Tcpa video 15.09.16
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The document discusses the economic arguments for maintaining and enhancing the green belt around cities in the UK. It argues that natural capital, like the green belt, provides significant economic and health benefits by being located near populated areas. Maintaining the green belt is important for sustainable economic growth because neglecting natural capital would negatively impact the environment, public health, and biodiversity. While some argue building on the green belt is needed for housing and economic development, the document counters that brownfield sites and increasing density are better alternatives that do not require sacrificing natural areas. The green belt could also be improved by enhancing its environmental quality and public access to provide even greater economic returns to the population.
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This document discusses the rationale for maintaining and enhancing the Green Belt around cities in the UK. It argues that natural capital, like the open spaces and woodlands provided by the Green Belt, needs to be located near population centers to provide multiple benefits. These benefits include improved air quality, health outcomes from access to leisure activities, and biodiversity protection. While some argue the Green Belt inhibits housing and economic growth, the document counters that brownfield sites and increased density can address housing needs, and that truly sustainable and resilient economic growth depends on maintaining natural capital. It concludes by envisioning how an enhanced Green Belt could better integrate access to green spaces and natural capital into urban living for current and future generations.
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Anders Wijkman_Nordic Health and Welfare Innovation Arena
This document discusses how public procurement can help improve public services, address societal challenges, and spur innovation. It notes that public procurement represents around 20% of the economy in many areas and the public sector is a major actor. Public procurement can be used as an effective tool to stimulate innovative and transformative solutions, especially with the increased flexibility of the new EU public procurement directive. When done right with a focus on quality over price and whole lifecycle costs, public procurement policies that incorporate environmental and social requirements can positively impact goals for sustainability and innovation.
Trinity 06.02.17
This document outlines an agenda to establish a framework for natural capital accounting and conservation. It discusses defining natural capital assets and different types. It also covers establishing thresholds and safe limits for ecosystems based on science. The document proposes aggregate natural capital rules to maintain or increase renewable natural capital. It discusses implementing natural capital accounts, identifying economic benefits of nature, and integrating these into national policies and budgets. Pioneering projects are proposed in specific areas, with an overall 25 year plan aiming to leave the environment in better condition than it was inherited.
Sustainable development
The document discusses the concept of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The document outlines different types of sustainability, including weak sustainability and strong sustainability. It provides examples of companies adopting sustainability practices and challenges faced by developing countries in achieving sustainable development.
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The document discusses the three dimensions of sustainable development - environmental, economic, and social. It provides details on key aspects of each dimension. For the environmental dimension, it describes the importance of ecosystems and different approaches to environmental management. It also discusses sustainable consumption and various resource categories like energy, water, food, and materials. For the economic dimension, it talks about decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. Finally, for the social dimension, it focuses on aspects like social justice, poverty reduction, and their links to sustainability.
mfs-unitiii-171213060046.pptx
The document discusses the three dimensions of sustainable development - environmental, economic, and social. For the environmental dimension, it describes the importance of healthy ecosystems and two approaches to minimizing human impact: environmental management and human consumption management. It then discusses specific aspects of environmental management like atmosphere, freshwater, oceans, and land use. For the economic dimension, it talks about decoupling environmental degradation from economic growth. Finally, for the social dimension, it emphasizes the importance of peace, security, social justice, and addressing poverty.
Urban NAMAs (EN)
Urban areas currently account for 60-80% of global energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions. With rapid urbanization expected to continue, cities represent both a major challenge and opportunity for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) focused on cities could help stabilize carbon dioxide equivalent concentrations and keep global temperature increases below 2°C. Potential urban NAMA measures include improving transport systems, boosting energy efficiency in buildings, expanding renewable energy, better managing waste, and engaging the public in behavioral changes. Developing carbon-neutral cities would attract new investments and technologies while achieving economic, social, and environmental benefits.
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This document summarizes the key questions and findings around how natural capital and environmental services have contributed to economic growth in the past and are expected to contribute in the future. It discusses several areas of research on this topic, including the environmental Kuznets curve, weak vs strong sustainability, the resource curse hypothesis, and estimates of the economic costs of climate change. While the contribution of natural capital to past growth is unclear due to lack of data, protecting natural capital is seen as important for sustaining long-term economic growth into the future.
1 introduction iwrm_gwp_advocacy
Integrated water resource management (IWRM) takes a holistic view of water management by considering all aspects of the water cycle and different water uses together rather than separately. IWRM aims to coordinate development and management of water resources, land, and other related resources to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising sustainability. Key principles of IWRM include participatory approaches involving stakeholders at all levels, recognizing women's role in water management, and balancing water's economic value with its social importance. While IWRM provides an integrated framework, it must be adapted to each local context and finding the right balance between sectoral and integrated approaches.
