Trading problems of developing countries
•Download as PPT, PDF•
4 likes•3,224 views
this ppt underlines the main hurdles to emerging markets and less developed countries.especially students who r luking for poilty and their insights into it
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Comparative cost advanatge theory
David Ricardo originated the theory of comparative cost advantage in his 1817 book. The theory states that countries will export goods that they have a lower relative production cost in and import goods with higher relative costs, even if one country may have an absolute cost advantage in all goods. The theory assumes two countries and goods, homogeneous and mobile factors of labor, no transportation or trade barriers, and constant returns to scale. England has a lower relative cost (cost advantage) in cloth and Portugal has a lower cost in wine, so each country specializes and gains from trade by exporting their lower cost good and importing the other good. However, the theory makes unrealistic assumptions and does not consider all real-world complexities of international trade.
Meeting 3 - Rybczynski theorem (International Economics)
The document discusses several economic concepts:
1) The Rybczynski theorem explains that if a country's supply of one factor increases, it will produce more of the good that intensively uses that factor and less of the other good.
2) Dutch disease refers to an economic phenomenon where resource discovery leads to decline of other sectors through currency appreciation and a shift in economic activity.
3) The resource curse or paradox of plenty suggests that countries with an abundance of natural resources tend to have less economic growth and worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources, due to issues like overdependence on commodity exports and weak institutions.
Balance of payment concept, components and trends
India recorded a trade deficit of $5.07 billion in March 2016, significantly lower than the $11.39 billion deficit in the same month of the previous year. This is the lowest monthly trade deficit since March 2011. Exports declined 5.47% year-over-year while imports fell 21.56% due to lower oil and non-oil imports. For the entire 2015-2016 fiscal year, India's trade deficit narrowed to $118.5 billion from $137.7 billion in the prior year as exports decreased 15.8% and imports fell 15.28%.
Role of trade in development
1. Trade can boost development by generating economic growth through increased commercial opportunities and investment, as well as diversifying production. Countries that increased trade between 2000-2008 saw GDP per capita rise significantly.
2. Trade enhances competitiveness by helping countries reduce input costs, acquire foreign investment and technology, increase value added in products, and move up global supply chains. Emerging economies have grown rapidly through increased trade.
3. Opening trade allows access to new markets and materials, expanding production possibilities. India's industrial output grew 50% after trade reforms that increased access to intermediate goods.
Terms of-trade
The document provides information about terms of trade including:
- Terms of trade measures the price of a country's exports relative to its imports. It is calculated as the index of export prices divided by the index of import prices.
- Types of terms of trade include net barter, gross barter, income, single factorial, double factorial, real cost, and utility terms of trade. Each type has strengths and limitations in measuring trade.
- Factors influencing terms of trade include the elasticity of demand and supply for exports and imports, as well as the relative size of demand for exports and imports. Changes in terms of trade can impact standards of living, import prices, and a country's balance of payments.
Dumping final ppt
Dumping occurs when a company exports goods to another country at a price lower than what it charges in its own domestic market. There are three main forms of dumping: persistent, predatory, and sporadic. Companies dump goods to gain market share abroad, sell surplus production, expand their industry, and establish new trade relations. Dumping can positively increase supply but negatively hurt domestic industries in importing countries. Importing countries use tariffs, quotas, embargoes, and voluntary export restraints to counter dumping.
Business cycles
Business cycles show periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by indicators like production, employment, and income. There are four phases of a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction/recession, and trough. Expansions involve growth while contractions involve declines. Business cycles are caused by factors like changes in investment levels, consumer and business expectations, and technological innovations. Theories like Keynes' emphasize how fluctuations in investment can drive cycles, while real business cycle theory sees cycles arising from supply-side shocks. Cycles affect the economy through impacts on areas like growth, inflation, and unemployment. Policy tools can help control the amplitude of cycles.
Meeting 4 - Stolper - Samuelson theorem (International Economics)
The document discusses the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, which states that a decrease in the price of a good will lead to a decrease in the return to the factor that is used intensively in the production of that good. It will conversely lead to an increase in the return to the other factor. The theorem is based on assumptions of perfect competition and factor mobility. It predicts that increased trade with developing countries likely contributed to rising wage inequality in skilled countries. While trade increases overall welfare, it benefits some factors more than others according to their intensity of use.
Recommended
Comparative cost advanatge theory
David Ricardo originated the theory of comparative cost advantage in his 1817 book. The theory states that countries will export goods that they have a lower relative production cost in and import goods with higher relative costs, even if one country may have an absolute cost advantage in all goods. The theory assumes two countries and goods, homogeneous and mobile factors of labor, no transportation or trade barriers, and constant returns to scale. England has a lower relative cost (cost advantage) in cloth and Portugal has a lower cost in wine, so each country specializes and gains from trade by exporting their lower cost good and importing the other good. However, the theory makes unrealistic assumptions and does not consider all real-world complexities of international trade.
Meeting 3 - Rybczynski theorem (International Economics)
The document discusses several economic concepts:
1) The Rybczynski theorem explains that if a country's supply of one factor increases, it will produce more of the good that intensively uses that factor and less of the other good.
2) Dutch disease refers to an economic phenomenon where resource discovery leads to decline of other sectors through currency appreciation and a shift in economic activity.
3) The resource curse or paradox of plenty suggests that countries with an abundance of natural resources tend to have less economic growth and worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources, due to issues like overdependence on commodity exports and weak institutions.
