Concrete canvas shelters

CONCRETE CANVAS SHELTERS - A TYPE
OF RIGIDIFIED INFLATABLE STRUCTURE
A seminar report submitted in partial fulﬁllment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
Submitted by
AKHIL. A. M
Reg. No. SYANECE005
Under the guidance of
Mr.ARUN. K. A
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Sreepathy Institute of Management & Technology
Vavanoor, Palakkad-679533
University Of Calicut
FEBRUARY 2017

Department of Civil Engineering
Sreepathy Institute of Management & Technology
Vavanoor, Palakkad-679533
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled ”CONCRETE CANVAS SHEL-
TERS - A TYPE OF RIGIDIFIED INFLATABLE STRUCTURE” is a
bonaﬁde record of the seminar presented by Akhil A M (Reg. No. SYANECE005)
under our supervision and guidance. The seminar report has been submitted to the
Department of Civil Engineering of SIMAT Vavanoor, Palakkad-679533 in partial
fulﬁllment of the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineer-
ing, during the year 2016-2017.
Mr. Arun K A
Guide
Asst. Professor
Civil Engineering
SIMAT, Vavanoor
Mr.Sudheer K V
Head of the Dept
Civil Engineering
SIMAT, Vavanoor
Palakkad

ABSTRACT
Rigidified inflatable structures(RIS) are thin, flexible membrane structures that
are pneumatically deployed. After deployment, these structures harden because
of chemical or physical change of the membrane. Because of this change, or rigid-
ification, these structures no longer require pneumatic pressure to maintain their
shape as in airsupported structures. With the aim of reducing the cost and exam-
ining the feasibility of RIS structures, a new material is proposed, developed, and
evaluated, that is Concrete Canvas Shelter(CCS). CCS is one of the major uses of
concrete cloth. They are rapidly deployable and require only air and water for con-
struction. Concrete Canvas Shelters (CCS) are more operational and financial then
conventional tented shelter. They provide a hardened structure from the very first
day of operation. They provide much better environmental protection, security and
very improved medical capability. They have a design life of over 10 years, whereas
tents get worn out very rapidly and have to be removed at a very short time pe-
riod. CCS save effort and cost. The key to CCS is the use of inflation to create a
surface that is optimized for compressive loading. This allows thin walled concrete
structures to be formed which are both robust and lightweight. CCS consist of a
revolutionary cement based composite fabric (Concrete Cloth) bonded to the outer
surface of a plastic inner which forms a Nissen-Hut shaped structure once inflated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I thank the almighty for giving me an opportunity to present the sem-
inar with strength and courage. I am grateful to Dr. A.K Vasudevan, Principal
of Sreepathy Institute of Management and Technology, for providing me the best
facilities and atmosphere for the conduction of my seminar. I use this opportunity
to express my sincere gratitude towards The Head of Civil Engineering Department,
Mr. Sudheer K. V., for permitting me to conduct the seminar. I also at the out-
most thank and express my profound gratitude to my seminar guide Mr. Arun KA.,
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering Department, for his inspiring assistance,
encouragement and useful guidance. Last but not the least; I wish to express my
sincere thanks to all my friends for their goodwill and constructive ideas.
AKHIL. A. M
Reg. No. SYANECE005
Eigth Semester 2013 Admission
Dept. of Civil Engineering SIMAT, Vavannoor, Palakkad

Contents
List of Figures ii
List of Tables iii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Rigidiﬁed Inﬂatable Structure (RIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Concrete canvas shelter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 SCOPE 1
3 RIS MEMBRANE 2
4 CONCRETE CLOTH 3
5 INFLATABLE BUILDING Vs AIR-SUPPORTED BUILDINGS 4
6 KEY FACTS OF CCS 5
7 CCS ERECTING PROCEDURE 7
8 CCS VARIANTS 8
9 OTHER APPLICATIONS 9
9.1 RIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.2 Concrete Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10 ADVANTAGES 12
11 LIMITATIONS OF CCS 12
12 CONCLUSION 13
References 14
.
i

List of Figures
1 Concrete Cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Detailed section of air-supported building and inflatable building . . . 4
3 An air-supported structure and an inflatable structure . . . . . . . . 5
4 A picture showing safety against fire and security . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 CCS profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6 Ouside view of ARK NOVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7 Interior of Ark Nova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ii