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Lecture 1 The Concept of Natural Capital
Natural capital refers to the world's stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things. It provides ecosystem services and underpins economic activity and human well-being. Natural capital differs from ecosystem services in that it represents the environmental assets or stocks that provide ecosystem service flows. Natural capital can be viewed through both a utility-based and asset/capabilities lens. There are debates around who has rights to natural capital and how to balance the rights of current and future generations. Natural capital is a core component of economic systems and output but is often not properly measured or accounted for in standard economic frameworks.
BEIS18.04.18
The document proposes three key proposals to facilitate rapid technical change in energy: equivalent firm power auctions, national system operators and regional system operators, and single licenses for network regulation. It argues these proposals will incentivize least-cost outcomes, storage and demand-side participation, secondary market development, competitive entry without picking winners or losers, integration of new technologies, and separation of system control from commercial activities. The proposals aim to minimize complexity and lobbying while facilitating decarbonization and technological solutions for energy systems.
Prosperity UK Green Brexit 15.03.18
The document discusses the UK government's green agenda and policies around natural capital and the environment. It summarizes the government's 2011 White Paper on the natural environment, its 25 Year Environment Plan, and goals to reform agricultural policy. It argues that properly accounting for natural capital and environmental costs is important for economic efficiency. Currently, agricultural policy is bad for farmers, taxpayers, consumers and the environment. The document advocates for adopting an aggregate natural capital rule, ensuring new housing and infrastructure leads to net environmental gains, applying the polluter pays principle, and establishing universal access to the countryside and nature as a citizen's right.
Ciep 12.12.16
This document outlines the agenda for a discussion on structural changes in global energy markets. It identifies three major changes: 1) The end of the energy "super cycle" of high oil prices. 2) Decarbonization efforts led by the Paris Agreement. 3) Advances in technologies like shale, renewables, energy storage, and their impacts on electricity generation and distribution. It then examines the geopolitical implications for regions like Europe, China, the Middle East. It also discusses the impacts on oil/gas and utility companies and how energy markets may need to adapt to new market designs with zero marginal cost electricity sources.
Landscape 24.11.16
The document discusses the implications of Brexit on British agricultural policy. It summarizes the history and issues with the current Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The CAP provides £3 billion in subsidies annually but agriculture only accounts for 0.7% of GDP. Pillar 1 subsidies are mostly decoupled from production but capitalized in land prices, making entry difficult. Pillar 2 agri-environmental schemes are inefficient and do not maximize biodiversity. Public money should fund public goods like landscapes, recreation and biodiversity. The 25-year natural environment plan provides an opportunity but lobbying interests could push policies that intensify farming and increase pollution.
Ox flora 6.11.16
This document outlines an agenda to discuss challenges facing the environment, why existing conservation strategies are not working, and a proposed "natural capital approach". The agenda includes discussing population and development pressures, the concept of natural capital, capital maintenance and enhancements, a proposed 25-year plan, and next steps in publishing frameworks and designing a nature fund.
Esri 4.10.16
This document summarizes the perspectives and issues around UK energy policy according to an expert in three timeframes:
1) Short term - Issues include capacity, nuclear decisions like Hinkley Point, and the effects of Brexit. The system involves many interventions.
2) Medium term - Fossil fuel prices and climate policy will be key factors. Oil prices may return to normal levels from current lows. Electricity demand is expected to grow.
3) Long term - Technology changes will dominate, like digitalization, zero marginal cost electricity, and electric vehicles. The system will transition to one dominated by low carbon electricity and decentralized generation. Rethinking energy, climate and market policies is needed for this transformation.
Big bca 15.09.16
Natural capital refers to the world's stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things. This document discusses how to integrate natural capital into business decisions and the economy. It argues that natural capital must be maintained like other capital assets to ensure long term sustainable economic growth. The challenges of the built environment are also addressed, as urbanization increases pressures on natural capital. The document calls for a 25 year natural capital plan to provide guidance on practical implementation and pioneering projects to help conserve natural capital while allowing development to occur.
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This document discusses decarbonization and its consequences for energy markets in Germany and Europe. It outlines the scale of the challenge, including continued growth in carbon emissions and population. It also notes forecasts of increasing oil demand and coal use. The emerging energy context includes falling fossil fuel prices and new technologies like electric vehicles. Policy responses have focused on exiting coal, but targets set in Paris may not achieve the 2-degree warming limit. The EU 2030 framework establishes renewables targets but also recentralizes some energy policies. Overall decarbonization will be difficult to achieve at the necessary scale and speed given these complex technical and policy issues.