Balance of payment concept, components and trends
India recorded a trade deficit of $5.07 billion in March 2016, significantly lower than the $11.39 billion deficit in the same month of the previous year. This is the lowest monthly trade deficit since March 2011. Exports declined 5.47% year-over-year while imports fell 21.56% due to lower oil and non-oil imports. For the entire 2015-2016 fiscal year, India's trade deficit narrowed to $118.5 billion from $137.7 billion in the prior year as exports decreased 15.8% and imports fell 15.28%.
Role of trade in development
1. Trade can boost development by generating economic growth through increased commercial opportunities and investment, as well as diversifying production. Countries that increased trade between 2000-2008 saw GDP per capita rise significantly.
2. Trade enhances competitiveness by helping countries reduce input costs, acquire foreign investment and technology, increase value added in products, and move up global supply chains. Emerging economies have grown rapidly through increased trade.
3. Opening trade allows access to new markets and materials, expanding production possibilities. India's industrial output grew 50% after trade reforms that increased access to intermediate goods.
Terms of-trade
The document provides information about terms of trade including:
- Terms of trade measures the price of a country's exports relative to its imports. It is calculated as the index of export prices divided by the index of import prices.
- Types of terms of trade include net barter, gross barter, income, single factorial, double factorial, real cost, and utility terms of trade. Each type has strengths and limitations in measuring trade.
- Factors influencing terms of trade include the elasticity of demand and supply for exports and imports, as well as the relative size of demand for exports and imports. Changes in terms of trade can impact standards of living, import prices, and a country's balance of payments.
Dumping final ppt
Dumping occurs when a company exports goods to another country at a price lower than what it charges in its own domestic market. There are three main forms of dumping: persistent, predatory, and sporadic. Companies dump goods to gain market share abroad, sell surplus production, expand their industry, and establish new trade relations. Dumping can positively increase supply but negatively hurt domestic industries in importing countries. Importing countries use tariffs, quotas, embargoes, and voluntary export restraints to counter dumping.
Business cycles
Business cycles show periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by indicators like production, employment, and income. There are four phases of a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction/recession, and trough. Expansions involve growth while contractions involve declines. Business cycles are caused by factors like changes in investment levels, consumer and business expectations, and technological innovations. Theories like Keynes' emphasize how fluctuations in investment can drive cycles, while real business cycle theory sees cycles arising from supply-side shocks. Cycles affect the economy through impacts on areas like growth, inflation, and unemployment. Policy tools can help control the amplitude of cycles.
Meeting 4 - Stolper - Samuelson theorem (International Economics)
The document discusses the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, which states that a decrease in the price of a good will lead to a decrease in the return to the factor that is used intensively in the production of that good. It will conversely lead to an increase in the return to the other factor. The theorem is based on assumptions of perfect competition and factor mobility. It predicts that increased trade with developing countries likely contributed to rising wage inequality in skilled countries. While trade increases overall welfare, it benefits some factors more than others according to their intensity of use.
Tariff restriction ppt
This document discusses tariffs and their economic effects. It defines tariffs as taxes on imports and describes different types of tariffs such as ad valorem and specific tariffs. The document then analyzes the consumption, production, trade, and revenue effects of imposing a tariff using a partial equilibrium model. It also discusses the impact of tariffs on consumer and producer surplus. Finally, it provides an example comparing the effects of a tariff versus an import quota.
import substitution
The document discusses import substitution as a strategy for economic development. It defines import substitution as restricting imports that compete with domestic products in order to promote local production. The objectives of import substitution include promoting domestic industries, generating employment, and improving the balance of payments. While import substitution can increase employment and resilience, the industries may become inefficient without international competition. Effective import substitution requires industries that utilize local resources and demand.
Balance of payments
This document discusses disequilibrium in a country's balance of payments. It defines balance of payments equilibrium as equal demand and supply of foreign currency in a period. Disequilibrium occurs when there is a surplus or deficit, meaning exports are greater or less than imports respectively. The document then discusses various causes of disequilibrium including economic, natural, political, and social factors. It outlines different types of economic disequilibrium and provides examples. Finally, it discusses automatic and deliberate measures countries take to correct disequilibrium, such as monetary, trade, and miscellaneous policy actions aimed at increasing exports and decreasing imports.
Multilateralism & regional integration
Multilateralism, Regional Integration, Various Trade Blocs, Cartels, Commodity Agreement and State Trading Corporation
Free trade vs protection
This document discusses the arguments for and against free trade versus protectionism. It begins by providing context from classical economists who argued for free trade, and the rise of protectionism post-World War II. It then outlines the key arguments for free trade, including specialization, increased prosperity, and competitive pressures. Arguments against free trade include the potential harm to developing economies and domestic industries. The document also discusses the economic and non-economic arguments in favor of protectionism, such as for infant industries, employment, and national defense. Finally, it notes some arguments against protectionism like increased prices and reduced innovation.
Meeting 5 - Leontief Paradox (International Economics)
Leontief attempted to empirically test the Heckscher-Ohlin theory that predicted countries would export goods intensive in their abundant factors and import goods intensive in their scarce factors. However, his analysis found the opposite - that the US exported labor-intensive goods despite being capital abundant. This contradiction became known as Leontief's paradox. Explanations for the paradox included differences in labor productivity between countries and the oversimplification of excluding natural resources. Later studies by others found similar paradoxical results for other countries like Japan. The paradox led some economists to dismiss the Heckscher-Ohlin theory in favor of models based on technological differences.
