This document reviews bioactive compounds found in functional buckwheat foods. It discusses buckwheat's general properties, rare components, functional effects, and metabolic engineering efforts to increase bioactive compounds. Buckwheat is high in proteins, flavonoids like rutin, and other compounds that have health benefits. Recent research has focused on developing buckwheat teas and modifying buckwheat through metabolic engineering to enhance its nutritional and medical properties. The review analyzes the progress that has been made in improving buckwheat as a functional food.
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Chemical Examination of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Amino Acid and Seed Pr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Amino acid composition as well as the seed protein solubility of (Hura crepitans) seeds was studied. The chemical scores for the determined amino acids of the seed in % showed tryptophan, leucine, methionine and isoleucine with 175.71, 175.00, 161.82 and 134.52 as the most abundant amino acids in that order while lysine and phenylalanine with 44.29 and 45.71 respectively were the most limiting amino acids. The ratio of percentage essential and non-essential amino acids in the seed was found to be 79: 21. All the values determined for amino acids were higher than the FAO/WHO standard except for lysine, cysteine and phenylalanine where lower values were obtained. Four solvents (0.1M each of NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaCl) were used to test for solubility of the seed protein and out of these, 0.1M NaOH was found to be the most effective solvent compared to the deionized distilled water. The protein was found to be more soluble in the alkaline than the acidic medium with PH4 having the lowest protein solubility of 20% while PH8 have the highest solubility of 65% after which increasing pH do not increase solubility and a relative stability established. The outcome of this work is a useful indication of how well protein isolate would perform when they are applied to food and to the extent of protein denaturation due to chemical treatment,
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
Medicinal value of plant Dactylorhiza hatagiera including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of
Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some
Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g
were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A –
normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry
leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group
D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the
following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated
that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit
remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these
three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and
white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare
with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf)
andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit
hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Chemical Examination of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Amino Acid and Seed Pr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Amino acid composition as well as the seed protein solubility of (Hura crepitans) seeds was studied. The chemical scores for the determined amino acids of the seed in % showed tryptophan, leucine, methionine and isoleucine with 175.71, 175.00, 161.82 and 134.52 as the most abundant amino acids in that order while lysine and phenylalanine with 44.29 and 45.71 respectively were the most limiting amino acids. The ratio of percentage essential and non-essential amino acids in the seed was found to be 79: 21. All the values determined for amino acids were higher than the FAO/WHO standard except for lysine, cysteine and phenylalanine where lower values were obtained. Four solvents (0.1M each of NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaCl) were used to test for solubility of the seed protein and out of these, 0.1M NaOH was found to be the most effective solvent compared to the deionized distilled water. The protein was found to be more soluble in the alkaline than the acidic medium with PH4 having the lowest protein solubility of 20% while PH8 have the highest solubility of 65% after which increasing pH do not increase solubility and a relative stability established. The outcome of this work is a useful indication of how well protein isolate would perform when they are applied to food and to the extent of protein denaturation due to chemical treatment,
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
Medicinal value of plant Dactylorhiza hatagiera including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of
Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some
Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g
were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A –
normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry
leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group
D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the
following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated
that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit
remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these
three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and
white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare
with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf)
andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit
hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of grape fruit varieties in ...EditorIJAERD
Theni districts could be considered one of the highest grapes producing area also export best quality of
Paneer dhrakshai Indian table grapes in Tamil Nadu. The research work focused to identify the nutritive compounds in
the grapes (Vitis vinifera) species which are a wonderful fruit having pulp content, vibrant color and exert an immense
health benefits. Grape fruits were found to be rich source of Anthocyanin content and vitamin C also macromolecules
contents such as carbohydrate contents of 29mg, Protein 18.7mg and fat content 3.7mg /100 g of f. wt. Micronutrients
were estimated by AAS which showed that calcium content was 3.1mg/g.f.wt, iron content 2.7 mg/g.f.wt, potassium 2.6
mg/g.f.wt found to be more than other minerals in fresh extracts of grape fruits. The comparative results of revealed
considerable amount of phytoconstituents in grape fruits in which anthocyanins alone has been taken to evaluate
therapeutic effects on breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell viability test was carried out to determine cell proliferation. The
results revealed presence of anthocyanins in high quantity in the process of purification through various biochemical
methods that could ultimately be used for preventing cancerous cell proliferation which reduces the development of
cancer diseases. On comparison Grapes (Vitis vinifera) may serve as functional food with vital pharmaceutical and
biological value.
Use of date syrup as alternative carbon source for microbial cultivationPremier Publishers
In the present work, date syrup and date fruit soaked water as alternative carbon source for biomass production of Bacillus megaterium as model organism was optimized. Maximum biomass production was obtained on 2.8, 4.1 g/l for molasses and date fruits soaked respectively. This source was substantially greater than could be attained on media that used various other carbon sources. The optimal medium for producing the biomass was a mineral medium formulated with 8% of date syrup as the carbon source and 0.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4as the nitrogen source. At optimal fermentation time of 48 hrs, at 30oC.Water soaked and date syrup can be used to inexpensively produce biomassin batch fermentations using B. megaterium as phosphorus solubilizing soil bacteria. Farther more studies should be focused on agriculture cheapest sources as nature alternatives for carbon ear nitrogen sources.
