This document summarizes a study that models and simulates an electric vehicle powered by a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The proposed system includes a PEM fuel cell, three-phase induction motor, inverter, and speed controller. Neural network models are used for the PEM fuel cell and vehicle. Simulation results show the induction motor's rotor speed tracks the reference speed provided by the speed controller. When the motor reaches a constant speed, the stator voltage and frequency decrease. The simulations also demonstrate the motor's response when accelerating from low to high speeds and vice versa. The study aims to analyze the induction motor's performance when powered by a PEM fuel cell for an electric vehicle.
In this paper, we will study a four-wheel drive electric vehicle (4WDEV)with two control strategies: conventional direct torque control CDTC and DTC based on fuzzy logic (DTFC). Our overall idea in this work is to show that the 4WDEV equipped with four induction motors providing the drive of the driving wheels controlled by the direct fuzzy torque control ensures good stability of the 4WDEV in the different topologies of the road, bends and slopes. and increases the range of the electric vehicle. Numerical simulations were performed on an electric vehicle powered by four 15 kW induction motors integrated into the wheels using the MATLAB / Simulink environment, where the reference speeds of each wheel (front and rear) are obtained using an electronic speed differential (ESD). This can eventually cause it to synchronize the wheel speeds in any curve. The speed of each wheel is controlled by two types of PI and FLC controllers to improve stability and speed response (in terms of setpoint tracking, disturbance rejection and climb time). Simulation results show that the proposed FLC control strategy reduces torque, flux and stator current ripple. While the4WDEV range was improved throughout the driving cycle and battery power consumption was reduced.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
This paper discusses about design and analysis of double stator slotted rotor (DSSR) BLDC motor for electric bicycle application. Usually single stator (SS) BLDC motor is used in an electric bicycle. This type of motor has low performance and need to be charged regularly. The objective of this research is to design and analysis DSSR motor that have high torque. At starts, design specification for the electric bicycle is calculated. Next, design process for DSSR is carried out by using the desired parameter. Lastly, analysis for double stator slotted rotor is simulated using FEM. Result for average back emf, average inductance, inner stator flux density, outer stator flux density, average torque and estimate torque constant is obtained. Result for average torque from FEM archieve the requirement of motor torque for DSSR design where the maximum average torque is 16.2 Nm. This research will give benefit to mankind and society in term of environment protection and energy consumption.
This paper describes the design and the simulation of a non-linear controller for two-mass system using induction motor basing on the backstepping method. The aim is to control the speed actual value of load motor matching with the speed reference load motor, moreover, electrical drive’s respone ensuring the “fast, accurate and small overshoot” and reducing the resonance oscillations for two-mass system using induction motor fed by voltage source inveter with ideally control performance of stator current. Backstepping controller uses the non-linear equations of an induction motor and the linear dynamical equations of two-mass system, the Lyapunov analysis and the errors between the real and the desired values. The controller has been implemented in both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time experiments using Typhoon HIL 402 system, when the drive system operates at a stable speed (rotor flux is constant) and greater than rated speed (field weakening area). The simulation and HIL results presented the correctness and effectiveness of the controller is proposed; furthermore, compared to PI method to see the response of the system clearly.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Robots play important roles in day to day
activities of human endeavour and can perform
complex tasks speedily and accurately. Robots are
employed to imitate human behaviours and then
apply these behaviours to the skills that lead to
achieving a certain task in solving the challenges
faced by impaired people in society. This robotic arm
was achieved using light-weight steel iron for the
frames, a moderate torque MG995 Towerpro, and
servo motor. Two Atmega328 Arduino
microcontroller was employed to control the motors
through the use of pulse width modulation
technique. Mathematical models were developed for
the mechanism to represent the kinematics involved
at each joint with mathematical variables. Then, the
stability of the system was carried out using a step
input signal being a type zero system.
MPPT control design for variable speed wind turbine IJECEIAES
Variable speed wind turbine systems (VSWT’s) have been in receipt of extensive attention among the various renewable energy systems. The present paper focuses on fuzzy fractional order proportional-integral (FFOPI) control segment for variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) directly driving permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The main objective of this study is to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through combination of advanced control based on FFOPI control applied to generator side converter (turbine and PMSG). The basic idea of the FFOPI controller is to implement a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in cascade with Fractional Order Proportional Integral controller (FOPI). A comparative study with FOPI and classical PI control schemes is made. The traditional PI controller cannot deliver a sufficiently great performance for the VSWT. However, the results found that the proposed approach (FFOPI) is more effective and feasible for controlling the permanent magnet synchronous generator to mantain maximum power extraction. The validation of results has been performed through simulation using Matlab/Simulink®.
In this paper, we will study a four-wheel drive electric vehicle (4WDEV)with two control strategies: conventional direct torque control CDTC and DTC based on fuzzy logic (DTFC). Our overall idea in this work is to show that the 4WDEV equipped with four induction motors providing the drive of the driving wheels controlled by the direct fuzzy torque control ensures good stability of the 4WDEV in the different topologies of the road, bends and slopes. and increases the range of the electric vehicle. Numerical simulations were performed on an electric vehicle powered by four 15 kW induction motors integrated into the wheels using the MATLAB / Simulink environment, where the reference speeds of each wheel (front and rear) are obtained using an electronic speed differential (ESD). This can eventually cause it to synchronize the wheel speeds in any curve. The speed of each wheel is controlled by two types of PI and FLC controllers to improve stability and speed response (in terms of setpoint tracking, disturbance rejection and climb time). Simulation results show that the proposed FLC control strategy reduces torque, flux and stator current ripple. While the4WDEV range was improved throughout the driving cycle and battery power consumption was reduced.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
This paper discusses about design and analysis of double stator slotted rotor (DSSR) BLDC motor for electric bicycle application. Usually single stator (SS) BLDC motor is used in an electric bicycle. This type of motor has low performance and need to be charged regularly. The objective of this research is to design and analysis DSSR motor that have high torque. At starts, design specification for the electric bicycle is calculated. Next, design process for DSSR is carried out by using the desired parameter. Lastly, analysis for double stator slotted rotor is simulated using FEM. Result for average back emf, average inductance, inner stator flux density, outer stator flux density, average torque and estimate torque constant is obtained. Result for average torque from FEM archieve the requirement of motor torque for DSSR design where the maximum average torque is 16.2 Nm. This research will give benefit to mankind and society in term of environment protection and energy consumption.