Hypothesis of secular deterioration of terms of trade
The document summarizes the Prebisch-Singer thesis, which argues that terms of trade tend to deteriorate against primary commodities and in favor of manufactured goods over time. It presents the key assumptions of the thesis, including that income elasticity of demand is greater for manufactured goods than primary products. As a result, as incomes rise in developed countries, demand shifts away from primary commodities exported by developing countries towards manufactured goods produced in developed nations. This leads to a long-term decline in terms of trade for developing country exports.
Institutions & Economic Development
This document discusses institutions and economic development. It summarizes the evolution of thinking around institutions and development, from the Washington Consensus era to the rise of New Institutional Economics and its limitations. More recent frameworks like Acemoglu and Robinson's theory of inclusive vs extractive institutions and North, Wallis, and Weingast's theory of open vs limited access orders are described. The document argues that informal institutions like "deals" between elites and economic actors better explain economic growth and stagnation in most developing countries compared to formal institutional indicators. Shifts between different "deals environments" like disordered to ordered can trigger growth accelerations, while maintaining openness is key for sustained growth, but difficult due to elite resistance.
chapter 3 Tariff
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an International Economics textbook. It covers theories for trade protection such as the infant industry argument. It then discusses tariffs, including import/export tariffs and calculations of effective rates of protection. Finally, it examines nontariff barriers such as import quotas, tariff-rate quotas, and subsidies. For quotas and tariffs, it outlines the impacts on consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue. The chapter suggests quotas impose larger losses than equivalent tariffs due to restrictions on consumption.
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) ppt
Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) are economic reform policies imposed by the IMF and World Bank on developing countries as conditions for receiving loans. SAPs began in the 1980s and involved 187 programs across 64 countries. They aimed to boost exports, reduce government deficits, and improve investment climates. Typical SAP measures included currency devaluation, cutting social spending, privatizing industries, and deregulating markets. While SAPs achieved some economic growth in countries like Ghana, they also had many negative social impacts by reducing education, healthcare and living standards. Critics argue SAPs undermine national sovereignty and prioritize private profits over public welfare. In response to criticisms of SAPs, the IMF and World Bank introduced Poverty
The Terms of Trade
This revision presentation guides students through an introduction to the terms of trade. It explains what the terms of trade are and why they matter.
The bretton woods system
The Bretton Woods system established in 1944 aimed to govern international monetary and exchange rate regulations through institutions like the IMF and World Bank. It intended to set a fixed exchange rate between currencies pegged to the U.S. dollar, which was pegged to gold. This was expected to promote international cooperation and financial stability. However, the system broke down in the 1970s as countries could no longer maintain the required exchange rate adjustments due to large balance of payments crises, replacing it with floating exchange rates.
Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
The document defines and describes key aspects of a country's Balance of Payments account, including that it is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually annually. It includes components like the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. The balance of payments can be in deficit, surplus, or balanced depending on whether receipts are greater than, less than, or equal payments. Countries employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a deficit.
Balance of payment
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and official settlements account. The current account covers exports and imports of goods and services. The capital account covers financial flows. Disequilibriums in the BOP can be corrected through automatic measures like changes in exchange rates or deliberate measures like trade policy changes and monetary policy tools.
International debt problem
The document discusses international debt, defining it as money owed by a country or its citizens and corporations to foreign creditors or international financial institutions. It notes that developing countries have been particularly impacted, having to divert funds away from social services to repay debts. The document outlines some major debt crises like those in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2008, and suggests solutions like debtor countries regaining access to capital markets, reducing outflows, and greater involvement from the IMF and World Bank.
Characteristics of underdeveloped economies
Underdeveloped economies are characterized by low per capita incomes, underutilized resources, inefficient production techniques, and potential for growth. They have incomes of $1025 or less and rely on agriculture, suffering from poverty, unemployment, and low levels of living. Population growth outpaces economic growth, exacerbating unemployment and poverty. Development requires improving infrastructure, education, health, and industrialization to increase productivity and standards of living.
Free Trade Vs Protectionism
The document discusses protectionism and trade liberalization. Protectionism refers to restricting trade between countries through tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs increase import prices while quotas restrict quantities. Non-tariff barriers make trade costly through regulations and standards. Countries adopt protectionism to shield domestic industries and jobs and for strategic or political reasons. Trade liberalization aims to reduce these barriers by promoting specialization, efficient resource allocation, and market access through agreements like GATT and the WTO. However, fully liberalizing world trade faces challenges in removing barriers like agricultural subsidies.
Ibrd ppt
this presentation explains what is IBRD, what are the goals, purposes, bjectives, challenges faced and the projects that are undertaken by IBRD.
Tariffs and quota
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported or exported goods. There are several types of tariffs including specific tariffs (fixed amount per unit), ad valorem tariffs (fixed percentage of value), and compound tariffs (combination of specific and ad valorem). Tariffs can be used for revenue generation or protecting domestic industries. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, and include tariff quotas, unilateral quotas negotiated bilaterally. Import licensing systems administer quota regulations by requiring licenses to import goods.
Protectionism.ppt. by hope
This document provides an overview of protectionism and its effects on international trade. It defines protectionism as government policies that restrict free trade to protect local industries from foreign competition, through measures like tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. It then discusses different types of protectionist policies and their impacts. While protectionism aims to protect domestic jobs in the short-term, it ultimately makes countries less competitive and can strain foreign relations. The document also notes arguments for and against protectionism, and that while protection may help infant industries, it discourages innovation and leads to lower quality, more expensive domestic goods over time.