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Cucurbits are edible crops, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. They are climbers with reserves in roots and are distributed mainly in tropical zones. They are mostly moist vines and are distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. The member of this family are excellent fruit crops having most of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required for the good health of humans. All parts of the Cucurbitaceae plants (leaf, stem, root or tuber, fruit and seeds) are used in the traditional system of medicine. Wide research is going on to search a new active compound and to analyze their medicinal properties. The present review of Cucurbitaceae family deals with the very large amount of updated information of scientific research and report in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology. In this study, we have documented some of the important plants viz., Mukia maderaspatana, Solena amplexicaulis, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Kedrostis foetidissima.
Is is a project proposal by which the antimicrobial and antioxidant property of Phyllanthus acidus will be explored that will open a new door for the innovation of new medicine.
Just regarded to those who trying to learn somethings.. . thanks to those who read this slide... Just pray for me , for my parents and for my teachers...
Signal transduction in plant defence responsesrkravikirankt
Plant respond to the attack of diseases by triggering various bio-molecules insider their system to combat the infection and establishment of the pathogens. these response operate in specified pathways mediated by many enzymes starting from the infection site to the nucleus which together constitute the signal transduction pathway.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of grape fruit varieties in ...EditorIJAERD
Theni districts could be considered one of the highest grapes producing area also export best quality of
Paneer dhrakshai Indian table grapes in Tamil Nadu. The research work focused to identify the nutritive compounds in
the grapes (Vitis vinifera) species which are a wonderful fruit having pulp content, vibrant color and exert an immense
health benefits. Grape fruits were found to be rich source of Anthocyanin content and vitamin C also macromolecules
contents such as carbohydrate contents of 29mg, Protein 18.7mg and fat content 3.7mg /100 g of f. wt. Micronutrients
were estimated by AAS which showed that calcium content was 3.1mg/g.f.wt, iron content 2.7 mg/g.f.wt, potassium 2.6
mg/g.f.wt found to be more than other minerals in fresh extracts of grape fruits. The comparative results of revealed
considerable amount of phytoconstituents in grape fruits in which anthocyanins alone has been taken to evaluate
therapeutic effects on breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell viability test was carried out to determine cell proliferation. The
results revealed presence of anthocyanins in high quantity in the process of purification through various biochemical
methods that could ultimately be used for preventing cancerous cell proliferation which reduces the development of
cancer diseases. On comparison Grapes (Vitis vinifera) may serve as functional food with vital pharmaceutical and
biological value.
Use of date syrup as alternative carbon source for microbial cultivationPremier Publishers
In the present work, date syrup and date fruit soaked water as alternative carbon source for biomass production of Bacillus megaterium as model organism was optimized. Maximum biomass production was obtained on 2.8, 4.1 g/l for molasses and date fruits soaked respectively. This source was substantially greater than could be attained on media that used various other carbon sources. The optimal medium for producing the biomass was a mineral medium formulated with 8% of date syrup as the carbon source and 0.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4as the nitrogen source. At optimal fermentation time of 48 hrs, at 30oC.Water soaked and date syrup can be used to inexpensively produce biomassin batch fermentations using B. megaterium as phosphorus solubilizing soil bacteria. Farther more studies should be focused on agriculture cheapest sources as nature alternatives for carbon ear nitrogen sources.
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Cucurbits are edible crops, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. They are climbers with reserves in roots and are distributed mainly in tropical zones. They are mostly moist vines and are distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. The member of this family are excellent fruit crops having most of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required for the good health of humans. All parts of the Cucurbitaceae plants (leaf, stem, root or tuber, fruit and seeds) are used in the traditional system of medicine. Wide research is going on to search a new active compound and to analyze their medicinal properties. The present review of Cucurbitaceae family deals with the very large amount of updated information of scientific research and report in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology. In this study, we have documented some of the important plants viz., Mukia maderaspatana, Solena amplexicaulis, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Kedrostis foetidissima.
Is is a project proposal by which the antimicrobial and antioxidant property of Phyllanthus acidus will be explored that will open a new door for the innovation of new medicine.
Just regarded to those who trying to learn somethings.. . thanks to those who read this slide... Just pray for me , for my parents and for my teachers...
Signal transduction in plant defence responsesrkravikirankt
Plant respond to the attack of diseases by triggering various bio-molecules insider their system to combat the infection and establishment of the pathogens. these response operate in specified pathways mediated by many enzymes starting from the infection site to the nucleus which together constitute the signal transduction pathway.