This paper describes the design and the simulation of a non-linear controller for two-mass system using induction motor basing on the backstepping method. The aim is to control the speed actual value of load motor matching with the speed reference load motor, moreover, electrical drive’s respone ensuring the “fast, accurate and small overshoot” and reducing the resonance oscillations for two-mass system using induction motor fed by voltage source inveter with ideally control performance of stator current. Backstepping controller uses the non-linear equations of an induction motor and the linear dynamical equations of two-mass system, the Lyapunov analysis and the errors between the real and the desired values. The controller has been implemented in both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time experiments using Typhoon HIL 402 system, when the drive system operates at a stable speed (rotor flux is constant) and greater than rated speed (field weakening area). The simulation and HIL results presented the correctness and effectiveness of the controller is proposed; furthermore, compared to PI method to see the response of the system clearly.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Robots play important roles in day to day
activities of human endeavour and can perform
complex tasks speedily and accurately. Robots are
employed to imitate human behaviours and then
apply these behaviours to the skills that lead to
achieving a certain task in solving the challenges
faced by impaired people in society. This robotic arm
was achieved using light-weight steel iron for the
frames, a moderate torque MG995 Towerpro, and
servo motor. Two Atmega328 Arduino
microcontroller was employed to control the motors
through the use of pulse width modulation
technique. Mathematical models were developed for
the mechanism to represent the kinematics involved
at each joint with mathematical variables. Then, the
stability of the system was carried out using a step
input signal being a type zero system.
MPPT control design for variable speed wind turbine IJECEIAES
Variable speed wind turbine systems (VSWT’s) have been in receipt of extensive attention among the various renewable energy systems. The present paper focuses on fuzzy fractional order proportional-integral (FFOPI) control segment for variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) directly driving permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The main objective of this study is to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through combination of advanced control based on FFOPI control applied to generator side converter (turbine and PMSG). The basic idea of the FFOPI controller is to implement a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in cascade with Fractional Order Proportional Integral controller (FOPI). A comparative study with FOPI and classical PI control schemes is made. The traditional PI controller cannot deliver a sufficiently great performance for the VSWT. However, the results found that the proposed approach (FFOPI) is more effective and feasible for controlling the permanent magnet synchronous generator to mantain maximum power extraction. The validation of results has been performed through simulation using Matlab/Simulink®.
Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Control of Wind Turbine EmulatorIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a Wind Turbine Emulator (WTE) based on a separately excited direct current (DC) motor is studied. The wind turbine was emulated by controlling the torque of the DC motor. The WTE is used as a prime mover for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM). In order to extract maximum power from the wind, PI and Fuzzy controllers were tested. Simulation results are given to show performance of proposed fuzzy control system in maximum power points tracking in a wind energy conversion system under various wind conditions. The strategy control was implemented in simulation using MATLAB/Simulink.
Robust composite nonlinear feedback for nonlinear Steer-by-Wire vehicle’s Yaw...journalBEEI
Yaw control is a part of an Active Front Steering (AFS) system, which is used to improve vehicle manoeuvrability. Previously, it has been reported that the yaw rate tracking performance of a linear Steer-by-Wire (SBW) vehicle equipped with a Composite Nonlinear Feedback (CNF) controller and a Disturbance Observer (DOB) is robust with respect to side wind disturbance effects. This paper presents further investigation regarding the robustness of the combination between a CNF and a DOB in a nonlinear environment through a developed 7-DOF nonlinear SBW vehicle. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies, this paper also contributes in presenting the validation works of the proposed control system in a real-time situation using a Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) platform. Simulation and validation results show that the CNF and DOB managed to reduce the influence of the side wind disturbance in nonlinearities.
Improved Rotor Speed Brushless DC Motor Using Fuzzy Controllerijeei-iaes
A brushless DC (BLDC) Motors have advantages over brushed, Direct current (DC) Motors and , Induction motor (IM). They have better speed verses torque characteristics, high dynamic response, high efficiency, long operating life, noiseless operation, higher speed ranges, and rugged construction. Also, torque delivered to motor size is higher, making it useful in application where space and weight are critical factors. With these advantages BLDC motors find wide spread application in automotive appliance, aerospace medical, and instrumentation and automation industries This paper can be seen as fuzzy controllers compared to PI control BLDC motor rotor speed has improved significantly and beter result can be achieve.