Problems with develpoing country
Developing countries face several barriers to trade within regional blocks, including poor physical infrastructure like lack of railway connections, arduous customs processes, and differing policies on skilled labor. They also highly depend on exports to advanced nations for imports and markets, but these export markets can be unstable since they rely on primary commodities. Landlocked countries further depend on neighbors' infrastructure, relations, stability, and practices. Developing countries also face limited market access due to protectionism and trade barriers from advanced nations, especially in agriculture where subsidized surpluses are dumped on world markets at lower prices.
Customs Issues and Procedure Part 10.pptx
This document discusses exporting goods from Canada and provides information on:
- The importance of exporting for the Canadian economy through job creation, economic growth, and utilization of resources.
- The process of exporting goods and connecting Canadian businesses to international markets.
- Both the benefits of exporting such as access to new customers and markets, and the challenges such as regulatory compliance, cultural differences, and currency exchange rate risks.
More Related Content
What's hot
Tariff restriction ppt
This document discusses tariffs and their economic effects. It defines tariffs as taxes on imports and describes different types of tariffs such as ad valorem and specific tariffs. The document then analyzes the consumption, production, trade, and revenue effects of imposing a tariff using a partial equilibrium model. It also discusses the impact of tariffs on consumer and producer surplus. Finally, it provides an example comparing the effects of a tariff versus an import quota.
import substitution
The document discusses import substitution as a strategy for economic development. It defines import substitution as restricting imports that compete with domestic products in order to promote local production. The objectives of import substitution include promoting domestic industries, generating employment, and improving the balance of payments. While import substitution can increase employment and resilience, the industries may become inefficient without international competition. Effective import substitution requires industries that utilize local resources and demand.
Balance of payments
This document discusses disequilibrium in a country's balance of payments. It defines balance of payments equilibrium as equal demand and supply of foreign currency in a period. Disequilibrium occurs when there is a surplus or deficit, meaning exports are greater or less than imports respectively. The document then discusses various causes of disequilibrium including economic, natural, political, and social factors. It outlines different types of economic disequilibrium and provides examples. Finally, it discusses automatic and deliberate measures countries take to correct disequilibrium, such as monetary, trade, and miscellaneous policy actions aimed at increasing exports and decreasing imports.
Multilateralism & regional integration
Multilateralism, Regional Integration, Various Trade Blocs, Cartels, Commodity Agreement and State Trading Corporation
Free trade vs protection
This document discusses the arguments for and against free trade versus protectionism. It begins by providing context from classical economists who argued for free trade, and the rise of protectionism post-World War II. It then outlines the key arguments for free trade, including specialization, increased prosperity, and competitive pressures. Arguments against free trade include the potential harm to developing economies and domestic industries. The document also discusses the economic and non-economic arguments in favor of protectionism, such as for infant industries, employment, and national defense. Finally, it notes some arguments against protectionism like increased prices and reduced innovation.
Meeting 5 - Leontief Paradox (International Economics)
Leontief attempted to empirically test the Heckscher-Ohlin theory that predicted countries would export goods intensive in their abundant factors and import goods intensive in their scarce factors. However, his analysis found the opposite - that the US exported labor-intensive goods despite being capital abundant. This contradiction became known as Leontief's paradox. Explanations for the paradox included differences in labor productivity between countries and the oversimplification of excluding natural resources. Later studies by others found similar paradoxical results for other countries like Japan. The paradox led some economists to dismiss the Heckscher-Ohlin theory in favor of models based on technological differences.
Hypothesis of secular deterioration of terms of trade
The document summarizes the Prebisch-Singer thesis, which argues that terms of trade tend to deteriorate against primary commodities and in favor of manufactured goods over time. It presents the key assumptions of the thesis, including that income elasticity of demand is greater for manufactured goods than primary products. As a result, as incomes rise in developed countries, demand shifts away from primary commodities exported by developing countries towards manufactured goods produced in developed nations. This leads to a long-term decline in terms of trade for developing country exports.
Institutions & Economic Development
This document discusses institutions and economic development. It summarizes the evolution of thinking around institutions and development, from the Washington Consensus era to the rise of New Institutional Economics and its limitations. More recent frameworks like Acemoglu and Robinson's theory of inclusive vs extractive institutions and North, Wallis, and Weingast's theory of open vs limited access orders are described. The document argues that informal institutions like "deals" between elites and economic actors better explain economic growth and stagnation in most developing countries compared to formal institutional indicators. Shifts between different "deals environments" like disordered to ordered can trigger growth accelerations, while maintaining openness is key for sustained growth, but difficult due to elite resistance.
chapter 3 Tariff
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an International Economics textbook. It covers theories for trade protection such as the infant industry argument. It then discusses tariffs, including import/export tariffs and calculations of effective rates of protection. Finally, it examines nontariff barriers such as import quotas, tariff-rate quotas, and subsidies. For quotas and tariffs, it outlines the impacts on consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue. The chapter suggests quotas impose larger losses than equivalent tariffs due to restrictions on consumption.