ROLE OF JASMONIC ACID IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT &DEFENCE MECHANISMBHU,Varanasi, INDIA
jasmonic acid is a plant immune hormone whicch are imortant for plant defence mechanism and development..its have important role in root growth inhibition,tuber formation,trichome formation ,senescence,flower developmentand increasing arbasculer mycorrhizal activity in root plants,recently it has been reported in various development in rice crop like spikelet development etc.....in defence its play a crucial role against insect and pathogen resistance.Recent insights into the JAs mediated plant defense cascade and better knowledge of key regulation of plant growth and development processes will help us to design future crops with increased biotic stress resistance and better adaptability under changing climate
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
A study on growth performance of Spirulina platensis in different concentrati...AbdullaAlAsif1
An experiment was conducted on culture and growth performance of Spirulina platensis in various concentrations of rotten apple medium (RAM) and Kosaric Medium (KM). The observation was conducted for three months from March to May at the Live Food Culture Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Culture of S. platensis was performed in 1.0L glass flasks in three different media such as 2.5, 5.0 and 10% and KM with three replications under fluorescent light in light : dark (12 hr : 12 hr) condition of a period of 14 days. Growth performances of S. platensis varied from one medium to another. The initial cell weight of S. platensis was 0.0023 mg/L and a maximum cell weight of 12.44 mg/L was found in KM and 10.468 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. It was also observed that, the initial chlorophyll a content of S. platensis was 0.0015 mg/L which was attained at a highest content of 10.54 mg/L in KM and 12.35 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. A decreasing trend of cell weight was observed from 10 th day of culture. The growth of S. platensis was significantly (p<0.05) better in 5.0% Digested Rotten Apple Medium (DRAM) than other concentrations 2.5% DRAM and 10% DRAM. From the results obtained in the present study, it was summarized that the growth of S. platensis was better in the concentrations of 5.0% DRAM than other concentrations of RAM. Thus, the concentration of 5.0% DRAM is most suitable for S. platensis culture compare with standard KM. These media are easily available and most inexpensive in contrast of Bangladesh. So digested rotten apple can be used for commercially and economically viable mass culture of S. platensis.
2. chronic diseases. Buckwheat is the only pseudocereal that contains
rutin, hence it is a beneficial source of this flavonoid. Other phenolic
compounds and flavones such as hyperin, quercitrin, and quercetin
have been detected and isolated from immature buckwheat seeds
(Koyama, Nakamura, & Nakamura, 2011). These compounds are
presumed to be involved in many of the health benefits of tartary buck-
wheat. They possess special medicinal properties such as antihyperten-
sive and antihypercholesterolemic effects at nontoxic concentrations in
humans (Li, Li & Ding, 2010; Li, Park, et al., 2010). Buckwheat protein is
presumed to improve health in various ways, notably reducing serum
cholesterol, suppressing gallstones and tumors, and inhibiting the angio-
tensin I-converting enzyme (Koyama et al., 2011). Buckwheat grain is
characterised by a high content of starch, protein with an advantageous
amino acid composition, a low content of α-gliadin and a high content
of dietary fibre (Dziedzic, Górecka, Kucharska, & Przybylska, 2011). The
buckwheat grains have excellent nutritional value and are recommended
for patients who suffer from typhoid and liver ailments. More specifically,
as buckwheat can be in the production of foods for people with celiac
disease, for those subjects who suffer from gluten intolerance. Buckwheat
tea is a popular health product in Asian and European countries (Qin, Li,
Yang, & Guixing, 2011; Qin, Tingjun, Li, Fang, & Guixing, 2011). In the
last few years, much progress has been made at improving the nutrition
and healing effects of buckwheat functional food. In the present review
we hope to provide a state-of-the-art analysis of several aspects of func-
tional buckwheat food.
2. General characterization of buckwheat
Buckwheat belongs to the Old World genus Fagopyrum Mill.
(Polygonaceae). It is an annual herbaceous plant with origins in
China and Central Asia. The genus Fagopyrum consists of about 19 spe-
cies, recently four new species, Fagopyrum crispatifolium J. L. Liu (Liu,
Tang, et al., 2008), F. pugense T. Yu (Tang et al., 2010), F. qiangcai D. Q.
Bai and F. wenchuanense J. R. Shao (Shao, Zhou, Zhu, Wang, & Bai,
2011), were discovered in the genus Fagopyrum, and their distribution,
taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationship have been clarified
(Liu, Chen, et al., 2008; Liu, Tang, et al., 2008; Shao et al., 2011; Tang
et al., 2010; Zhou, Bai, Tang, Zhu, & Shao, 2012). Of the two cultivated
species, F. esculentum Moench and F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn., F. tataricum
is mainly cultivated in the Himalayas (Fig. 1). Cultivation of F.
esculentum extends from temperate Europe to Japan through the
Indo-Myanmar region. F. cymosum (Trevir.) Meissn, the wild species
of buckwheat, occurs mostly in the Himalayan foot hills and China. It
has been shown that the origin of cultivated tartary buckwheat, the hy-
brid origin of weedy tartary buckwheat and of the wild populations
from central Tibet and northern Pakistan, and the cultivated tartary
buckwheat probably originated in northwestern Yunnan in China
(Tsuji & Ohnishi, 2000). Buckwheat is an important crop that provides
security to traditional farmers under subsistence farming practices.
Owing to its frost resistance, short growth period, and undemanding
cultivation, buckwheat is common in high-altitude areas at 2000 m,
and in Tibet it is found at elevations of up to 4500 m. Buckwheat bears
triangular seeds with black hulls covering the light green to white ker-
nel. The color gets lighter into the inner layers of the kernel. The hull
has a smaller density than water and this fact allows people to easily re-
move the hull from the kernel (Fig. 1). The hardness of the hull depends
on the species of the buckwheat (Li & Zhang, 2001). Generally, F.
esculentum has a softer hull than its F. tataricum relatives. Small, wind-
pollinated buckwheat flowers are borne in clusters or in heads. Usually
the flower is bisexual and has a variable number of parts including 3–5
A B
C D
E F
Fig. 1. Two cultivated buckwheat species. A–E, Different development stage of Fagopyrum tataricum ( Tartary buckwheat ); F, Fagopyrum esculentum ( common buckwheat ). These
pictures were taken by Yu Tang at Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan Province, China, in 2003.