This paper presents the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to extract the power of wind energy conversion system (WECS) using the Firefly Algorithm (FA) algorithm. This paper aims to present the FA as one of the accurate algorithms in MPPT techniques. Recently, researchers tend to apply the MPPT digital technique with the P n O algorithm to track MPP. On the other hand, this Paper implements the FA included in the digital classification to improve the performance of the MPPT technique. Therefore, the FA tracking results are verified with P n O to show the accuracy of the MPPT algorithm. The results obtained show that performance is higher when using the FA algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRAMY Inverter Control for Solar Electric VehicleIJPEDS-IAES
Solar Electric Vehicles (SEV) are considered the future vehicles to solve the issues of air pollution, global warming, and the rapid decreases of the petroleum resources facing the current transportation technology. However, SEV are still facing important technical obstacles to overcome. They include batteries energy storage capacity, charging times, efficiency of the solar panels and electrical propulsion systems. Solving any of those problems and electric vehicles will compete-complement the internal combustion engines vehicles. In the present work, we propose an electrical propulsion system based on three phase induction motor in order to obtain the desired speed and torque with less power loss. Because of the need to lightweight nature, small volume, low cost, less maintenance and high efficiency system, a three phase squirrel cage induction motor (IM) is selected in the electrical propulsion system. The IM is fed from three phase inverter operated by a constant V/F control method and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) algorithm. The proposed control strategy has been implemented on the texas instruments TM320F2812 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to generate SVPWM signal needed to trigger the gates of IGBT based inverter. The inverter used in this work is a three phase inverter IRAMY20UP60B type. The experimental results show the ability of the proposed control strategy to generate a three-phase sine wave signal with desired frequency. The proposed control strategy is experimented on a locally manufactured EV prototype. The results show that the EV prototype can be propelled to speed up to 60km/h under different road conditions.
Nonlinear control of WECS based on PMSG for optimal power extraction IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a robust control strategy for optimizing the maximum power captured in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), which is integrated into the grid. In order to achieve the maximum power point (MPPT) the machine side converter regulates the rotational speed of the PMSG to track the optimal speed. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller, a comparative study between the IBC control and the vector control based on PI controller was carried out through computer simulation. This analysis consists of two case studies including stochastic variation in wind speed and step change in wind speed.
Maglev system represent a promising evolution in high-speed ground transportation, offering speed in excess of 500 mph along with the potential for low operating costs and minimum environmental impact. The goal of this effort is to investigate the feasibility and viability of maglev systems in the Japan. The emergence of a sophisticated technology such as maglev requires a need for a co-ordinated research test program and the determination of test requirement to identify mitigate development risk and maximum use of domestic resources. The study is directed towards the identification and characterization of maglev system development risks tied to preliminary system architecture. Research objective are accomplished by surveying experiences from previous maglev development program both foreign and domestic, and interviews with individuals involved with maglev research and testing.
This paper presents the comparative performances of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) for the three-phase induction motor. Recently, the interest of widely used the induction motor at industries because of reliability, ruggedness and almost free in maintenance. Thus, the IFOC scheme is employed to control the speed of induction motor. Therefore, P and PI controllers based on IFOC approach are analyzed at differences speed commands with no load condition. On the other hand, the PI controller is tuned based on Ziegler-Nichols method by using PSIM software which is user-friendly for simulations, design and analysis of motor drive, control loop and the power converter in power electronics studies. Subsequently, the simulated of P controller results are compared with the simulated of PI controller results at difference speed commands with no load condition. Finally, the simulated results of speed controllers are compared with the experimental results in order to explore the performances of speed responses by using IFOC scheme for three-phase induction motor drives.
Traction Application Insight by Jaguar Land RoverAutomotive IQ
For today’s efforts to drive eMotor Innovation, the reduction of cost and weight of permanent magnets is essential! But what are the options? Is moving away from the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor the right thing to do? Dr. Alex Michaelides, Technical Specialist - Electrical Machines and Power Electronics at Jaguar Land Rover discusses these questions in the presentation here: http://bit.ly/Presentation-Michaelides
This paper deal with the problem in speed controller for Indirect Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor. The problem cause decrease performance of Induction Motor where it widely used in high-performance applications. In order decrease the fault of speed induction motor, Takagi-Sugeno type Fuzzy logic control is used as the speed controller. For this, a model of indirect field oriented control of induction motor is built and simulating using MATLAB simulink. Secondly, error of speed and derivative error as the input and change of torque command as the output for speed control is applied in simulation. Lastly, from the simulation result overshoot is zero persent, rise time is 0.4s and settling time is 0.4s. The important data is steady state error is 0.01 percent show that the speed can follow reference speed. From that simulation result illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Neuro-Genetic Adaptive Optimal Controller for DC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
Conventional speed controllers of DC motors suffer from being not adaptive; this is because of the nonlinearity in the motor model due to saturation. Structure of DC motor speed controller should vary according to its operating conditions, so that the transient performance is acceptable. In this paper an adaptive and optimal Neuro-Genetic controller is used to control a DC motor speed. GA will be used first to obtain the optimal controller parameter for each load torque and motor reference speed. The data obtained from GA is used to train a neural network; the inputs for the neural network are the load torque and the motor reference speed and the outputs are the controller parameters. This neural network is used on line to adapt the controller parameters according to operating conditions. This controller is tested with a sudden change in the operating conditions and could adapt itself for the conditions and gave an optimal transient performance.
Speed Observer Based Load Angle Control of Induction Motor DriveIDES Editor
The performance of induction motor drives
gets improved in the scalar control mode with various
algorithms with speed /position feedback. In this paper
load angle control of induction motor with speed observer
is presented. This eliminates the physical presence of
speed sensor. The basic control of rotor flux vector with
stator current defines the dynamics of torque control. In
this scheme, estimation of feedback variables is obtained
by using algorithm with minimum number of machine
parameters. The speed obtained is thus used in feedback
loop to improve the machine performance. The proposed
algorithm also has a capability to estimate the active and
reactive power of the machine. This is further
incorporated to improve the operating efficiency of the
machine. The observer developed is tested for various
dynamics condition to verify its operating performance in
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Current mode controlled fuzzy logic based inter leaved cuk converter SVM inve...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Recent developments in intelligent control methods and power electronics have amended PhotoVoltaic (PV) based DC to AC converters related to AC drives. Interleaved cuk converter and inverter find their way in interconnecting PV and Induction Motor Drive (IMD). Simulation studies were done for closed loop InterLeaved Cuk Converter and Inverter fed Induction Motor Drive (ILCCIIMD) systems with conventional and intelligent controllers.
