Translocation of food in plants
1. Source and sink
2. Pathway of translocation
3. Source-sink relationship/interaction
4. Source-sink pathways follow patterns
5. Materials transported
6. The mechanism of phloem transport
7. The Pressure -Flow Model
8. Phloem loading and unloading
9. Summary
Mineral nutrients: essential, non-essential elements, criteria of essentiality, macro and micro elements and their list, function and deficiency symptoms of macro and micro elements, beneficial elements and their function
Translocation of food in plants
1. Source and sink
2. Pathway of translocation
3. Source-sink relationship/interaction
4. Source-sink pathways follow patterns
5. Materials transported
6. The mechanism of phloem transport
7. The Pressure -Flow Model
8. Phloem loading and unloading
9. Summary
Mineral nutrients: essential, non-essential elements, criteria of essentiality, macro and micro elements and their list, function and deficiency symptoms of macro and micro elements, beneficial elements and their function
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
Everything about photoperiodism from scratch to smart, from the oldest models to the latest models as well as proposed one, exclusive and elusive illustrations and models for proper understanding
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
Everything about photoperiodism from scratch to smart, from the oldest models to the latest models as well as proposed one, exclusive and elusive illustrations and models for proper understanding
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
BIO 1100, Non-Majors Biology 1 Course Learning Outcom.docxaryan532920
BIO 1100, Non-Majors Biology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
1. Evaluate concepts of basic biological sciences.
1.1 Identify various aspects of photosynthesis.
1.2 Categorize plants.
7. Evaluate relationships between living organisms and nonliving factors in ecosystems.
7.1 Compare and contrast sustainable and unsustainable farming practices.
7.2 Evaluate the effects of excess carbon dioxide and the effect on greenhouse gases.
8. Apply lab simulations and activities for further scientific understanding.
8.1 Interpret and record data.
8.2 Examine various effects of transpiration on plants.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 5:
Life in the Greenhouse: Photosynthesis and Global Warming
Chapter 23:
Feeding the World: Plant Structure and Growth
Chapter 24:
Growing a Green Thumb: Plant Physiology
Unit Lesson
This unit includes information from Chapters 5, 23, and 24. The materials in these chapters will help you
understand the important relationship between plants and the survival of the human race. You will learn what
plants need in order to grow and about agricultural practices that provide food to humans. In addition, you will
learn about the various plant structures and their functions. You will also learn about the future of agriculture.
We know that past and present agricultural practices have caused damage to the environment. How can we
reduce this damage, or can we?
At least three times a day, we sit down and eat. Do you ever really think about what you eat—not just whether
it is good for you, or if it is a vegetable, but what it is made of? In early chapters, we learned that there are two
types of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We learned that eukaryotes are fungi, protists, plants, and
animals. We eat a lot of eukaryotic organisms. What do you think makes up most of what you eat? If you are
eating a healthy diet, the majority of your food comes from plants. Even if you ate no plants at all, whatever
you are eating ate a plant or another organism, which probably ate a plant. What is the point? The point is
that plants are important. We have to have food. Is that all we get from plants? Do plants just look nice and
provide us with food?
In Chapter 5, you will learn about the delicate relationship between plants (through photosynthesis) and
humans (through cellular respiration). Plants provide us with the sugars and oxygen that we need in order to
synthesize ATP, or energy. Plants are required for our survival. Recently, you have probably heard a lot in the
news about the greenhouse effect and global warming. There has been, and currently still is, a debate among
scientists, politicians, and other groups of whether or not global warming exists. As productive members of
society, you need to develop an understanding of these concepts. In this unit, you will learn about the
greenhouse effect and the gases that play an important role in the environment.
UNIT VIII STUD ...
Organic Vegetable Gardening 101; by University of Pennsylvania
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. 2
What is Plant Physiology?
Literal Definition:
In Greek: physis = nature and logos = word
“Discourse on the nature of plants”
Definition:
“Science of how plants develop, grow, and
respond to their environment at the cellular
& biochemical level”
3. 3
Plant physiology is the study of:
– the functions occurring in plants
– the vital processes occurring in plants
– how plants work
In essence, plant physiology is a study of the
plant way of life, which include various aspects of the
plant lifestyle and survival :
- metabolism,
- water relations,
- mineral nutrition, development,
- movement,growth, and transport processes.
4. 4
Plant physiology is a lab science.
Plant physiology is an experimental science.
Plant physiology relies heavily on chemistry and
physics
5. 5
What does phsiology include ?
