The essence of authentic assessment is to focus on real-life tasks and competencies relevant to later day professional practice. Since 2018, there is a national move in India to adopt Competency-based medical curriculum to produce IMG (Indian Medical Graduate) who would possess the competencies to be a competent clinician, an effective Communicator, a team-leader, an ethical Professional and a life-long learner. This slide-set looks at an authentic curriculum and how to develop an authentic assessment 'for', 'as' and 'of' learning.
Attitude, Ethics and Communication-skills for the Teacher and the TaughtK Raman Sethuraman
Imparting education to inculcate ethical values, professional attitude and effective inter-personal communication is much stressed in current curricula for Medical and other Health-professions. This talk stresses the need for the teachers to evolve themselves as positive role models if they wish to be effective in their mission to empower their students with values and professional identity.
The undergraduate medical education program is designed with a goal to create an
“Indian Medical Graduate” (IMG) possessing requisite knowledge, skills, attitudes,
values and responsiveness, so that he or she may function appropriately and
effectively as a doctor of first contact of the community while being globally relevant.
AETCOM module is a manifestation of this realization that endeavors to strike a balance between the five identified roles of an ‘Indian Medical Graduate (IMG)’ viz; Clinician, Leader & Member of health care team, Communicator, Life- long learner and Professional; right from the 1st professional year of training.
Electives - Opportunities in Community Medicine - Dr Animesh Jain 12th Mar 2021Animesh Jain
Electives have been introduced in the new CBME curriculum of MBBS. This presentation is an attempt to provide some insights and ideas about Elective opportunities in Community Medicine.
Geoff Norman, PhD
McMaster University
Presented at Perspectives in Competency Assessment
A Symposium by Touchstone Institute
www.touchstoneinstitute.ca
Competency-based education has been a concept in medical education since the 1970s, though has only gained traction and application in programs in the last 15-20 years. Multiple competency models exist (e.g. CANMeds, ACGME), though ACGME is prevalent in the US and is the focus of this presentation. The most common tensions in the competency-based education movement exist around: the deconstruction of clinical practice over respect for the complexity of the tasks; the challenge of appropriate assessments; and when to know to trust a resident with increasing responsibilities. The benefits and challenges are discussed; the session closes with an exploration of three case studies, drawing from different geographical regions (US, Canada, Australia), as a way to help participants appreciate the issues in implementating competency-based education in residency programs.
Prepared for and presented to Teaching Scholars Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Dec 18, 2012. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. References used within the presentation available upon request - email author please.
The University of Michigan Medical School is developing a competency-based curriculum that is driving the organization toward change. The Learning Informatics team that is part of Medical School Information Services is pulling together data from disparate systems that can be facilitated by the use of standards. They are leading the charge toward a well-integrated portfolio system.
Competency-based education in Public Health, a model of employing Hybrid-PBL educational method in building core Public Health competencies at the undergraduate medical education.
The Value of Competency-based Medical Education Across the ContinuumMedCouncilCan
"The Value of Competency-based Medical Education Across the Continuum." Workshop presented by Dr. Eric S. Holmboe at Memorial University's Faculty of Medicine.
The nature of reflection as demonstrated by Healthcare Science students as th...Laverty Jacqueline
My presentation will report the initial findings from a study aiming to explore in rich detail the nature of reflection on critical incidents as demonstrated by student Healthcare Science (Respiratory and Sleep Science) practitioners studying at a post 1992 University. The type of incident students choose to make critical together with the level and nature of reflection demonstrated within both written reports and peer discussion will be explored.
The Modernising Scientific Careers curriculum introduced by the Department of Health in 2010 requires Healthcare Science (HCS) students to produce reflective reports within a record of clinical competence. The HCS programme includes academic study and clinical work-based placements exposing students to professional practice providing opportunities to gain practical skills. Students are required to engage with reflection throughout their studies. Reflection considered as, ‘… taking our experiences as a starting point for learning … thinking about them in a purposeful way – using reflective processes ‘ (Jasper, 2003, p. 1). Any experience can become a topic for reflection as ‘critical incidents are produced by the way we look at a situation: a critical incident is an interpretation of the significance of an event.’ (Tripp, 2012, p. 8).
