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Hypertension treatment aims to reduce blood pressure and prevent organ damage and mortality. While all antihypertensive medications are not equal, ACE inhibitors like perindopril have been shown to significantly reduce total mortality compared to ARBs. Perindopril in particular has proven effective across the cardiovascular disease continuum alone or in combination therapy. The perindopril/amlodipine combination specifically rapidly achieves blood pressure goals and controls other blood pressure parameters, and is the only RAAS inhibitor-amlodipine combination with clinical outcome data supporting its use.
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Heart failure is a pathophysiological state in which structural or functional cardiac disorder impairs the ability of the heart to function as a pump to support the physiological circulation. The medical therapy remains the
mainstay of treatment in these patients. The medical therapy can improve the quality of life and the longevity in
these patients, but this becomes insufficient in refractory heart failure. The heart failure is considered refractory when patients continued to be symptomatic despite optimal dose of medications, characterized by advanced structural heart disease. These patients will need frequent hospitalizations and the overall prognosis is very poor.
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- There is a need for an optimal drug that acts at multiple levels and can be developed into combination pills with synergistic or complementary action.
- The drug cilnidipine inhibits both L-type and N-type calcium channels, providing advantages over traditional calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in reducing blood pressure across patient populations and comorbidities while also reducing proteinuria and edema risk. It is an effective option for hypertension management.
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2) A total of 4018 patients were randomly assigned to receive either ticagrelor or prasugrel.
3) The primary endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke occurred in 9.1% of patients in the ticagrelor group compared to 6.8% in the prasugrel group, showing prasugrel was superior.
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3. The document compares arterial and venous compliance, noting that veins are more compliant and act as reservoirs due to their thin walls, storing over 60% of the blood volume.
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (Pathophysiology)
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dysfunction that occurs independently of coronary artery disease or hypertension. Hyperglycemia causes structural and functional damage to cardiac myocytes through increased advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress that impair calcium handling. Other risk factors include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Over time, these factors can lead to myocardial fibrosis and decreased systolic and diastolic function. Strict control of blood sugar and associated cardiovascular risk factors is important to prevent and manage diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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- Key trials included MDC (1993) showing reduced mortality and heart transplantation, CIBIS-II (1999) showing reduced mortality with bisoprolol, MERIT-HF (1999) showing reduced mortality with metoprolol CR/XL, and COPERNICUS (2001) showing reduced mortality, hospitalizations, and worsening heart failure with carvedilol.
- Meta-analyses demonstrated a consistent mortality reduction of approximately 35% associated with beta-blocker use in
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Heart failure is a pathophysiological state in which structural or functional cardiac disorder impairs the ability of the heart to function as a pump to support the physiological circulation. The medical therapy remains the
mainstay of treatment in these patients. The medical therapy can improve the quality of life and the longevity in
these patients, but this becomes insufficient in refractory heart failure. The heart failure is considered refractory when patients continued to be symptomatic despite optimal dose of medications, characterized by advanced structural heart disease. These patients will need frequent hospitalizations and the overall prognosis is very poor.
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- There is a need for an optimal drug that acts at multiple levels and can be developed into combination pills with synergistic or complementary action.
- The drug cilnidipine inhibits both L-type and N-type calcium channels, providing advantages over traditional calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in reducing blood pressure across patient populations and comorbidities while also reducing proteinuria and edema risk. It is an effective option for hypertension management.
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2) A total of 4018 patients were randomly assigned to receive either ticagrelor or prasugrel.
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