Marketforce 15.03.16
Professor Dieter Helm of the University of Oxford presented on future models for utility regulation and policy. He discussed three potential models: 1) Increasing competition by reducing natural monopolies; 2) Maintaining licenses, universal service obligations, and the regulated asset base model; 3) Establishing system operators to combine competitive and regulated asset base approaches by focusing on the minimal natural monopoly functions. Helm argued that governments are increasingly intervening in infrastructure sectors like energy, water, and communications. Emerging models involve more competition where possible, with system operators overseeing universal service obligations and regulated asset bases.
Kapsarc 29.03.16
The document discusses the end of vertically integrated utility companies due to major technical changes in the energy sector. It outlines how electricity is dominating other sources of energy production and how generation, storage, and demand are changing. This will require new company structures that are no longer vertically integrated monopolies. The document also notes there will be more disruption from technological breakthroughs in areas like solar, nuclear, and transmission technologies. It concludes that the 20th century model of large, vertically integrated utilities will struggle and there will be disaggregation and unbundling of assets as companies search for new cost-reflective structures.
Flame 11.05.16
This document summarizes a presentation given by Professor Dieter Helm on the new energy world following the COP21 climate conference. It discusses how factors like the end of the commodity super cycle for oil and gas, the implementation of carbon constraints, and new technologies will impact key countries and energy companies. The presentation addresses how these changes may lead to a more electric-based future with higher standards for supply security and new players in the electricity sector like car companies and tech firms providing multiple sources of generation and storage.
Wec 24.01.17
This document discusses 3 major structural changes in global energy markets and their impacts. The changes are: 1) The end of the energy price super cycle as more oil comes online. 2) Slow progress on decarbonization efforts like the Kyoto and Paris agreements. 3) Rapid technological developments in areas like shale, renewables, energy storage, and electrification that are transforming the industry. The impacts discussed are falling oil prices pressuring North Sea production, decarbonization potentially closing the North Sea, and digitization changing electricity markets and challenging traditional business models.
Npf 18.01.17
This document outlines the key topics to be discussed regarding structural changes in global energy markets. The 3 big changes are: 1) The end of the energy super cycle of high oil prices. 2) Little progress on decarbonization despite Kyoto and Paris agreements. 3) Rapid technology changes like shale, renewables, energy storage, and more that are transforming energy generation and use. The geopolitical implications and impacts on companies and energy market designs will also be examined. Conclusions will address how decarbonization is unstoppable and technology will solve the carbon problem, transforming energy markets for 21st century companies.
Ip week 2017
This document discusses the challenges facing oil producers from declining oil prices in the long run due to factors like decarbonization and increasing renewable energy. It predicts that oil prices may gradually fall and stabilize around $50-60 per barrel. This will have economic consequences for major oil exporting countries as they become less reliant on oil revenues. National oil companies will need to transform and diversify their economies. International oil companies will also face challenges adapting to lower oil prices by increasing output or shifting operations. The future remains uncertain but many countries and companies will need to transition away from dependence on oil exports or production.
Plant sci 24.05.17
The document summarizes a plant science seminar at the University of Oxford on natural capital and sustainable economic growth. It discusses using an asset-based approach to view natural resources as capital that requires maintenance and enhancement. There are two proposed "natural capital rules" - keeping the stock of renewable resources constant and compensating for depletion of non-renewables. The document outlines accounting for natural capital assets, using economic rents from non-renewable depletion for investment in renewables, and funding major green infrastructure through taxes to support sustainable growth while maintaining natural capital.
Gfs 31.05.17 f
This document summarizes a presentation given by Professor Dieter Helm on the end of fossil fuels. It discusses two major game changers: 1) The permanent end of the energy price super cycle as supplies of oil, gas and coal are abundant. 2) New low-carbon technologies like solar, batteries, and electric vehicles will transform energy markets and make them dominated by electricity. This will have major geopolitical impacts and change the landscape of energy companies and markets. Decarbonization is now unstoppable and will require fundamental rethinking of energy and climate policies.
Budapest 30.05.17(1)
The document discusses several topics related to retail electricity prices and regulation:
1) Retail prices should follow the underlying costs of generating and delivering electricity to customers.
2) Future costs will be driven by digitalization, zero marginal cost renewables, and the need for capacity markets to ensure reliability.
3) Capacity markets will be needed to incentivize investment in gas and coal plants due to low and volatile wholesale prices caused by renewable energy growth and intermittency.
4) The electricity sector may start to resemble the broadband industry with decentralized infrastructure and new entrants in supply, transport, and other areas.
5) Regulation will need to establish a default tariff tied to wholesale prices, capacity constraints
Flame 10.05.17
Three fundamental game changers are described: 1) The end of the commodity super-cycle and falling oil prices which will likely continue due to new production and technologies; 2) Decarbonization through next generation renewable technologies; 3) Digitalization transforming demand and creating an electric-dominated system with many new entrants and business models. Corporate structures in oil, electricity, and gas will face disruption from these changes to business models.