These studies were carried out using MATLAB simulink based models for ILCCIIMD. For production of DC- voltage in the input of the inverter, PV fed InterLeaved Cuk-regulator is recommended. Cuk-regulator is utilized for enhancing the output of the PV system. Closed loop Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional- Resonant(PR) and Fuzzy-Logic(FL) controlled ILCCIIMD systems are simulated and their outcome like dy- namic responses and torque ripple are related for an Electric Vehicle(EV) application. The proposed IL- CCIIMD system with FLC is found to have better dynamic characteristics and lesser torque ripple when compared to the system with conventional controller.
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Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Control of Wind Turbine EmulatorIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a Wind Turbine Emulator (WTE) based on a separately excited direct current (DC) motor is studied. The wind turbine was emulated by controlling the torque of the DC motor. The WTE is used as a prime mover for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM). In order to extract maximum power from the wind, PI and Fuzzy controllers were tested. Simulation results are given to show performance of proposed fuzzy control system in maximum power points tracking in a wind energy conversion system under various wind conditions. The strategy control was implemented in simulation using MATLAB/Simulink.
Robust composite nonlinear feedback for nonlinear Steer-by-Wire vehicle’s Yaw...journalBEEI
Yaw control is a part of an Active Front Steering (AFS) system, which is used to improve vehicle manoeuvrability. Previously, it has been reported that the yaw rate tracking performance of a linear Steer-by-Wire (SBW) vehicle equipped with a Composite Nonlinear Feedback (CNF) controller and a Disturbance Observer (DOB) is robust with respect to side wind disturbance effects. This paper presents further investigation regarding the robustness of the combination between a CNF and a DOB in a nonlinear environment through a developed 7-DOF nonlinear SBW vehicle. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies, this paper also contributes in presenting the validation works of the proposed control system in a real-time situation using a Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) platform. Simulation and validation results show that the CNF and DOB managed to reduce the influence of the side wind disturbance in nonlinearities.
Improved Rotor Speed Brushless DC Motor Using Fuzzy Controllerijeei-iaes
A brushless DC (BLDC) Motors have advantages over brushed, Direct current (DC) Motors and , Induction motor (IM). They have better speed verses torque characteristics, high dynamic response, high efficiency, long operating life, noiseless operation, higher speed ranges, and rugged construction. Also, torque delivered to motor size is higher, making it useful in application where space and weight are critical factors. With these advantages BLDC motors find wide spread application in automotive appliance, aerospace medical, and instrumentation and automation industries This paper can be seen as fuzzy controllers compared to PI control BLDC motor rotor speed has improved significantly and beter result can be achieve.
This paper presents the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to extract the power of wind energy conversion system (WECS) using the Firefly Algorithm (FA) algorithm. This paper aims to present the FA as one of the accurate algorithms in MPPT techniques. Recently, researchers tend to apply the MPPT digital technique with the P n O algorithm to track MPP. On the other hand, this Paper implements the FA included in the digital classification to improve the performance of the MPPT technique. Therefore, the FA tracking results are verified with P n O to show the accuracy of the MPPT algorithm. The results obtained show that performance is higher when using the FA algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRAMY Inverter Control for Solar Electric VehicleIJPEDS-IAES
Solar Electric Vehicles (SEV) are considered the future vehicles to solve the issues of air pollution, global warming, and the rapid decreases of the petroleum resources facing the current transportation technology. However, SEV are still facing important technical obstacles to overcome. They include batteries energy storage capacity, charging times, efficiency of the solar panels and electrical propulsion systems. Solving any of those problems and electric vehicles will compete-complement the internal combustion engines vehicles. In the present work, we propose an electrical propulsion system based on three phase induction motor in order to obtain the desired speed and torque with less power loss. Because of the need to lightweight nature, small volume, low cost, less maintenance and high efficiency system, a three phase squirrel cage induction motor (IM) is selected in the electrical propulsion system. The IM is fed from three phase inverter operated by a constant V/F control method and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) algorithm. The proposed control strategy has been implemented on the texas instruments TM320F2812 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to generate SVPWM signal needed to trigger the gates of IGBT based inverter. The inverter used in this work is a three phase inverter IRAMY20UP60B type. The experimental results show the ability of the proposed control strategy to generate a three-phase sine wave signal with desired frequency. The proposed control strategy is experimented on a locally manufactured EV prototype. The results show that the EV prototype can be propelled to speed up to 60km/h under different road conditions.
Nonlinear control of WECS based on PMSG for optimal power extraction IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a robust control strategy for optimizing the maximum power captured in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), which is integrated into the grid. In order to achieve the maximum power point (MPPT) the machine side converter regulates the rotational speed of the PMSG to track the optimal speed. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller, a comparative study between the IBC control and the vector control based on PI controller was carried out through computer simulation. This analysis consists of two case studies including stochastic variation in wind speed and step change in wind speed.