Students attending the institution within this study are required to regularly reflect on their experiences producing monthly written reflective reports for inclusion within their record of clinical competence, and participate in group discussions to introduce the concept of peer supported reflection. These naturalistically occurring reflective events are the subject of this investigation which forms part of a doctoral enquiry. There are small numbers of students within single cohorts of this specialised area of practice; the findings presented are from one cohort comprising three students.
A social constructivist approach was taken as individuals were considered to make sense of their experiences through construction of meanings. Thematic analysis using a constant comparative technique was used to determine the type of incident students considered, level of reflection determined using Kember, et al., (2008) and Johns (2010) framework was used to explore the nature of reflection demonstrated. The preliminary findings may be used to help inform the introduction of reflection to help facilitate the development of reflective skills, and could be transferable to other similar programmes involving work-based clinical professional practice.
Electives in Undergraduate Medical Education: A sneak-peeklavanyasumanthraj
National Medical Commission has introduced electives module in Indian Undergraduate Medical System (CBME model). This slide set gives an introduction in to the basic principles (What, why, how, when) of Electives module
The essence of authentic assessment is to focus on real-life tasks and competencies relevant to later day professional practice. Since 2018, there is a national move in India to adopt Competency-based medical curriculum to produce IMG (Indian Medical Graduate) who would possess the competencies to be a competent clinician, an effective Communicator, a team-leader, an ethical Professional and a life-long learner. This slide-set looks at an authentic curriculum and how to develop an authentic assessment 'for', 'as' and 'of' learning.
The future of 21st century global educationjoyce pittman
The presenter discusses the relationships between systems thinking, leadership and sustainability in complex learning organizations: Implications for new educational leadership research and development.
Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practicejaoverla
Presentasjon av artiklene:
Black, Paul and Wiliam, Dylan: Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice; Mar1998, Vol. 5 Issue 1, p7,
Black, P. & Wiliam, D. (1998): Inside the black box. Raising Standards Through Classroom
Medical Leadership/Complex Systems/Open Data- Presentation Nov 2014Tony Shannon
Presentation to University College Dublin/Ireland East Hospital Group
Workshop: Contemporary Issues in Hospital Practice
Date: 2014 Nov 6th
Title: Medical Leadership/ Complex Systems/ Open Data
To be effective, an Integrated curriculum needs integrated assessment. This brief talk captures the essence of integrated evaluation carried out in Malaysia using a hybrid curriculum modelled after the British curricula. Harden's 11-step ladder of integration forms the basis of the talk.
Medical Leadership: Complex Systems: Open PlatformsTony Shannon
Workshop at the RCPI St Lukes Symposium on themes of;
21st Century Healthcare
Need for Medical Leadership
The Challenge of Complex Systems
The Promise of Open Platforms
Innovation leadership in Education 2015Timothy Wooi
Course Outline
Introduction
Leadership, Innovation and
Why Educational Innovation?
21st Century Teaching and learning
Innovation Leadership in Education
7 Steps to becoming an Innovative Leader
18 Steps to Better Educational
Innovation Leadership
(Advice from Christensen’s Innovator’s DNA)
This is the presentation I used for a workshop on Ethics in research and clinical practice, which I gave in our department in order to accumulate the required number of CPD points for physiotherapists.
ArticleEthical challenges and how todevelop ethics suppo.docxdavezstarr61655
Article
Ethical challenges and how to
develop ethics support in
primary health care
Lillian Lillemoen
University of Oslo, Norway; Østfold University College, Norway
Reidar Pedersen
University of Oslo, Norway
Abstract
Ethics support in primary health care has been sparser than in hospitals, the need for ethics support is
probably no less. We have, however, limited knowledge about how to develop ethics support that
responds to primary health-care workers’ needs. In this article, we present a survey with a mixture of
closed- and open-ended questions concerning: How frequent and how distressed various types of ethical
challenges make the primary health-care workers feel, how important they think it is to deal with these chal-
lenges better and what kind of ethics support they want. Five primary health-care institutions participated.
Ethical challenges seem to be prominent and common. Most frequently, the participants experienced ethical
challenges related to scarce resources and lack of knowledge and skills. Furthermore, ethical challenges
related to communication and decision making were common. The participants welcomed ethics support
responding to their challenges and being integrated in their daily practices.
