How institutions make decisions to accept or reject technology innovation has been explored by academics with the assistance of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Scenarios involving successful delivery of online learning from degree granting universities guide this literature review. It examines decision processes influenced by TAM methods combined with dominant research perspectives such as Self-efficacy Theory and Universal Technology Adoption and Use Theory. This paper analyzes which variables determine perceptions of usefulness, attitude and preferences and become frequent factors to influence typical TAM results. It identifies patterns about reliable predictors of outcomes (behaviors, aligning IT and preferences) for educational investments in learning environments, content delivery and teacher preferences. Adoption of technology is a complex, inherently social process guided by perceptions or misperception of value and ease of use. Thus, facilitating a decision to adopt devices, software or processes must address emotional, cognitive, and contextual concerns of all stakeholders. Prepared for TCC conference, 2011

1. Technology Acceptance Model for Online Adult Education Weds April 13 13:30 (11113) Barbara Lauridsen, MBA Core Adjunct Faculty, National University Learner, PhD Information Technology Education, Capella University [email_address] www.barbaralauridsen.com TCC Online Conference Emerging Technologies, Making it Work

2. Technology Zone TRADITIONAL EMERGENT (Mentis, 2008, p. 219-220)

3. Technology Zone (Mentis, 2008, p. 219-220)

4. Technology Zone (Design) ... two way interactive, dialogical teaching and learning, … multiple ways (networked, multi-conversational learning) … medium allows for the message to be one way, monological teaching collaboration on single documents or blog >>> >>> allows multiple networked communication

5. Some Emerging Technologies BLOG IT, TAG IT, SHARE IT! http://www.flickr.com/photos/habibmi/222296001/sizes/o/

6. www.cerlim.ac.uk/conf/lww7/slides/SeckerPrice.ppt Too many choices? How to decide which is useful?

7. Participate in…

8. Cultivate wholeness Tip #10

9. Cultivate holistic approach Tip #10

10. Basic Concept Basic Concept Underlying User Acceptable Models (Hart et al. 2007, p. 108)

11. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), an initial construct model Figure 2 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis et al., 1989)

12. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Figure 2 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis et al., 1989) Perceived Usefulness of Technology (PU) Perceived Ease of Use of Technology (PEOU) Attitude toward Using Technology (ATUT) Intention to Use Technology (IU)

13. TAM Framework - Research plan for Virtual Communities (VC) Figure 3 Theoretical Framework Virtual Communities (Hsiu-Fen, 2008, Figure 1, p. 139) This simple graphic model shows outcome using path significance as a data analysis method to measure VC loyalty.

14. TAM Framework - Research plan for Virtual Communities (VC) Figure 3 Theoretical Framework Virtual Communities (Hsiu-Fen, 2008, Figure 1, p. 139) Slide 13+ Perceived Usefulness of Technology (PU)

15. TAM Framework - Research plan for Virtual Communities (VT) Figure 3 Theoretical Framework Virtual Communities (Hsiu-Fen, 2008, Figure 1, p. 139) (PU) Perceived Ease of Use of Technology (PEOU)

16. TAM Framework - Research plan for Virtual Communities (VC) Figure 3 Theoretical Framework Virtual Communities (Hsiu-Fen, 2008, Figure 1, p. 139) (PU) (PEOU) Attitude toward Using Technology (ATUT) Intention to Use Technology (IU)

17. TAM Framework - Research plan for Virtual Communities (VC) Figure 3 Theoretical Framework Virtual Communities (Hsiu-Fen, 2008, Figure 1, p. 139) The author’s self evident conclusion is that to “sustain a successful VC, tool providers need to focus on designing both useful and easy-to-use Web sites (2008, p. 143). (PU) (PEOU) (ATUT) (IU)

18. TAM Framework - Research plan for Virtual Communities (VC) Figure 4 Results of TAM Path Significance (Hsiu-Fen, 2008, Figure 2, p. 141) Resulting statistics for TAM are typical illustrations of a construct model overlaid with summary statistics from the opinion surveys. (ATUT) (IU) (PEOU) (PU)

19. TAM - Faculty & Technical Support (plan) Figure 5 TAM Framework including Faculty and Technical Support (Baker-Eveleth et al., 2006, p. 414) External Variables >> (ATUT) (IU) (PEOU) (PU)

20. collect data to predict ease of use Table 1 Questions to Predict Ease of Use (Gibson et al., 2008, Table 1, p. 357)

21. TAM - Faculty & Technical Support (results) Figure 6 TAM Estimate Acceptance, Standardized Path Coefficients (Baker-Eveleth et al., 2006, p. 418)

22. TAM2 (IU) (PEOU) (PU) * Figure 7 Integrated Conceptual TAM Constructs (Davis & Wong, 2007, Figure 1, p. 207) Figure 6 Integrated Conceptual TAM Constructs (Davis & Wong, 2007, Figure 1, p. 207) (ATUT)

23. TAM2 Integrated Conceptual TAM Constructs (Davis & Wong, 2007, Figure 1, p. 207) (PU) (PEOU) (ATUT) (IU) External Variables >>

24. Analysis quadrant Figure 7 Resource-based Implications for Disciplinary Strategy (Grover et al., 2009, p. 322) Artifact referenced in “recognition of the transactional aspect of knowledge, and an appreciation of the concepts outlined in the resource-based model” … behaviors rather than merely opinions .

25. Research Hypotheses (generic construct model diagram) Figure 8 Hypotheses mapped on TAM Framework (Sánchez-Franco & Roldán, 2005, Figure 2)

26. threshold to the diffusion curve Figure 12 How Individual Adoptions Compose Diffusion (Straub, 2009, Figure 1, p. 627).

27. diffusion curve / innovations Diiffusion of Innovation Curve (Value Based Management)

30. User Acceptance of I.T. (Unified View) Extension of the TAM (based on Venkatesh & Davis, 2000, p. 188)

33. User Acceptance of I.T. (Unified View) Constructs for UTAUT (Vankatesh et al. 2003)

36. Your vote? Ideas?