This document discusses test-driven development (TDD). TDD is an agile software development process where test cases are developed before code to validate functionality, with the goal of breaking problems into smaller pieces and preventing regressions. The key steps of TDD are writing a failing test, making the test pass by writing the minimum code, and refactoring the code. The document provides an example of incrementally building a Fibonacci number calculator using TDD. Benefits of TDD include breaking problems down into smaller pieces and preventing regressions, though critics argue it can add complexity and dogmatism if not applied properly.