390 Z.-L. Zhang et al. / Food Research International 49 (2012) 389–395
3. sepals and petals that look alike (called tepals), 6–9 stamens, and a sin-
gle pistil. The superior ovary of fused carpels has one chamber (locule)
with one ovule which develops into an achene fruit (Fig. 1).
The protein content in buckwheat is approximately 12% and thus
similar to the protein content found in wheat. The fat content in buck-
wheat is close to 3% whereas the crude fiber concentration is very
high (12.7 and 17.8%, respectively, for two varieties). The high fiber
content results in a low concentration of soluble carbohydrates with
the lowest value of 48.7%. Both buckwheat varieties have a high tan-
nin content (1.76 and 1.54%, respectively). The protein quality is very
high, with biological values above 90% (Eggum, Kreft, & Javornik,
1981). The amino acids in buckwheat protein are well balanced and
are rich compared with other crops. The nutritive value of buckwheat
seeds is much higher than that of cereal crops. The latest report show
that the average protein content of buckwheat is 12.94% (Guo, Chen,
Yang, & Huang, 2007). Buckwheat proteins can show a strong supple-
mental effect when combined with vegetable proteins to improve the
dietary amino acid balance (Li & Zhang, 2001). Consequently, ground
buckwheat is often sieved to remove some of the hull fraction and the
resulting flour is then used for bread, pancakes, noodles, and other
food items.
Buckwheat is rich in polyphenols, including six flavonoids; rutin,
orientin, vitexin, quercetin, isovitexin, and isoorientin (Table 1). Among
these antioxidant components, rutin was recognized as the most health
protective and has also been proven to be anti-inflammatory and
anticarcinogenic (Liu, Chen, et al., 2008, Liu, Tang, et al., 2008). The flavo-
noid content was 40 mg/g in tartary buckwheat seeds as compared to
10 mg/g in common buckwheat seeds (Li & Zhang, 2001). Quercitrin
values were in the range of 0.01–0.05% dry weight (DW) in tartary buck-
wheat herb, which was not found in common buckwheat (Fabjan et al.,
2003). Rutin and quercetin content in seeds depends on variety and
growing conditions (Fabjan et al., 2003). The sum contents of phenolic
compounds in the edible part (mean 24.4 mg/g DW at 6–10 days after
sowing) of tartary buckwheat sprouts were similar to those of common
buckwheat sprouts, rutin contents in the non-germinated/germinated
seeds (mean 14.7 mg/g DW) and edible parts (mean 21.8 mg/g DW) of
tartary buckwheat were 49- and 5-fold, respectively, higher than those
of common buckwheat (Kim et al., 2008). Buckwheat sprouts contained
five kinds of major phenols. The quantities of isoorientin, orientin,
isovitexin, and vitexin at day 3 were 5.8, 11.7, 26.2, and 28.9 mg/100 g
fresh weight (FW), respectively. The rutin content rapidly increased to
109.0 mg/100 g FW until day 6. The highest total phenols in buckwheat
sprouts were 162.9 mg/100 g FW at day 6 (Koyama et al., 2011).
The comparative composition studies of common buckwheat and
tartary buckwheat show higher thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridox-
ine contents, and they are an excellent food for use in preventative
nutrition (Bonafaccia, Marocchini, & Kreft, 2003; Liu, Chen, et al.,
2008; Liu, Tang, et al., 2008). Concentrations of γ-aminobutyric
acid (GABA) and 2″-hydroxynicotianamine (2HN) were quantified
in the leaves of common and tartary buckwheat at 14, 28, and
42 days after sowing (DAS). GABA concentrations peaked at 42
DAS, whereas 2HN concentrations declined with the age of the
plants (Suzuki et al., 2009). Recently, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside
and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-3'-O-β-glucopyranoside were found
in common buckwheat seeds (Li, Li, et al., 2010; Li, Park, et al.,
2010). Total tocopherol concentrations in buckwheat grains ranged
from 14.3 to 21.7 mg/kg (Kim, Kim, & Park, 2002). Buckwheat
achenes have been also recognized as an important resource of
vimamins B1 (thiamin, 3.3 mg/kg), B2 (riboflavin, 10.6 mg/kg), B3
(niacin, 18.0 mg/kg), B5 (pantothenic acid, 11.0 mg/kg), and B6
(pyridoxine, 1.5 mg/kg). In buckwheat sprouts vitamins B1 and B6
and vitamin C were described (Kim et al., 2002). Squalene is an iso-
prenoid compound having six isoprene units that possesses antiox-
idant activities, and it is widely produced in plants. Squalene protects cells
against radicals, strengthens the immune system, and decreases the risk
of various cancers (Kalinova, Triska, & Vrchotova, 2006). R-Tocopherol
was found as the main component of vitamin E in all parts of the
plant. Its content correlates positively with temperature, drought,
and duration of solar radiation. Certain differences appear among varie-
ties of buckwheat, especially in their squalene and rutin contents
(Kalinova et al., 2006). Four catechins [(−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin-
7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (−)-epicatechin-3-O- p-hydroxybenzoate,
and (−)- epicatechin-3-O-(3,4-di-O-methyl)gallate] were isolated from
the ethanol extracts of buckwheat groats, (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate,
procyanidin B2, and procyanidin B2-3'-O-gallate were found in buck-
wheat callus and hairy root cultures (Kalinova et al., 2006). These constit-
uents in the plant tissue are affected by numerous environmental factors
such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, time of harvest, and damage caused by
pests, in addition to genetic or age-related factors. Investigations demon-
strated that significant positive correlations with the mean above sea
level of the growing site and the amounts of certain phenolic antioxidants
(Alonso-Amelot, Oliveros-Bastidas, & Calcagnopisarelli, 2007; Kishore,
Ranjan, Pandey, & Gupta, 2010).