Maglev system represent a promising evolution in high-speed ground transportation, offering speed in excess of 500 mph along with the potential for low operating costs and minimum environmental impact. The goal of this effort is to investigate the feasibility and viability of maglev systems in the Japan. The emergence of a sophisticated technology such as maglev requires a need for a co-ordinated research test program and the determination of test requirement to identify mitigate development risk and maximum use of domestic resources. The study is directed towards the identification and characterization of maglev system development risks tied to preliminary system architecture. Research objective are accomplished by surveying experiences from previous maglev development program both foreign and domestic, and interviews with individuals involved with maglev research and testing.
This paper presents the comparative performances of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) for the three-phase induction motor. Recently, the interest of widely used the induction motor at industries because of reliability, ruggedness and almost free in maintenance. Thus, the IFOC scheme is employed to control the speed of induction motor. Therefore, P and PI controllers based on IFOC approach are analyzed at differences speed commands with no load condition. On the other hand, the PI controller is tuned based on Ziegler-Nichols method by using PSIM software which is user-friendly for simulations, design and analysis of motor drive, control loop and the power converter in power electronics studies. Subsequently, the simulated of P controller results are compared with the simulated of PI controller results at difference speed commands with no load condition. Finally, the simulated results of speed controllers are compared with the experimental results in order to explore the performances of speed responses by using IFOC scheme for three-phase induction motor drives.
Traction Application Insight by Jaguar Land RoverAutomotive IQ
For today’s efforts to drive eMotor Innovation, the reduction of cost and weight of permanent magnets is essential! But what are the options? Is moving away from the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor the right thing to do? Dr. Alex Michaelides, Technical Specialist - Electrical Machines and Power Electronics at Jaguar Land Rover discusses these questions in the presentation here: http://bit.ly/Presentation-Michaelides
This paper deal with the problem in speed controller for Indirect Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor. The problem cause decrease performance of Induction Motor where it widely used in high-performance applications. In order decrease the fault of speed induction motor, Takagi-Sugeno type Fuzzy logic control is used as the speed controller. For this, a model of indirect field oriented control of induction motor is built and simulating using MATLAB simulink. Secondly, error of speed and derivative error as the input and change of torque command as the output for speed control is applied in simulation. Lastly, from the simulation result overshoot is zero persent, rise time is 0.4s and settling time is 0.4s. The important data is steady state error is 0.01 percent show that the speed can follow reference speed. From that simulation result illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Neuro-Genetic Adaptive Optimal Controller for DC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
Conventional speed controllers of DC motors suffer from being not adaptive; this is because of the nonlinearity in the motor model due to saturation. Structure of DC motor speed controller should vary according to its operating conditions, so that the transient performance is acceptable. In this paper an adaptive and optimal Neuro-Genetic controller is used to control a DC motor speed. GA will be used first to obtain the optimal controller parameter for each load torque and motor reference speed. The data obtained from GA is used to train a neural network; the inputs for the neural network are the load torque and the motor reference speed and the outputs are the controller parameters. This neural network is used on line to adapt the controller parameters according to operating conditions. This controller is tested with a sudden change in the operating conditions and could adapt itself for the conditions and gave an optimal transient performance.
Speed Observer Based Load Angle Control of Induction Motor DriveIDES Editor
The performance of induction motor drives
gets improved in the scalar control mode with various
algorithms with speed /position feedback. In this paper
load angle control of induction motor with speed observer
is presented. This eliminates the physical presence of
speed sensor. The basic control of rotor flux vector with
stator current defines the dynamics of torque control. In
this scheme, estimation of feedback variables is obtained
by using algorithm with minimum number of machine
parameters. The speed obtained is thus used in feedback
loop to improve the machine performance. The proposed
algorithm also has a capability to estimate the active and
reactive power of the machine. This is further
incorporated to improve the operating efficiency of the
machine. The observer developed is tested for various
dynamics condition to verify its operating performance in
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Current mode controlled fuzzy logic based inter leaved cuk converter SVM inve...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Recent developments in intelligent control methods and power electronics have amended PhotoVoltaic (PV) based DC to AC converters related to AC drives. Interleaved cuk converter and inverter find their way in interconnecting PV and Induction Motor Drive (IMD). Simulation studies were done for closed loop InterLeaved Cuk Converter and Inverter fed Induction Motor Drive (ILCCIIMD) systems with conventional and intelligent controllers.
These studies were carried out using MATLAB simulink based models for ILCCIIMD. For production of DC- voltage in the input of the inverter, PV fed InterLeaved Cuk-regulator is recommended. Cuk-regulator is utilized for enhancing the output of the PV system. Closed loop Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional- Resonant(PR) and Fuzzy-Logic(FL) controlled ILCCIIMD systems are simulated and their outcome like dy- namic responses and torque ripple are related for an Electric Vehicle(EV) application. The proposed IL- CCIIMD system with FLC is found to have better dynamic characteristics and lesser torque ripple when compared to the system with conventional controller.
what about knowing some informations about the latest Technology in our world !
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Placement Papers are published here to help freshers to get themselves prepared for the tests and successfully procure jobs in top companies of India including Infosys, Wipro, TCS, HCL, HP, Accenture, CTS etc. This is the section where you can find previous and latest questions, practice them with the solutions in hand.
We at Pantech ProEd provide assistance in academic projects based on IEEE standard journals and transactions. Our services cater to all the domains belonging to Circuit branches and Information and Communication engineering branches. Our methodology of execution and delivery is state - of -art, in essence a professionally designed, intensively tested, work flow model is applied,
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1) B.E/B.Tech (EEE/ECE/CSE/IT)
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John Walsh, Chief Research & Strategy Officer, Clever Devices
Findings have shown that those who use public transportation instead of their automobile reduce their daily carbon emissions and makes significant
contributions to environmental health. This presentation will address improving operational efficiencies to provide increased mobility and reduce environmental consequences; and discuss stakeholder safety and ridership satisfaction which has been recognized by transit agencies as having a significant impact on attractiveness of transit to many current and prospective riders.