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) ppt
Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) are economic reform policies imposed by the IMF and World Bank on developing countries as conditions for receiving loans. SAPs began in the 1980s and involved 187 programs across 64 countries. They aimed to boost exports, reduce government deficits, and improve investment climates. Typical SAP measures included currency devaluation, cutting social spending, privatizing industries, and deregulating markets. While SAPs achieved some economic growth in countries like Ghana, they also had many negative social impacts by reducing education, healthcare and living standards. Critics argue SAPs undermine national sovereignty and prioritize private profits over public welfare. In response to criticisms of SAPs, the IMF and World Bank introduced Poverty
The Terms of Trade
This revision presentation guides students through an introduction to the terms of trade. It explains what the terms of trade are and why they matter.
The bretton woods system
The Bretton Woods system established in 1944 aimed to govern international monetary and exchange rate regulations through institutions like the IMF and World Bank. It intended to set a fixed exchange rate between currencies pegged to the U.S. dollar, which was pegged to gold. This was expected to promote international cooperation and financial stability. However, the system broke down in the 1970s as countries could no longer maintain the required exchange rate adjustments due to large balance of payments crises, replacing it with floating exchange rates.
Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
The document defines and describes key aspects of a country's Balance of Payments account, including that it is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually annually. It includes components like the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. The balance of payments can be in deficit, surplus, or balanced depending on whether receipts are greater than, less than, or equal payments. Countries employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a deficit.
Balance of payment
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and official settlements account. The current account covers exports and imports of goods and services. The capital account covers financial flows. Disequilibriums in the BOP can be corrected through automatic measures like changes in exchange rates or deliberate measures like trade policy changes and monetary policy tools.
International debt problem
The document discusses international debt, defining it as money owed by a country or its citizens and corporations to foreign creditors or international financial institutions. It notes that developing countries have been particularly impacted, having to divert funds away from social services to repay debts. The document outlines some major debt crises like those in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2008, and suggests solutions like debtor countries regaining access to capital markets, reducing outflows, and greater involvement from the IMF and World Bank.
Characteristics of underdeveloped economies
Underdeveloped economies are characterized by low per capita incomes, underutilized resources, inefficient production techniques, and potential for growth. They have incomes of $1025 or less and rely on agriculture, suffering from poverty, unemployment, and low levels of living. Population growth outpaces economic growth, exacerbating unemployment and poverty. Development requires improving infrastructure, education, health, and industrialization to increase productivity and standards of living.
Free Trade Vs Protectionism
The document discusses protectionism and trade liberalization. Protectionism refers to restricting trade between countries through tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs increase import prices while quotas restrict quantities. Non-tariff barriers make trade costly through regulations and standards. Countries adopt protectionism to shield domestic industries and jobs and for strategic or political reasons. Trade liberalization aims to reduce these barriers by promoting specialization, efficient resource allocation, and market access through agreements like GATT and the WTO. However, fully liberalizing world trade faces challenges in removing barriers like agricultural subsidies.
Ibrd ppt
this presentation explains what is IBRD, what are the goals, purposes, bjectives, challenges faced and the projects that are undertaken by IBRD.
Tariffs and quota
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported or exported goods. There are several types of tariffs including specific tariffs (fixed amount per unit), ad valorem tariffs (fixed percentage of value), and compound tariffs (combination of specific and ad valorem). Tariffs can be used for revenue generation or protecting domestic industries. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, and include tariff quotas, unilateral quotas negotiated bilaterally. Import licensing systems administer quota regulations by requiring licenses to import goods.
Protectionism.ppt. by hope
This document provides an overview of protectionism and its effects on international trade. It defines protectionism as government policies that restrict free trade to protect local industries from foreign competition, through measures like tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. It then discusses different types of protectionist policies and their impacts. While protectionism aims to protect domestic jobs in the short-term, it ultimately makes countries less competitive and can strain foreign relations. The document also notes arguments for and against protectionism, and that while protection may help infant industries, it discourages innovation and leads to lower quality, more expensive domestic goods over time.
What's hot (20)
Meeting 5 - Leontief Paradox (International Economics)
Meeting 5 - Leontief Paradox (International Economics)
Hypothesis of secular deterioration of terms of trade
Hypothesis of secular deterioration of terms of trade
Similar to Trading problems of developing countries
Problems with develpoing country
Developing countries face several barriers to trade within regional blocks, including poor physical infrastructure like lack of railway connections, arduous customs processes, and differing policies on skilled labor. They also highly depend on exports to advanced nations for imports and markets, but these export markets can be unstable since they rely on primary commodities. Landlocked countries further depend on neighbors' infrastructure, relations, stability, and practices. Developing countries also face limited market access due to protectionism and trade barriers from advanced nations, especially in agriculture where subsidized surpluses are dumped on world markets at lower prices.
Customs Issues and Procedure Part 10.pptx
This document discusses exporting goods from Canada and provides information on:
- The importance of exporting for the Canadian economy through job creation, economic growth, and utilization of resources.
- The process of exporting goods and connecting Canadian businesses to international markets.
- Both the benefits of exporting such as access to new customers and markets, and the challenges such as regulatory compliance, cultural differences, and currency exchange rate risks.
Nichodemus rudaheranwa1
The document discusses key issues related to international trade for least developed countries (LDCs). It notes that LDC exports are highly concentrated in a few commodities and markets, leaving them vulnerable to price fluctuations. While LDC exports grew rapidly in the 2000s, the economic crisis caused declines. The document outlines measures LDCs could take to better exploit natural resources, strengthen trade preferences, and ensure financing supports economic growth to help LDCs develop their economies through international trade.