3. Bioactivity studies on buckwheat
Buckwheat protein shows high biological value due to a well-balanced
amino acid pattern and is rich in lysine and arginine. It has been reported
that buckwheat protein has many unique physiological functions, such as
curing chronic human diseases, decreasing blood cholesterin, inhibiting
mammary cancer caused by 7,12-dimethylbenzene, restraining gall-
stone and so on (Tomotake et al., 2000). In humans, consumption of buck-
wheat is associated with a lower prevalence of hyperglycemia and im-
proved glucose tolerance in people with diabetes (Zhang, Zhang, Lu,
Tong, & Cao, 2007). It has been showed that the beneficial effect of a pow-
dered whole buckwheat leaf and flower mixture in rats fed a high-fat diet
(Lee et al., 2010). Because many of the health promoting functions are in-
herently related to the radical scavenging activity of peptides from the
protein digests, it is hypothesised that hydrolysis of buckwheat protein
can release the peptide fragments capable of stabilising reactive oxygen
species and inhibiting lipid oxidation (Ma, Xiong, Zhai, Zhu, & Dziubla,
2010). In rat feeding experiments, studies have proven that buckwheat
Table 1
Summary of bioctive compounds in buckwheat.
Category Examples Notes References
Flavonoids Rutin, Orientin, Quercetin,
Vitexin, Isovitexin, Isoorientin
Found primarily in seeds, these compounds are anti-inflammatory,
anticarcinogenic, and can reduce high blood pressure
Fabjan et al., 2003
Liu, Chen et al., 2008; Liu, Tang et al., 2008
Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 Found primarily in achenes Kim et al., 2002
Vitamins B1, B6, C Found primarily in sprouts Kim et al., 2002
Isoprenoid Squalene Found throughout the plant, squalene is a powerful antioxidant Kalinova et al., 2006
Vitamin E R-Tocopherol Found throughout the plant Kalinova et al., 2006
Iminosugars D-fagomine, 1-deoxynojirimycin Found primarily in seeds, these iminosugars are glycosidase inhibitors Gómez et al., 2011
Amézqueta et al., 2012
Inositol D-Chiro-inositol (DCI) Found throughout the plant, DCI mediates insulin metabolism by
enhancing the action of insulin and decreasing blood pressure
Fonteles et al., 2000; Ueda et al., 2005
Protein TBWSP31 Found in water soluble extracts, TBWSP31 is a novel antitumor protein Guo et al., 2010
391Z.-L. Zhang et al. / Food Research International 49 (2012) 389–395
4. protein extract has hypocholesterolemic, anticonstipation and antiobesity
activities. In addition, buckwheat protein product had a protective effect
against 1,2-dimethyhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in
rats by reducing cell proliferation (Tomotake et al., 2006). Recently, the
TBWSP31 is a novel antitumor protein that was isolated from tartary
buckwheat water-soluble extracts was studied (Guo, Zhu, Zhang, & Yao,
2010). Tartary buckwheat extracts had anti-fatigue properties, which ex-
tended the exhaustive swimming time of mice, effectively inhibiting the
increase of blood lactic acid (BLA), decreasing the level of blood urea
nitrogen (BUN), increasing the tissue glycogen content and the activities
of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of
mice (Jin & Wei, 2011). Moreover, buckwheat polysaccharides (BWPSs)
can significantly stimulate cytokine secretion (differentiation inducer)
and then increase cell differentiation and maturity in monocyte cells
(Wu & Lee, 2011).
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and
Parkinson's disease (PD), have become a major health problem, par-
ticularly in industrialized countries due to increasing number of
elderly population. The most prescribed drug class for AD is cholines-
terase inhibitors at the moment, which is only fine for the symptom-
atic treatment (Larner, 2010). Neuromelanin-containing neurons are
particularly susceptible to degeneration and their depigmentation is
the feature of PD (Hasegawa, 2010). Tyrosinase, which is a chief
enzyme in melanin biosynthesis by means of the production of
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and subsequent molecules,
has ability to accelerate the stimulation of catecholamine quinone de-
rivatives through its oxidase activity. Consequently, inhibition of ty-
rosinase is important in PD treatment. It has been reported that the
ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the seed, stem, and aerial parts
of buckwheat show neuroprotective effect through acetylcholinester-
ase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant
activity (Gulpinar et al., 2012).