Fuel enhancement of parallel hybrid electric two-wheeler motorcycle IJECEIAES
In this paper, design and simulation of a parallel hybrid electric twowheeler motorcycle (PHETM) by means of continuous variable transmission (CVT) is illustrated. For simulation, the parallel hybrid electric power train model type in MATLAB/ADVISOR is customized. The internal combustion engine (ICE) be supposed to drive at elevated efficiency areas, in order to attain enhanced fuel economy and a reduced amount of emission. Simultaneously, the ICE must not activate at values of low torque areas. For that reason, get better it whilst ICE is ON, a new energy control strategy is proposed. In the new strategy, the electrical machine absorbs the extra torque of the ICE. This article proposes a PHETM system to propel the vehicle efficiently with reduced amounts of emission on comparing witha conventional vehicle. This system includes two modes of operations for achieving the better results known as motoring mode and generating mode. The switching from one mode to other is based on the vehicle speed which is sensed in real time. A drive cycle is generated by running the vehicle in normal and slightly gradient condition and finally the results are compared.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIND TURBINE EMULATOR TO OPERATE WITH 1.5KW INDUCTI...AEIJjournal2
This paper contributes to design a Wind Emulator coupled to 1.5 kW Induction generator for Wind Energy
Conversion System. A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is important equipment for developing wind energy
conversion systems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of
control schemes for electric generators that is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind
speed varies randomly. In this paper a wind emulator is modelled and simulated using MATLAB.
Verification of the simulation results is done by experimental setup using DC motor-Induction generator
set, LABVIEW and data acquisition card.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIND TURBINE EMULATOR TO OPERATE WITH 1.5KW INDUCTI...AEIJjournal2
This paper contributes to design a Wind Emulator coupled to 1.5 kW Induction generator for Wind Energy Conversion System. A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is important equipment for eveloping wind energy conversion systems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of control schemes for electric generators that is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind
speed varies randomly. In this paper a wind emulator is modelled and simulated using MATLAB. Verification of the simulation results is done by experimental setup using DC motor-Induction generator set, LABVIEW and data acquisition card
Economic Selection of Generators for a Wind Farmijeei-iaes
The selection suitable generator for wind turbines will be done based on technical criteria and priorities of the project. In this paper, a method for determining the type of wind turbine generator with an example is explained. In the paper, for a 10kW wind turbine, two generators have been proposed. The first case is a squirrel-cage asynchronous generator coupled to the turbine through the gearbox and directly connected to three phase output. Other PM generators that are directly coupled to the turbine and it is connected to the grid using the inverter. The results show that according to wind conditions, a 10kW permanent magnet generator is more advantageous in terms of energy production.
Fuzzy optimization strategy of the maximum power point tracking for a variab...IJECEIAES
Wind power systems are gaining more and more interests; in order to diminish dependence on fossil fuels. In this paper, we present a variable speed-wind energy global system based on a synchronous generator with permanent magnetic (PMSG). The major goal of this study is to track the maximum power that is present in the turbine. An examination of control methods to extract the MPPT point, from a wind energy conversion system (WECS) under variable speed situations is presented. An intelligent controller based on the fuzzy logic control (FLC) is proposed for regulating permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) output power, in order to improve tracking performance. The principle of this maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm consists in looking for an optimal operating relation of the maximum power, then tracking this last. We simulated our system with MATLAB-Simulink software. The found results will be debated to elucidate performance of the global system.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
OPTIMIZATION OF AERODYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCES OF A WIND TURBINE BLA...IAEME Publication
The purpose of this study is to optimize the energy efficiency of a wind turbine
blade and reduce its cost. In this paper, we define several optimization targets such as
maximizing Cl / Cd ratio and minimizing the deformation and mass of the blade. To
solve this multi-objectives optimization problem, we used the ant colony heuristic
optimization method on a blade model computed by the BEM and the FEM methods.
The optimization results are compared with the results obtained by the BEM method.
Mathematical Modeling 15kW Standard Induction Motor using MATLAB/SIMULINKijsrd.com
Electric motors and motor systems in industrial and infrastructure applications with pumps, fans and compressors in buildings are responsible for 45% of the world's total electricity consumption. New and existing technologies offer the potential to reduce the energy demand of motor systems across the global economy by 20% to 30% with short payback period. This paper addresses the impact of load modeling in particular induction motor. The objective of paper is to analyze the performance of 15kw standard induction motor and extraction of parameter such as stator resistance, rotor resistance, stator and rotor inductance, torque, speed.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
SIMULATION OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A WIND TURBINE Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model of a wind turbine and its simulation. This is one of the main resources available to
the island system (Grid-Off system).
Keywords: wind turbine, island system, Grid-Off system, renewable energy source.
1 Introduction to wind turbine
A wind turbine is basically a converter, or in other words a device that transforms one type of energy into
another. In this case, it is the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The source of mechanical energy is the flow (flow) of air, which acts on the turbine blades. The blades are
located on a shaft which is coupled to a permanent magnet (magnet). The magnets are a rotating part, which is
named the rotor. The stator consists of a coil (coils) of wound copper conductor. Due to the changing magnetic
field (PM - permanent magnets), an electrical voltage is induced at the terminals (terminals) of the coil / coils. In
essence, it is a synchronous generator, since the variable electric field is coupled (synchronized) with the speed
of the changing and magnetic fields. [1-5]
A schematic block diagram of a wind turbine as a synchronous generator is shown in Fig. 1.