Session ii ndebesa presentation
The document discusses agricultural development and trade issues in Uganda. It finds that while Uganda's GDP growth has been high, agricultural productivity has declined in recent decades due to factors like lack of improved inputs, animal and plant diseases, and unreliable weather. Uganda is also landlocked, relying on neighbors for trade, but this poses challenges like high transportation costs and delays. The document recommends that Uganda prioritize improving agricultural productivity through investment, research, and adoption of new technologies. It also suggests improving trade facilitation through regional agreements and infrastructure development to address challenges of being landlocked.
Trade barriers
This document discusses various tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. It defines a tariff as a tax on imported goods that increases their price. Common tariff barriers include customs duties and export taxes. While tariffs protect local industries and jobs, they also increase prices for consumers. The document also examines how tariffs impact domestic production and imports. It then outlines various types of important tariff barriers. Next, it defines non-tariff barriers as obstacles other than tariffs, such as quotas, embargoes and product standards. The document lists some examples of non-tariff barriers and their impacts.
Brussels Briefing 47: Dominique Njinkeu "Challenges and successes in impleme...
Brussels Briefing 47: Dominique Njinkeu "Challenges and successes in impleme...Brussels Briefings (brusselsbriefings.net)
The Brussels Development Briefing n.47 on the subject of “Regional Trade in Africa: Drivers, Trends and Opportunities” took place on 3rd February 2017 in Brussels at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels) from 09:00 to 13:00. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with IFPRI, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD .Issues in Indian agriculture economy nowadays
India's agriculture sector faces several challenges including infrastructure issues, quality concerns, and barriers to trade. Logistics costs are high due to poor road and rail networks and inadequate storage facilities. Food processing contributes significantly to GDP but the industry remains largely unorganized. Both imports and exports face tariffs and non-tariff barriers from other countries. Recent events like the Russia-Ukraine war have disrupted trade and increased costs. Trade agreements have increased competition for Indian farmers while also providing new export markets. Overall the sector has potential for growth but requires improvements and investment in infrastructure, food safety, and trade policy.
Challenges strategies eac-victor_ogalo
The document discusses key challenges and constraints for trade in the East African Community (EAC) region. It outlines issues like low industrialization, lack of access to technology, inadequate infrastructure, and difficulties meeting standards of developed countries. It also discusses shortcomings of Aid for Trade at both the global and domestic levels, including a lack of coordination, minimal resources, and a focus on infrastructure over supporting small businesses and informal sectors. It argues Aid for Trade should prioritize building capacity of small producers and linking them to export markets in key sectors like agriculture, textiles, and tourism.
Menaiee6
The document summarizes recent economic outcomes and short-term prospects in the Middle East and North Africa region. It notes that the region experienced high growth rates around 6% from 2002-2005 driven by increased oil prices and revenues. However, resource-poor countries were negatively impacted by the end of the Multifibers Agreement and reduced textile exports. Overall, the region saw declining unemployment rates around 12% on average and strong export growth of 14% annually from 2002-2005. For long-term growth, resource-poor countries implemented structural reforms in areas like trade liberalization, privatization, and job creation.
Trade Policy and Strategy Framework.ppt
The document discusses South Africa's Trade Policy and Strategy Framework. It notes structural challenges in the economy like poverty, inequality and unemployment. The framework aims to promote industrialization and export diversification to create jobs. Tariff policy will support sectors identified in industrial strategies. International trade is dynamic so South Africa must build production capacity and export value-added goods to compete globally. The role of trade policy is to facilitate an inclusive growth path oriented toward labor-intensive industries and knowledge-based sectors.
OCR F585 Economics - Extract 1 - Globalisation and Trade
Globalization is a process of increasing economic integration between countries through trade and financial flows. It has led to rising trade as a percentage of GDP for most countries as global supply chains have developed. Smaller and poorer countries like Malawi have seen particularly large increases in trade as a share of their economy, reflecting their specialization in just a few primary exports and dependence on imports. While globalization can boost growth, it also exposes smaller economies to volatility from global markets.
Digital artifact final project
1. Global value chains (GVCs) have led to a large increase in international trade since the 1990s by breaking up production processes across multiple countries according to their areas of specialization. This allows firms and countries to benefit from efficiency gains.
2. Empirical evidence shows that GVCs have contributed more to income growth than traditional trade models through their productivity-enhancing effects. GVC participation also delivers more and better jobs, leading to greater poverty reduction.
3. While GVCs have driven significant economic growth, developing countries may not share equally in the gains if they only participate in natural resource-based industries. GVCs also present challenges for tax systems and could reduce the viability of currency de
The impact of informal cross border trade on regional intergration in sadc an...
1. Informal cross-border trade (ICBT) plays an important role in regional integration in Southern African Development Community (SADC) by building informal networks between people and countries. However, ICBT faces many obstacles.
2. ICBT traders experience challenges related to lack of infrastructure like roads and internet access. They also face difficulties with standards, access to finance, visa restrictions, and harassment at borders. Additional support is needed to help ICBT overcome these obstacles.
3. Addressing the challenges facing ICBT could help strengthen regional integration in SADC and boost economic development. Both governments and private sectors need to work together to establish policies that better facilitate and support informal cross-border trade.
Tanzania manufacturing: Sector opportunity scan - Part II (2019)
Sector prioritization to inform selection process, assessing key manufacturing sectors using country-level, sector-specific data, combined with qualitative assessment of each sector’s performance on key competitiveness measures.