The main phenolics of buckwheat extract were rutin, quercitrin, and
quercetin. Rutin (quercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside) is the best-known glyco-
side derived from flavonol quercetin. Rutin has relaxing effects on
smooth muscles and is effective for preventing capillary apoplexy and
retinal hemorrhage, reduce high blood pressure, and show antioxidant
and lipid peroxidation activities. It also has a lipid-lowering activity by
decreasing the absorption of dietary cholesterol as well as lowering plas-
ma and hepatic cholesterol (Jiang, Campbell, Pierce, Austria, & Briggs,
2007; Yang & Ren, 2008). Three flavonoids from tartary buckwheat
bran, namely, quercetin, isoquercetin and rutin, have been evaluated
as R-glucosidase (controlling the blood glucose level) inhibitors by fluo-
rescence spectroscopy and enzymatic kinetics. The R-glucosidase's
activity was obviously affected by the extractive substance (mainly
rutin) and its hydrolysis product (a mixture of quercetin, isoquercetin
and rutin) from tartary buckwheat bran (Li et al., 2009). Rutin can
reduce glucolipotoxic effects through activating AMP-activated protein
kinase signaling to inhibit the activities of lipogenic enzymes and ame-
liorating mitochondrial function, which highlight the possibilities of
rutin as novel strategies for the prevention of type 2 diabetes (Cai &
Lin, 2009). Active oxygen species generated in the body cause damage
to DNA and the lipid membrane structure of cells and play a role in the
process of aging and the development of cancer. It is therefore important
to control the amount of excess active oxygen in our body. Antioxidative
components found in food have been shown to be effective as scaven-
gers of active oxygen (Lu, Ba, & Chen, 2008; Papadopoulou, Green, &
Frazier, 2005). Research has indicated that rutin and quercetin may be
metabolized by albumin-mediated transport in the body. It has been
reported that heating rutin with water-soluble whey protein isolate
(WPI), a milk ingredient, results in the alteration of its antioxidative ac-
tivity. Formation of a rutin-WPI complex enhanced the peroxyl and hy-
droxyl radical scavenging activities of rutin or WPI (Awatsuhara, Harada,
Nomura, Nikaido, & Nagao, 2008). Recently, alkaline luminol chemilu-
minescence and electron spin resonance analysis revealed the formation
of a rutin-ovalbumin complex that markedly enhanced the radical
scavenging activity of rutin. Rutin also demonstrated antioxidative ac-
tivity against hydroxyl radicals in a DNA protection assay (Awatsuhara,
Harada, Maeda, Nomura, & Nagao, 2010). Proanthocyanidins in the
buckwheat flour reduced nitrous acid producing nitric oxide (NO)
when the flour was suspended in acidified saliva or in acidic buffer solu-
tion in the presence of nitrite. The increase in the concentration of NO
could improve the activity of stomach helping the digestion of ingested
foods and the nitration and nitrosation of the proanthocyanidins could
contribute to the scavenging of reactive nitrogen oxide species generat-
ed from NO and nitrous acid (Takahama, Tanaka, & Hirota, 2010). Inhibi-
tion of lipid oxidation in mouse brain lipids increased after digestion in
the stomach for both buckwheat extract and the rutin standard (Hur,
Park, & Jeong, 2011).
It has been previously demonstrated that intragastric administra-
tion of a buckwheat concentrate (BWC), containing D-chiro-Inositol,
myo-inositol, and fagopyritols, effectively lowered serum glucose
concentrations in streptozotocin rats in the fed state (Kawa, Taylor,
& Przybylski, 2003). D-Chiro-inositol (DCI), a naturally occurring iso-
mer of inositol, is the main active nutritional ingredient in buckwheat
(F. esculentum). As an epimer of myoinositol, DCI is probably the main
mediator of insulin metabolism by enhancing the action of insulin and
decreasing blood pressure, plasma triglycerides, and glucose concentra-
tions (Fonteles, Almeida, & Larner, 2000; Ueda, Coseo, & Harrell, 2005).
Therefore, DCI has great potential to work as an adjunctive drug in the
treatment of insulin resistance diseases such as type 2 diabetes and
polycystic ovary syndrome (Yang & Ren, 2008). D-Fagomine is an
iminocyclitol first isolated from seeds of buckwheat. As D-fagomine
and other iminosugars such as 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) are intestinal
glycosidase inhibitors, they are connected to a reduction in the risk of
developing insulin resistance, becoming overweight and suffering
from an excess of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Amézqueta et al.,
2012; Gómez et al., 2011). Buckwheat was found to have high levels of
angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity. ACE con-
verts angiotensin I to II, which is a pressor hormone in the renin-
angiotensin (RA) blood pressure control system. The inhibition of ACE,
which is the rate-determining enzyme of the RA system, inhibits
blood pressure elevation and aids in the prevention of hyperten-
sion. Nicotianamine (NA), an analogue of 2″-hydroxynicotianamine
(HNA), has a very high ACE-inhibitory activity, as does HNA (Higasa,
Fujihara, Hayashi, Kimoto, & Aoyagi, 2011). Buckwheat, a crop utilized
throughout the world, is one of our important food sources. Besides
various polyphenols, it contains proteins with high biological value
and balanced vitamins and catechins (Table 1). High levels of vitamin
E intake have been associated with a reduction in cardiovascular disease,
lowering the risk of Alzheimer's disease and prostate cancer, improving
the immune system, and delaying both age-related cataracts and age-
related macular degeneration (Kalinova et al., 2006).