Combining what is known about:
Structure and anatomy as it relates to plant
function
Sources of energy for growth & development
Water & nutrient uptake and movement
Responses to the environment (light, temp.,
water)
Plant responses to stresses (abiotic & biotic)
6. 6
What types of science are
involved?
Plant biology
Plant anatomy
Ecology and Environmental Biology
Cell biology
Inorganic & organic chemistry
Biochemistry
Molecular biology
7. 7
Why Study Plants
1. Plants provide the Oxygen we breath
4.5 billion years before
Ancient Atmosphere:
H2O + N2 +NH3 + CO2 + CO + CH4 + H2 + H2S
an anaerobic (no oxygen gas) atmosphere
Toxic to life
CO2 + H2O + light +chlorophyll----> CH2O + O2
potential to change the atmosphere in important ways
8. 8
2. Plants provide the Ozone UV screen
oxygen gas in the atmosphere is routinely
converted to ozone by natural processes:
O2 ---> O3
Ozone
absorbs ultraviolet light coming from the sun
provided a protective shield allowing life to exist with
much less mutation
provided stability for life
9. 9
3. Plants provide a diversity of food
Plants are the source of energy and protein for animals
Plants are responsible for feeding all the animals on
the planet (food web)
Eating plants rather than animals (vegetarian) makes
feeding the world more efficient
To make one kilogram of beef it takes 10 kilograms of
grain! It is more efficient to eat the grain ourselves!
10. 10
4. Plants provide fibers
Not all carbohydrates are digestible
The indigestible carbohydrates include cellulose
referred as “fibers”
it is nevertheless very useful to us
Cellulose in plants is deposited into xylem.
In some plants these fibers are long and
slender and can be spun together to make
thread.
This thread can be woven into fabrics including
linen (flax fiber) and cotton (fruit fibers)
11. 11
5. Plants provide wood and paper
large concentrations of xylem made the tissue
as wood.
This forms the trunks of trees and can be cut
into lumber for building houses and ships.
Be burned as fuel for heating homes and
cooking food.
The fibers sized together into sheets of paper.
12. 12
6. Plants provided fossil fuels
Not all of the plant carbohydrate was eaten with
3-billion years of plants living and dying before
animals started eating up everything produced
But much of the plant material remained piling
up in the ancient landscape.
The piles were covered over and buried deeply
by sediments.
The buried vegetation initially decomposed to
form natural gas (CH4) in part
13. 13
Some of the vegetation was compressed and formed
coal which is also used in electrical generation.
Yet more of the deposits formed crude oil which is the
source of a range of hydrocarbons for making plastics
ultimate source of the gasoline in car, the grease in its
axles, as well as home heating oil, and the electrical
energy that powers the lights
The oil is the source of plastics in your telephone and
computer
14. 14
7. Plants provide medicines
Plants are a source of medicines directly
Quinine from plant bark prevents malaria
Caffeine from plants is an important daily stimulant
for many humans
Fossil fuel is also converted into a wide
range of synthetic compounds including
alcohol and a wide range of medicines
Alcohol was produced from starch early in
civilization
15. 15
8. Plants provide latex
Rubber trees in the tropics bleed a kind of sap when
wounded that we can harvest as latex
This natural rubber can be used for making gloves for
surgery and dish washing, or washers and water-tight
seals
The latex can be combined with sulfur and formed into
vulcanized rubber that makes really tough tires
16. 16
9. Plants provide essential oils
Used to make our homes and bodies smell better
and our food to taste better
10. Plants provide decoration
used in landscaping towns, businesses, and homes
11. Plants provide jobs
Plants have been a constant source of business and
employment throughout human history
17. 17
plant
physiology
Plant physiology serves as the foundation for
the numerous recent advances in agriculture:
Forestry
Pharmacology
Plant pathology
Agronomy
Floriculture
Photosynthesis
The efficiency of photosynthetic conversion of
solar radiation in the production of food
nutrients that are acceptable to human diets
can be increased.
18. 18
Techniques of tissue culture
decrease the time required to create desirable strains
of crop plants
Production of disease free crop plants
Irrigation
Understanding the water relations of crops
Weed control
Auxin is selective weed killers.
They cause increased carbohydrate metabolism to such an
extent that the plant burn themselves to death.
19. 19
Nutrition
The quality of field crops can be regulated
through suitable micronutrient additions to soil.
Growth regulators
Better crop yield can be increased by learning how and
when the application of plant growth regulators to plants
is most effective.
• Pruning of apical buds to induce lateral buds to grow
• Synthetic auxin to prevent premature
• Promotion of root formation in cutting s
• GA: increase stalk length