Floodex video 17.05.17
This document outlines a proposed agenda to reform flood management in Britain. It discusses how the current system fails due to short-term financing for long-term problems and political expediency dominating planning. It argues that classifying areas as "most at risk" creates perverse incentives to build on flood plains. The document makes the case for a stand-alone flood management agency and introduces models for catchment system operators and natural capital accounting. It provides examples of best practices in Cumbria and coastal areas. The document concludes by calling for a long-term objective, integrated catchment plans, and a regulated asset base model to finance flood defenses.
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在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
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Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
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Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action一比一原版(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：6496090】【(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证成绩单学位证】【微信：6496090】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
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Tcpa video 15.09.16
- 1. THE ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS FOR THE GREEN BELT Professor Dieter Helm University of Oxford, New College 15th September 2016 Dieterhelm.co.uk TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ASSOCIATION
- 2. THE RATIONALE FOR A GREEN BELT • The Natural Capital Approach • Natural capital needs to be near to people • The multiple benefits of the Green Belt • Value of Green Belt will go on increasing as population and wealth increase • How Green Belt could be massively improved • The 25 year plan Natural Capital Network Paper 2. In defence of the green belt Dieter Helm April 2015
- 3. THE NATURAL CAPITAL APPROACH • Production, substitutability and externalities • Asset valuation & balance sheets • Capital maintenance • Sustainable economic growth – no natural capital, no growth Weak aggregate natural capital rule: The aggregate level of renewable natural capital should be kept at least constant, and there should be general capital compensation for the depletion of non-renewables. Strong aggregate natural capital rule: The aggregate level of renewable natural capital should be kept at least constant and the value of the economic rents from the depletion of non-renewable natural capital should be invested in renewable natural capital. THE AGGREGATE NATURAL CAPITAL RULES
- 4. LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION… • Access to open spaces and woodlands • Air quality and city centres • The importance of leisure • Health benefits • Biodiversity and nature GREATEST VALUE IS NEXT TO PEOPLE
- 5. THE HOUSING ARGUMENT – NOT AS STRONG AS THE LOBBYISTS THINK • Housing necessity - need to build on boundaries of cities? • Poor current values - much of the Green Belt is intensive agriculture and golf courses? • Population and concentration - there is plenty of open land to the north and west of London? • Low impact of marginal encroachment - a few hectares here and there do not matter? • Inhibition to economic growth - contains economic development and raises costs?
- 6. THE CASE FOR: I: HOUSING AND HOUSING LOCATION • No shortage of brownfield sites • Advantages of increasing density • Intelligent transport and the concept of distance as time • Occupancy rates and the growth of demand
- 7. THE CASE FOR: II: ENHANCING CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES • Poor in some places, but nothing follows • Inefficient and polluting agriculture subsidies • Air pollution would be even worse without the Green Belt, even in its current state • No excuse for poor environmental standards and regulation • Could obviously be otherwise
- 8. THE CASE FOR: III: POPULATION AND CONCENTRATION • Open question about 10 million more people in next two decades • Unbalanced growth in South East • System costs of greater sprawl versus concentrations • Objective of a generational enhancement of natural capital • Higher population increases value of Green Belt
- 9. THE CASE FOR: IV: IMPACT OF MARGINAL LOSSES TO THE GREEN BELT • Fundamental mistake in thinking Green Belt is lots of little marginal bits • Systems analysis versus CBA • The most valuable bits are precisely the bits under attack • A more ambitious UK wide Green Belt and the wildlife corridor concepts
- 10. THE CASE FOR: V: ECONOMIC GROWTH • Economic growth needs to be sustainable - otherwise it will not be sustained • GDP does not measure sustainable economic growth (not much of use at all) • Natural capital is an integral part of the economy • Losses from neglecting natural capital are massive - think of deaths from air pollution, obesity, biodiversity and so on… • Agricultural subsidies are growth-reducing • Distance is about time not miles • Broadband (if developed properly) is transformational
- 11. A HUGE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY TO REDEFINE AND ENHANCE OUR NATURAL CAPITAL • What a green Green Belt could look like • A new revitalisation for the 21st century Green Belt • Adding in the rights to access to green open spaces • Proper capital maintenance and enhancement of Green Belt natural capital • A new focus on natural capital not just in National Parks and on the fringes, but at the core of the economy and urban populations.
- 13. FOR INFORMATION Natural Capital Network Paper 1. Catchment management, abstraction and flooding Dieter Helm Feb 2015 Natural Capital Network Paper 2. In defence of the green belt Dieter Helm April 2015 www.dieterhelm.co.uk Natural Capital Network Paper 3. Flood defence: Time for a radical rethink Dieter Helm Jan 2016 Natural Capital Network Paper 4. Green Bonds for Natural Capital – some issues Dieter Helm Jun 2016