4. Analytical studies on buckwheat
There are two head techniques for identification and determina-
tion of flavonoids: HPLC and capillary micellar electrokinetic chroma-
tography (CE). HPLC is traditionally used in quercetin glycosides
analysis of wide spectrum of materials; it is suitable for determination
of the rutin content in buckwheat achenes, buckwheat products, fresh
buckwheat sprouts and plant parts. HPLC system coupled to a combi-
nation of MS detector can obtain structural information of flavonoids
(Table 2). CE is a modern analytical technique and shows high effi-
ciency, small sample volume, high speed and good resolution. The
CE for determination of quercetin glycosides and free quercetin in
buckwheat flower, leaves, stems and achenes was developed. The
highest content of rutin was found in flowers of both kinds of buck-
wheat (99.4 g/kg in F. esculentum, 108 g/kg in F. tataricum). The free
quercetin occurs in flowers and achenes of F. esculentum, whereas
flowers and achenes of F. tataricum contained quercitrin (Dadáková
& Kalinová, 2010). It has been reported that the nondestructive
392 Z.-L. Zhang et al. / Food Research International 49 (2012) 389–395
5. near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) can provide a rapid and
convenient method to detect rutin and DCI in an efficient and
cost-effective way (Yang & Ren, 2008). Recently, reverse phase high
performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to electrospray
ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) has been ap-
plied to separate and characterize thirty phenolic compounds including
new compounds in buckwheat flour (Verardo et al., 2010). High perfor-
mance liquid chromatography photodiode array-mass spectroscopy
(HPLC-PDA-MS) identified several flavonols in the embryo, endosperm,
testa, and hull of buckwheat, including the predominant flavonoid rutin
and minor flavonoids quercetin 3-Orutinoside-3'-O-β-glucopyranoside,
kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and quercetin (Li, Li, et al., 2010; Li, Park, et
al., 2010). Analytical methods suitable for measurement of rutin have
mainly been based on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chro-
matography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) (Zu, Li, Fu, &
Zhao, 2006), reversed-flow micellar electrokinetic chromatography
(RFMEKC-UV) (Dubber & Kanfer, 2006), capillary electrophoresis with
ultraviolet detection (CE-UV), capillary electrophoresis with electro-
chemical detection (CE-ECD), capillary zone electrophoresis with am-
perometric detection (CZE-AD), and downsizing of the HPLC-ECD
system such as using a microbore column (μHPLC-ECD) (Danila, Kotani,
Hakamata, & Kusu, 2007). Five different isolation techniques were com-
bined with gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of
aroma compounds from buckwheat: dynamic headspace (DHS) with
cryotrapping or sorbent trapping, solid-phase microextraction (SPME),
headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE), solvent extraction (SE) and simul-
taneous distillation–extraction (SDE) (Prosen, Kokalj, Janeš, & Kreft,
2010). A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic
method for the determination of trans-resveratrol with spectrophotomet-
ric detection (306 nm) and amperometric detection at carbon paste elec-
trode was developed and tested on buckwheat (Nĕmcová et al., 2011).
The method to separate D-fagomine from its diastereomers 3-epi-
fagomine and 3,4-di-epi-fagomine was developed using a single run by
cation exchange HPLC with detection and quantification by mass spec-
trometry using electrospray ionisation and a simple quadrupole analyser
(ESI–Q-MS) which is applied to the determination of D-fagomine in buck-
wheat groats (6.7–44 mg/kg) (Table 2) (Amézqueta et al., 2012).
5. Metabolic engineering of bioactive compounds
Phytohormones influence many diverse developmental processes
ranging from seed germination to root, shoot, and flower formation,
involving plant growth, morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism.
Under most circumstances, a single hormone can regulate many different
metabolites biosynthesis pathways and at the same time different hor-
mones can influence a single pathway. Plant growth regulators and elici-
tors have been used to increase production of secondary metabolites in
plant cultures. Jasmonic acid and its methyl ester, collectively called
jasmonates, have been found to induce the biosynthesis of a variety of
secondary metabolites in different plant species, including alkaloids, ter-
penoids, glucosinolates, and phenylpropanoids (Zhou, Zhu, Shao, Tang,
& Wu, 2011). Recently, methyl-jasmonate acid (MeJA) treatment was
shown to inhibit anthocyanin synthesis in buckwheat sprouts cultivated
under light conditions (Horbowiczi, Grzesiuk, De-bski, Koczkodaj, &
Saniewski, 2008). However, MeJA treatment can increase the phenolic
compound content and antioxidant activity of the buckwheat sprouts
cultivated under dark conditions. Metabolomic analysis revealed
that the accumulation resulted from the stimulation of the phenyl-
propanoid pathway by MeJA treatment (Kim, Park, & Lim, 2011). It
has been reported that methyl jasmonate stimulates the conversion
of L-phenylalanine into 2-phenylethylamine and increases the en-
dogenous levels of putrescine in hypocotyls and cotyledons of
buckwheat seedlings (Horbowicz, Kosson, Wiczkowski, Koczkodaj,
& Mitrus, 2011). Elicitor molecules such as salicylic acid (SA) and
methyl jasmonate (MeJA) have been used to induce production of
all kinds of secondary metabolites. The maximum yield of DCI was
5.851 mg/g DW, which was 2.877 times higher than that in the con-
trol cultures, in cultures treated with 0.4 mM MeJA on the day of in-
oculation. DCI production decreased when MeJA concentration was
higher than 0.4 mM. Treatment with 0.6 mM SA provided maxi-
mum yield of DCI of 5.022 mg/g DW. DCI production decreased
markedly with increasing SA concentrations. The maximum DCI
yield of 7.579 mg/g DW, which was 3.726 times higher than that
in the control, was obtained after treatment of cell culture with a
combination of 0.2 mM MeJA and 0.6 mM SA (Hu, Yu, Piao, Liu, &
Yu, 2011). The greatest advantage of hairy roots is that they often
exhibit about the same or greater biosynthetic capacity for second-
ary metabolite production as compared to their parent plants (Zhou
et al., 2011). The hairy root culture of buckwheat by infecting leaf
explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000 were developed,
which had high growth and rutin production rates (312 mg dry
wt per 30 mL flask and 1.2 mg/g dry wt, respectively). These results
indicate hairy root cultures of buckwheat culture could be a valu-
able alternative approach for rutin production (Lee et al., 2007).