Trade Policies for the Developing Nations
Developing nations face challenges in international trade including dependence on exports of primary goods, unstable export markets, and worsening terms of trade. They have attempted remedies like commodity agreements to stabilize prices, but these have had limited success. Developing nations have pursued both import substitution strategies, protecting domestic industries behind trade barriers, and export-led growth, focusing on manufactured exports. While both have benefits, import substitution risks inefficiency while export-led growth depends on demand in foreign markets. Case studies show mixed results for different countries' trade strategies.
Global interdependence - A level Human Geography - Trade and Debt
Global trade is impacted by many factors including historical colonial ties, resource endowments, locational advantages, trade agreements, and debt burdens. Some key points from the document are:
- Countries' trade patterns are still influenced by historical colonial relationships as countries tend to trade most with their former colonial powers.
- A country's natural resource endowments, such as oil reserves or agricultural potential, impact what goods it can export and trade relationships.
- Geographic location provides advantages if a country is near major markets or transportation routes.
- Trade agreements and trading blocs like the EU promote trade between member countries but can disadvantage non-members.
- Debt burdens, from factors like colonial
LLDC things to know
The document discusses key issues facing landlocked developing countries and provides recommendations. It covers 5 priority areas: 1) fundamental transit policy issues, 2) infrastructure development and maintenance, 3) international trade and trade facilitation, 4) international support measures, and 5) implementation and review. Some of the major challenges identified include high transport costs due to lack of direct access to sea, poor infrastructure, and inefficient border procedures. Recommendations focus on improving transit policies, increasing investment in transport infrastructure, and facilitating international trade.
Research publication summary_Structure of the Malaysian Economy - An Input - ...
This document discusses findings from research on the sources of Malaysia's national income across four chapters:
1) Domestic demand contributes significantly to GDP but imports are overestimated, underestimating trade's contribution.
2) Policy decisions based on single multipliers can misrepresent impacts; appropriate multipliers depend on goals. Key sectors consistently contribute high value-added.
3) Manufacturing zones contribute substantially to exports but with higher foreign content, lowering domestic value-added.
4) Small and medium enterprises are highly linked to but not integrated with large sectors; they produce with higher value-added intensity than larger sectors.
Export Base Model
This document discusses Douglas North's export-base theory of regional economic growth. It states that North believed regions are open and interconnected, with goods and services flowing between them, and that a region's growth depends on the expansion and success of its export sector. Increased exports lead to increased regional income, production capacity, and overall economic activity. The pillars of the export-base model are that a region shares a common export base and its growth is determined by its export sector's performance. Criticisms include that the model gives undue importance to exports over domestic growth potential and ignores issues like tariffs and government policies.
Rao 4b factors in food security 2 trade and aid
This document discusses the role of international trade and food aid in global food security. It outlines trends in food trade, the structure of international food markets, impacts of trade agreements like GATT on agriculture and food security. The document also analyzes different types of food aid and how to improve the efficacy of food aid interventions based on the nature of food deficits in recipient countries.
Similar to Trading problems of developing countries (20)
Brussels Briefing 47: Dominique Njinkeu "Challenges and successes in impleme...
Brussels Briefing 47: Dominique Njinkeu "Challenges and successes in impleme...
OCR F585 Economics - Extract 1 - Globalisation and Trade
OCR F585 Economics - Extract 1 - Globalisation and Trade
The impact of informal cross border trade on regional intergration in sadc an...
The impact of informal cross border trade on regional intergration in sadc an...
Tanzania manufacturing: Sector opportunity scan - Part II (2019)
Tanzania manufacturing: Sector opportunity scan - Part II (2019)
Global interdependence - A level Human Geography - Trade and Debt
Global interdependence - A level Human Geography - Trade and Debt
Research publication summary_Structure of the Malaysian Economy - An Input - ...
Research publication summary_Structure of the Malaysian Economy - An Input - ...
Recently uploaded
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the what'sapp contact of my personal pi vendor
+12349014282
Eco-Innovations and Firm Heterogeneity. Evidence from Italian Family and Nonf...