Keywords
Ethical challenges, ethics support, primary health care
Introduction
Ethical challenges are prevalent in health-care services, and there is a growing interest in the field of health-care
ethics. Clinical ethics support has been established in the United States, Canada, Australia and in quite a few
European countries over the last decades, for example, through ethics committees, smaller teams, ethics con-
sultants or moral deliberation groups.
1–8
Ethics support services often include ethics education for the employ-
ees, the development of policies and guidelines and case consultation or deliberation (typically when health-care
professionals face specific moral dilemmas). However, the development of ethics support seems to have been
much sparser in primary health-care services compared to the hospitals and more specialized medical care.
9
Empirical studies from nursing homes and in other types of primary health-care services indicate that
ethical challenges are prevalent, significant and complex and that there is a need for ethics support and
structured ethical reflection.
10–15
Many nursing home patients have multiple and severe diseases, while the
available resources, for example, funding and professional training, are generally more limited.
9,16
Not
Corresponding author: Lillian Lillemoen, Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1130, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
Email: [email protected]
Nursing Ethics
20(1) 96–108
ª The Author(s) 2012
Reprints and permission:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
10.1177/0969733012452687
nej.sagepub.com
http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
http://nej.sagepub.com
surprisingly, inadequate treatment, or not being able to attend to and care .
Assignment ObjectivesExplain the value of various policies and pro.docxElbaStoddard58
Assignment Objectives
Explain the value of various policies and procedures at the federal, state and local levels as they relate to the provision of healthcare and patient rights.
Assess opposing views of current polices and the implications from both sides.
Plan an implementation process supporting recent policy changes.
Compose a document to employees addressing recent legal and ethical issues which may require changes in how an organization operates.
Reading Assignment
Pozgar, Chapters 12, 13, and 14
Title
Publisher
Edition
ISBN
Term
Course Code
Legal and Ethical Issues for Health Professionals
by Pozgar
Jones & Bartlett
4
9781284089530
1702C
HCM632-01
Assignment: Unit 5 IP
Assignment Description
Choose a health care issue with controversial ethical and legal implications that was at the center of a high visibility case in the public domain. Some examples of issues include but are not limited to the following:
Late term abortion
Assisted suicide
Surgical errors
Patient abuse
Parental refusal of medical treatment of minors for religious reasons
Transplant patient selection process
Access to clinical trials by terminal patients
Gender assignment for infants born with intersex anatomy
Survivor selection in conjoined twins
Access to illicit drugs for palliative care
Withholding hydration or nourishment
Life support continuation for brain-dead patients
Medical treatment for the elderly or terminally ill
Donor organ harvesting
Use of placebo in clinical trials
Use of patient data without consent
Stem cell research and treatments
Access to treatments not yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Note:
There is no time frame during which the case must have occurred for this assignment. Please note, however, that any case selected must be analyzed in the context of laws and policies that existed at the time of the case in addition to current laws and policies.
Perform research in the University library using at least 8–10 relevant peer-reviewed academic or professional journal articles that were published within the past 5 years, and complete the following to prepare your report:
Analyze the ethics of the case from each end of the ethical spectrum (ultraconservative to ultraliberal) from the perspective of 3 of the following stakeholders:
Patient,
Patient’s immediate family or guardians
Emergency medical personnel or first responders
Doctors, surgeons, specialists, or other medical providers
The hospital or health care facility
A pharmaceutical or medical device company
Identify policies at the federal, state, and local levels relating to the provision of health care and patient rights that played the following roles in the case:
Assesses opposing views of these policies from the perspectives of the provider and patient
Analyzes the implications of these policies on the operations of health care organizations
Identify at least 3 state or federal laws that are relevant to the case, and complete the following:
Evaluate key legal.
Please answer the following questions with supporting examples and f.docxinfantsuk
Please answer the following questions with supporting examples and full explanations.
Analyze how policies influence the structure and financing of health care, practice, and health outcomes.
Develop institutional, local, state and/or federal policy initiatives.
Consider the role of government and various professional organizations in the process of planning and implementing policies at management levels for diverse healthcare environments.
Examine the effect of legal, ethical, and regulatory processes on nursing practice (and/or change to providers), healthcare delivery, and outcomes while maintaining balance with administrative and fiscal responsibilities.
Interpret research, bringing the nursing perspective, alongside perspectives of their administrative colleagues, for policy makers and stakeholders.