Torque estimator using MPPT method for wind turbines IJECEIAES
In this work, we presents a control scheme of the interface of a grid connected Variable Speed Wind Energy Generation System based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The vectorial strategy for oriented stator flux GADA has been developed To extract the maximum power MPPT from the wind turbine. It uses a second order sliding mode controller and Kalman observer, using the super twisting algorithm. The simulation describes the effectiveness of the control strategy adopted.For a step and random profiles of the wind speed, reveals better tracking and perfect convergence of electromagnetic torque and concellation of reactive power to the stator. This control limits the mechanical stress on the tansmission shaft, improves the quality of the currents generated on the grid and optimizes the efficiency of the conversion chain.
Wind-Driven SEIG Systems: A Comparison StudyCSCJournals
Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable energies in the world. This is because it has a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy. In addition, it is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies.
Due to wind speed variation, induction generators are the best choice for such applications. However, they have poor voltage and frequency regulation against wind speed or load variations.
For its operation, the induction generator needs a reasonable amount of reactive power. In stand-alone applications, the reactive power could be supplied to the induction generator by a bank of capacitors as implemented here.
In this paper, simulation of wind turbine driven self excited induction generator (SEIG) has been carried out. Three methods of voltage and frequency regulation have been presented, simulated and analyzed.
The aim of this paper is to compare the three methods from many aspects highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each one.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Leading Change strategies and insights for effective change management pdf 1.pdf
T026201210126
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 6 ǁ June. 2013 ǁ PP.121-126
www.ijesi.org 121 | Page
Modeling and Simulation of Electric Vehicle fed by PEM
Fuel Cell
Sudaryono1,2
, Soebagio1
, Mochamad Ashari 1
(1
Electrical Engineering Department, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia)
(2
Electrical Engineering Department, PPPPTK/VEDC, Malang, Indonesia )
ABSTRACT: This paper presented the modeling and simulation of electric vehicles fed by PEM fuel cell. The
proposed system consists of a PEM Fuel Cell, a 3-phase induction motor, an inverter dc/ac and a speed
controller. The purpose of this study was used to determine the response of an induction motor with a PEM Fuel
Cell as an electric energy source. The models developed in this paper using the neural network model for PEM
Fuel Cell and the vehicle model. The simulation was done using the vehicle speed as input to the speed
controller and the load torque as input to the induction motor. The simulation result of the rotor speed was
compared with the reference speed at the speed controller.
KEYWORDS: PEM Fuel Cell, Vehicle Model, Neural Network (NN) Model
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the means of transportation used for the mobility of people in the cities and villages is a vehicle.
In Indonesia, the vehicle is used mostly with oil fueled. Oil is fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are very precious resources
because they are non-renewable. Consumption of fuel for the vehicle is more increasing, while the fuel reserves
is slowly dwindling [1]. The other problem of the internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle is gas emissions.
The ICE vehicles produce gas emissions that potentially generate air pollution, as presented by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)[2]. Electric vehicles are being developed as solution to eliminate oil
use and emissions[3]. Electric vehicles require batteries as the energy source. The battery powered electric
vehicles have very limited range[4]. Batteries need to be recharged after electric vehicles operate continuously
for a few hours. Depending on the type of battery pack, they require an 4 or 8 hour recharge. To charge with
80% capacity , we need 30 minutes[5].
The hydrogen and the fuel cells can represent a solution to the problem of the emissions due to the
transport vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles have the potential to address all of the problems surrounding the ICE
vehicle [6]. A fuel cell is a source of electrical energy using hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity. This
technology uses hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxidant. Outputs of fuel cells are heat and water that don’t
pollute the environment. A fuel cell can continuously provide electricity as long as hydrogen, is continuously
supplied [7,8,9]. Hydrogen can be stored in a tank. By using a spare tank, refueling quickly resolved, so that the
fuel cell can drive the vehicle for a long time. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM Fuel Cell) is
popular and suitable used in vehicles. It operates within a range of relatively low temperatures, has higher
efficiency than combustion engines, is very quiet and produces no emissions [10].
A mathematical model that simulates is an important tool to improve the possibility of utilizing PEM
Fuel Cell in vehicles. The models used in this paper consist of the Neural Network model of the PEM Fuel Cell
[11], the vehicle model, the inverter block and the induction motor block. The setpoint value of the speed
controller and the load torque are obtained by the vehicle model. The purpose of this study is to see the
performance of the induction motor that fed by a PEM fuel cell.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN
The proposed system is shown in Fig.1. The system consists of a PEM Fuel Cell, an Inverter dc to ac,
an induction motor, a speed controller and a vehicle. PEM Fuel Cell using NN model is connected to the
induction motor via the inverter dc/ac. The inverter is pulse-width modulated (PWM) to produce a three-phase
50 Hz sinusoidal voltage to the induction motor. The load torque Tm applied to the machine's shaft is constant.
The load torque is obtained from the vehicle model. The speed controller is used to generate pulses to the
inverter. The reference speed value m is obtained by the vehicle model.
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2.1 Vehicle Model
This vehicle model is used to calculate the total power that used to drive the wheels of the electric
vehicle. The total power (Pm) is obtained by multiplying the total force (Ftot
) and vehicle speed (v), is given by
[12,13]
Pm = Ftot x v (1)
Total force (Ftot) is sum of wheel friction force (Fwf), air friction force (Faf), slope friction force (Fsf) and
acceleration force (Fa), as follow:
Ftot = Fwf + Faf + Fsf + Fa (2)
These forces are:
Fwf = Crr.m.g (3)
Faf = 0,5 Cd Af v2
(4)
Fsf = m g sin (5)
Fa = m a (6)
where m is the weight of the vehicle, kg; g is the gravitational acceleration, m/s2
; Crr is the coefficient
of wheel friction, dimensionless; Cd is the coefficient of form, dimensionless; is air density, kg/m3
; Af is
shape of the surface of the vehicle, m2
; v is the vehicle speed, m/s; is the slope of road; a is the acceleration,
m/s2
.