Eco-Innovations and Firm Heterogeneity. Evidence from Italian Family and Nonf...University of Calabria
The study analyzes differences and primary drivers of green performance between family firms and non-family firms
SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptx
SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptxGodwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdf
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
一比一原版(UCSB毕业证)圣芭芭拉分校毕业证如何办理
UCSB毕业证文凭证书【微信95270640】办理圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单（Q微信95270640）毕业证学历认证OFFER专卖国外文凭学历学位证书办理澳洲文凭|澳洲毕业证,澳洲学历认证,澳洲成绩单 澳洲offer,教育部学历认证及使馆认证永久可查 ,国外毕业证|国外学历认证,国外学历文凭证书 UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，专业为留学生办理毕业证、成绩单、使馆留学回国人员证明、教育部学历学位认证、录取通知书、Offer、
【实体公司】办圣芭芭拉分校圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单学历认证学位证文凭认证办留信网认证办留服认证办教育部认证（网上可查实体公司专业可靠）
— — — 留学归国服务中心 — — -
【主营项目】
一.圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单使馆认证教育部认证成绩单等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理流程：
1客户提供圣芭芭拉分校圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。
专业服务请勿犹豫联系我！本公司是留学创业和海归创业者们的桥梁。一次办理终生受用一步到位高效服务。详情请在线咨询办理,欢迎有诚意办理的客户咨询!洽谈。
招聘代理：本公司诚聘英国加拿大澳洲新西兰美国法国德国新加坡各地代理人员如果你有业余时间有兴趣就请联系我们咨询顾问：+微信:95270640田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜往往在瓜棚里坐上一刻饱吃一顿后山娃就领着阿黑漫山遍野地跑阿黑是一条黑色的大猎狗挺机灵的是山室
where can I find a legit pi merchant online
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
+12349014282
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...Godwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Lecture slide titled Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria - Prof Oyedokun.pptxIndependent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial Reports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership Networks
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
一比一原版(UoB毕业证)伯明翰大学毕业证如何办理
UoB本科学位证成绩单【微信95270640】伯明翰大学没毕业>办理伯明翰大学毕业证成绩单【微信UoB】UoB毕业证成绩单UoB学历证书UoB文凭《UoB毕业套号文凭网认证伯明翰大学毕业证成绩单》《哪里买伯明翰大学毕业证文凭UoB成绩学校快递邮寄信封》《开版伯明翰大学文凭》UoB留信认证本科硕士学历认证
如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单；
3、不清楚流程以及材料该如何准备伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单；
4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
5、回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
6、企事业单位必须要求办理的；
面向美国乔治城大学毕业留学生提供以下服务:
【★伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单毕业证、成绩单等全套材料，从防伪到印刷，从水印到钢印烫金，与学校100%相同】
【★真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明），使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认】
【★真实教育部认证，教育部存档，教育部留服网站可查】
【★真实留信认证，留信网入库存档，可查伯明翰大学伯明翰大学硕士毕业证成绩单】
我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助伯明翰大学同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救伯明翰大学失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救伯明翰大学一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生伯明翰大学的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜往往在瓜棚里坐上一刻饱吃一顿后山娃就领着阿黑漫山遍野地跑阿黑是一条黑色的大猎狗挺机灵的是山娃多年的忠实伙伴平时山娃上学阿黑也摇头晃脑地跟去暑假用不着上学阿钩
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
在线办理(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth CapitalRecently uploaded (20)
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
Eco-Innovations and Firm Heterogeneity. Evidence from Italian Family and Nonf...
Eco-Innovations and Firm Heterogeneity. Evidence from Italian Family and Nonf...
Applying the Global Internal Audit Standards_AIS.pdf
Applying the Global Internal Audit Standards_AIS.pdf
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership Networks
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership Networks
G20 summit held in India. Proper presentation for G20 summit
G20 summit held in India. Proper presentation for G20 summit
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
How Non-Banking Financial Companies Empower Startups With Venture Debt Financing
Tumelo-deep-dive-into-pass-through-voting-Feb23 (1).pdf
Tumelo-deep-dive-into-pass-through-voting-Feb23 (1).pdf
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Trading problems of developing countries
- 1. TRADING PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BY MANISH SHIVALE Email id : manishshivalerockstar@gmail.com
- 3. LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Barriers to trade within the regional blocks • the primary barrier to trade with its regional partners is the poor physical infrastructure development in terms of quality, maintenance and connectivity within the organization. • for example Uganda lacks railway connection to Rwanda, Sudan which increased trade transaction and depressed trade opportunities within regions.
- 4. • Persistent interference with ground transportation,especially truck transportation,characterised by arduous customs and roadblocks checks The EAC and largely COMESA partner states are currently entwined in exporting substitutable products rather than complements. For example, all the EAC partner states export to each other, inter alia, plastics, dairy products, food stuff, soap products, cement, paints and varnishes, and vegetable, fats and palm oil. This has generated unnecessary competition within the single market, which in turn has limited the gains from trade, especially for Uganda because it is landlocked and incurs more production costs for the transportation of some raw materials. Thus, Uganda needs to rapidly diversify its exports, especially in the services industry, in order to reap the gains of integration.
- 5. • Disadjustment in the respective partner migration policies toward skilled labor to facilitate the flow of labor and to address persistent skills shortages in specific fields.
- 6. EMERGING MARKETS Highly dependence on Advanced Nations • majority of exports go to advanced nations and imports come from these advanced nations
- 7. • unstable export markets • exports are based on primary products like agricultural products , raw materials and fuels. • during poor harvest or decrease in demands for nation's specialised product,significantly reduces revenues from export. • disrupt domestic income and damage employment levels.
- 8. • limited market access • protectionism and trade barriers imposed by advanced nations has been hindrance to nation's market access. • global protectionism in agricultural.
- 9. • the unwanted surplus that resulted from government subsidies are dumped into world market at lower price , which in turn decreases prices for agricultural commodities in market and reduce export revenues significantly for developing countries.
- 10. • landlocked countries in trade • dependence on neighbours’ infrastructure; • dependence on sound cross- border political relations; • dependence on neighbours’ peace and stability; and • dependence on neighbours’ administrative practices.
Editor's Notes
- The very idea of Free Trade is, of course, a noble one. The idea is to bring the third World nations of Latin America, Asia, and Africa into a fair competition with, and economic parity with, the Western countries. The many strong pro- and con- convictions of a number of respected authors do deal with the fact that the original framework, which was based on the Industrial Revolution has vanished. It has already been mentioned that the idea of a “ borderless economy” is now a fait accompli. The world, therefore, no longer “consists of a series of closed national economies, each with its unique set and factors of production….But there is a problem with this view of the world.
- There are three economic developments in the past decade that make “International Business” and its management a vital means of economic domination. First, there is the communications explosion. Second, the development of the “euro” currency which makes the whole of Europe (the EU) a predominant economic and fiancial force to be reckoned with. And, the third development is the rise and fall and rise of various Asian nations