Advocate for policies that improve the health of the public and the profession of nursing and health care administration.
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how the course supported each objective.
Explain how the material learned in this course, based upon the objectives, will be applicable to professional application.
Reflect back on your journey through this course and answer the following:
What was the most valuable thing you learned in this course?
.
The Four Topics Approach to Ethical Decision MakingJonsen and c.docxodiliagilby
The Four Topics Approach to Ethical Decision Making
Jonsen and colleagues’ (2010) Four Topics Method for ethical analysis is a practical approach for nurses and other healthcare professionals. The nurse or team begins with relevant facts about a particular case and moves toward a resolution through a structured analysis. In healthcare settings, ethics committees often resolve ethical problems and answer ethical questions by using a case-based, or bottom-up, inductive, casuistry approach. The Four Topics Method, sometimes called the Four Box Approach (Table 2-1) is found in the book Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine (Jonsen et al., 2010).
This case-based approach allows healthcare professionals to construct the facts of a case in a structured format that facilitates critical thinking about ethical problems. Cases are analyzed according to four topics: “medical indications, patient preferences, quality of life, and contextual features” (Jonsen et al., 2010, p. 8). Nurses and other healthcare professionals on the team gather information in an attempt to answer the questions in each of the four boxes. The Four Topics Method facilitates dialogue between the patient–family/surrogate dyad and members of the healthcare ethics team or committee. By following the outline of the questions, healthcare providers are able to inspect and evaluate the full scope of the patient’s situation and the central ethical conflict. After the ethics team has gathered the facts of a case, an analysis is conducted. Each case is unique and should be considered as such, but the subject matter of particular situations often involves common threads with other ethically and legally accepted precedents, such as landmark cases that involved withdrawing or withholding treatment. Though each case analysis begins with facts, the four fundamental principles—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—along with the Four Topics Method are considered together as the process, and resolution take place (Jonsen et al., 2010).
TABLE 2-1 Four Topics Method for Analysis of Clinical Ethics Cases
Medical Indications: The Principles of Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
1. What is the patient’s medical problem? Is the problem acute? Chronic? Critical? Reversible? Emergent? Terminal?
2. What are the goals of treatment?
3. In what circumstances are medical treatments not indicated?
4. What are the probabilities of success of various treatment options?
5. In sum, how can this patient be benefited by medical and nursing care, and how can harm be avoided?
Patient Preferences: The Principle of Respect for Autonomy
1. Has the patient been informed of benefits and risks, understood this information, and given consent?
2. Is the patient mentally capable and legally competent, and is there evidence of incapacity?
3. If mentally capable, what preferences about treatment is the patient stating?
4. If incapacitated, has the patient expressed prior ...
Slides for the presentation given by Victoria Passant, Student Engagement Officer, National Union of Students (NUS), at the National Law Students Forum 2011.
Slides from the presentation by Shamini Ragavan (Newcastle Law School) at the event Assessment and feedback issues for teaching international students in Law on 16 May 2011.
Slides for the presentation given by Jude Carroll at the event Assessment and feedback issues for teaching international students in Law on 16 May 2011.
Slides from the presentation given by Liz Campbell and Collette Patterson (The Law Society of Scotland) at the 2010 conference: Moving forward: Legal education in Scotland.
Slides from the presentation given by Dale McFadzean (University of the West of Scotland) at the 2010 conference: Moving forward: Legal education in Scotland.
Slides from the presentation given by Simon Usherwood (University of Surrey) at the joint conference Open Educational Resources in the disciplines in October 2010.
Slides from the presentation given by Paul Maharg (University of Northumbria) at the joint conference Open Educational Resources in the disciplines in October 2010.
Slides from the presentation by Karen Counsell (University of Glamorgan) at the joint conference Open Educational Resources in the disciplines in October 2010.
Slides from the presentation given by
Andrew Agapiou (University of Strathclyde) at the Open Educational Resources in the disciplines: a joint conference in October 2010.
Slides for the presentation by Sara de Freitas (Coventry University) and Paul Maharg (University of Northumbria) at the Learning in Law Annual Conference 2011.
Slides for the presentation by Joanne Clough (University of Northumbria) and Gillian Smith (Nottingham Trent University) at the Learning in Law Annual Conference 2011.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.