Wheel friction force (Fwf) is caused by the friction of tires on the road. Wheel friction force is constant,
and almost does not depend on the speed of the vehicle. Slope friction force (Fsf) is force on the vehicle to move
up or move upward with slope (). Air friction force (Faf) is caused by the friction of the vehicle body moving
through the air. Acceleration force (Fa) is required to increase the speed of vehicle.
The torque at the wheels of the vehicle can be obtained from the power relation:
Pm = TTR.wh = Ftot x v (7)
(8)
where TTR is the tractive torque in N-m, and wh is the angular velocity of the wheel in rad/s. Ftot is in N,
and v is in m/s. Assuming no slip between the tires and the road, the angular velocity and the vehicle speed are
related by
v = wh
.
rwh (9)
(10)
where rwh is the radius of the wheel in meters. If G is the gear ratio of the system connecting the motor to the
axle, and m is the motor angular speed (rad/s), then we can say that:
m = G . wh (11)
and the motor torque Tm is
(12)
If the vehicle speed v is expressed in km/h then the motor angular speed (rad/s) is
(13)
A rotation of motor (n) in rpm can be calculated as
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(14)
2.2 Neural Network (NN) Model of The PEM Fuel Cell
The model used in this paper is the NN model of the PEM Fuel Cell. These models have been
developed using feed-forward neural network with the back propagation (BP) algorithm. The neural network
contains 24 nodes in the hidden layer and one node in the output layer [11], Fig.2. shows a diagram of the
architecture used in our case. The NN model was trained using the motor current and the temperature as an input
and the fuel cell stack voltage as an output.
To calculate the output of the network can be done as follow[14]:
The output of hidden layer (zj) as follow:
1
e1
2
)f(z_netz
jz_netjj
(15)
where
n
1i
jiij0j vxvz_net , xi is the input signal, vji is the line weights from input layer to hidden layer,
vj0 is the bias in the input layer.
The output of output layer (yk) as follow:
kkk y_net)(y_netfy (16)
where
p
1j
kjjk0k wzwy_net , xj is the output signal of hidden layer, vji is the line weights
from hidden layer to output layer, vj0 is the bias in the hidden layer.
The result of the NN Model is shown in fig.3.
III. ELECTRIC VEHICLE PARAMETERS
The proposed system design, the vehicle model and NN PEM Fuel Cell model have been explained. To
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simulate the proposed system we need the parameters of the electric vehicle. The electric vehicle parameters are
reported in table 1.
.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
We use the models such as fig.1 to simulate this system. In simulation the dc/ac inverter is operating at
600Vdc. The inverter needs the power supply of 600V. While the fuel cell voltage is only 120V then required
the voltage booster to increase the dc voltage. The set point value of the speed controller is obtained from
equation (13) and the load torque value (Tm) is obtained from equation (12). Based on table 1, we can observe
application PEM Fuel Cell for three-phase induction motor. The simulations to find out the performance of
electric vehicle in starting conditions and running with constant speed. Following summarizes the result of
simulations for the electric vehicle. It can be shown in fig.4 to fig.9.
On the vehicle speed of 30km/h the speed set point value of the speed controller is 83,33rad/s
(795,8rpm). The load torque and power applied to the machine's shaft are 17.1 N.m and 1425 W. The
simulation starts from starting conditions and running with constant speed. Fig.4 shows the rotor speed and the
electromagnetic torque response of induction motor. When the motor reaches a constant speed, the stator voltage
rms value decreases to 138V and the frequency to 63,57Hz. Stator voltage (phase AB) and phase A current
waveforms can be seen in Fig.5. A current waveform of the simulation result is sinusoidal. Fig.6 shows the dc
voltage and the dc current of the inverter.
Fig.4 Response of induction motor
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Fig.7 show the response of induction motor from low speed (69.44rad/s) to the high speed (138.9
rad/s). After a start condition the system reaches a steady state during 20ms and speeds up to 139 rad/s (1326
rpm). The stator voltage rms value is 387.93V and frequency is 44.37Hz.
Fig.8 show the response of induction motor from the high speed (138.9 rad/s) to low speed
(69.44rad/s). At 20ms, the vehicle speed is changed from 138.9 to 69.44 rad/s. After the system reaches a
steady state, the stator voltage rms value is 186.62V and frequency is 18.84Hz.
Fig.9 show the response of induction motor from the high speed (138.9 rad/s) to stop (0 rad/s). At t =
20ms the speed decreases down to 0 rad/s. During the speed decreases, the electromagnetic torque becomes
negatif.
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The simulation results for the varying vehicle speed are reported in table 2. The other simulations are
performed at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100km/h. The rotor speed results are compared to the reference speed at the
speed controller and the simulation results are shown in fig.10.
V. CONCLUSION
The proposed system has been presented in this paper. PEM Fuel Cell as a source of energy in
electric vehicle which is modeled by a neural network, the inverter and induction motor have been successfully
modeled and simulated. In this paper it is shown that rotor speed is according to the set point value of the speed
controller. The error concerning the rotor speed of the induction motor compared with the reference speed at the
speed controller, is small (0.06%).
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