Gene coding rate-limiting encoding enzymes and some key tran-
scription factors can be used to improve desired metabolites pro-
duction by overexpressing them in transgenic hairy root cultures
(Zhou et al., 2011). Overexpression of Arabidopsis transcription fac-
tor AtMYB12 (which is the flavonol-specific transcription factor) in
hairy root of common buckwheat can induce mostly key enzyme
genes expression level of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. This led to
the accumulation of rutin in buckwheat hairy roots up to 0.9 mg/g dry
wt (Park et al., 2012). Recently, few kinds of key enzyme genes in the fla-
vonoid biosynthesis pathway have been cloned in common buckwheat
Table 2
Detection methods for bioactive compounds in buckwheat.
Method name Detects Variations on the method References
High-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC)
Quercetin, rutin from achenes,
sprouts, plant parts, and products
Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), HPLC
with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD),
HPLC with electrochemical detection
(HPLC-ECD)
Zu et al., 2006;
Danila et al., 2007;
Verardo et al., 2010
HPLC photodiode array mass
spectroscopy (HPLC-PDA-MS)
Flavonoids from the embryo,
endosperm, testa, and hull
Li, Li et al., 2010;
Li, Park et al., 2010
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) Quercetin from buckwheat
flowers, leaves, stems, and achenes
CE with ultraviolet detection (CE-UV),
CE with electrochemical detection (CE-ECD),
Capillary zone electrophoresis with
amperometric detection (CZE-AD)
Dadáková & Kalinová, 2010
Nondestructive near-infrared re
flectance spectroscopy (NIRS)
Rutin, DCI Yang & Ren, 2008
Reversed-flow micellar electrokinetic
chromatography (RFMEKC-UV)
Rutin Dubber & Kanfer, 2006
Electrospray ionization time-of-flight
mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-MS)
Phenolic compounds from
buckwheat flour
Amézqueta et al., 2012
393Z.-L. Zhang et al. / Food Research International 49 (2012) 389–395
6. (Li, Li, et al., 2010, Li, Park, et al., 2010; Li et al., 2012). The understanding
of buckwheat responses to biotic and abiotic factors in the external envi-
ronment is still undefined. It still has a long way to go to understand the
mechanism of bioactive compounds biosynthesis in buckwheat.
6. Processing Buckwheat for tea
It is important to consider what the effects on the bioactive com-
pounds from buckwheat will be during the processing of buckwheat
into tea. There are many steps involved in creating tea from raw buck-
wheat seeds. Raw whole seeds are first soaked in water, then steamed,
then dried before they are removed from their hulls. The dehulled groats
are then roasted so that the tea can be made (Qin, Li, et al., 2011; Qin,
Tingjun, et al., 2011). The effects of these thermal processing steps on
the buckwheat proteins have been found to be dependent upon the
lipid content of the buckwheat. While the presence of lipids can help
to improve thermal stability of buckwheat proteins, lipids can also
disturb the buckwheat globulins. Thus it is suggested that a suitable
amount of lipids, such as 6.5%, be present for the maintenance of
buckwheat globulins during thermal treatment (Tang, 2007). Another
study compared the effects thermal processing by microwave heating,
pressured steam-heating, and roasting on the antioxidant properties of
buckwheat. It was found that pressured steam-heating was the most de-
structive to the antioxidant properties (Zhang, Haixia, Jinlei, Ying, & Yi,
2010). These results suggest that in order to create buckwheat tea
with the maximum content of beneficial active compounds, it will be
necessary to optimize processing methods.
7. Concluding remarks
Considering the requirements of improving our living environ-
ment and searching for new way to make better use of buckwheat,
more the near work will be done in recent future. The main trends
in this field might be some of the following. (1) Get better use of
the byproducts of buckwheat production, and also develop new func-
tional foods. (2) Investigate the mechanism of buckwheat pharma-
ceutical effects. (3) The major routes of biosynthesis in the rutin
pathway are still not understood and related genes have not been
cloned, some potential key transcription factors have not been eluci-
dated and their characterization is still pending. (4) With the devel-
opment of plant molecular biology and gene-transfer technology to
plants, it is possible to breed new species with high contents of rutin.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Key Project of Science and
Technology of Sichuan, China (grant no. 04NG001-015, “Protection
and exploitation of wild-type buckwheat germplasm resource”). We
are also grateful to Trillian Ross (Plant Cell Physiology, Institute of
Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands) for giving some useful
comments on this manuscript.
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