List of Tables
1 PRE-DEPLOYMENT(Crate) DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 POST DEPLOYMENT DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 GENERAL SPECIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
iii

CONCRETE CANVAS SHELTERS - A TYPE OF RIGIDIFIED INFLATABLE
STRUCTURE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rigidified Inflatable Structure (RIS)
Rigidified inflatable structures (RIS) are thin-walled structures, made of initially
flexible membranes that take their solid shape upon pneumatic inflation, and there-
after become rigid and maintain their shape without the aid of internal pressure
(Van Dessel et al. 2003a). In their final rigidified state, RIS are thin-shell composite
structures that have load-bearing capacity. Some of the potential benefits of RIS
technology over conventional construction techniques include: (1) lower material
usage; (2) shorter manufacturing time; (3) compact stowed volume, allowing con-
venient transportation; (4) faster and safer construction; and (5) ability to easily
build complex structures. These benefits have prompted the development of RIS
technology for space applications; for example, to construct space antennas and
large support.
1.2 Concrete canvas shelter
CCS is an inflatable shell for forming a prefabricated shelter comprising: a cover
having a gas impermeable inner and an outer formed by at least one layer of cloth
that has been impregnated With a Water-settable material (concrete cloth). Where
in the inner is pneumatically inflatable to form a space underneath it. As used here,
the term “inner” and “outer” used in relation to the cover means that the inner
is located towards the inside of the shell relative to the outer. Each of the inner
and outer may be composed of one or more layers. The pneumatically inflatable
space between the ground sheet and the cover can be used to inflate and support
the cover. Alternatively, the inner may be pneumatically inflatable by the inclusion
of one or more inflatable pockets, e.g. pneumatic struts to raise the cover to provide
the required space underneath it. A doorway can be formed after the water settable
material has set by cutting the inner. Either the inner can be totally cut out in the
location of the doorway or a single cut may be introduced to provide two laps that
can be closed, for example by studs or a zip fastener. A solid door can be added to
the doorway, if required. Also additional openings may be formed for other purposes
e.g.: to allow utility pipe work or ducting or electric cables into the shelter, or to
provide ventilation. The inner is preferably transparent or translucent so that, in
areas not covered by the impregnated cloth, light can enter into the shelter.
2 SCOPE
In following natural disasters, it is often necessary to provide emergency shelters, for
example housing. Such shelters are usually provided by canvas tents but such tents
are not particularly sturdy and are inadequate for extreme weather and temperature
conditions often encountered at times of emergency. Furthermore, shelter is often
required for an extended period of time in such circumstances and canvas tents can
wear out before the need for them has been superseded by the building of permanent
shelters. Also, canvas tents are unsuitable for some uses, such as field hospitals
and stores, since it is difficult to set up hygienic conditions within a canvas tent,
Dept. of Civil Engineering 1 SIMAT, Vavanoor

STRUCTURE
militating against their use as a field hospital; also canvas tents are easily accessed,
making them easy to loot if valuable stores are held within them. Large shelters for
food and equipment storage are made from large metal frames covered with flexible
impermeable material. These are difficult to construct and often require prepared
foundations. CCS describes a method of constructing a building by inflating a bag,
applying foamed resin blocks to the inside of the bag to form an igloo-like structure
that provides the strength of the building, and finally an interior lining is applied.
This building requires a substantial amount of work to construct. In general the
scopes of CCS are:
• Can be used as emergency shelter on regions where disaster like natural calami-
ties, war occurred.
• Can be used for storing food materials, weapons etc
• Can be used as field hospitals.
• Can be used as a permanent house for homeless.
• Can be used as tourist tents in hotels and resorts.
• Can be used as in-situ office for engineers.
• Can be used for scientist working in remote areas like Antarctica, Amazon
forest etc.
3 RIS MEMBRANE
Rigidified inflatable structure (RIS) membranes are typically composed of high-
strength fibres embedded in a more elastic polymeric matrix. After inflation, the
polymeric matrix stiffens while the fibres remain unchanged; this results in an over-
all increase in stiffness for the composite. Some of the RIS materials being used
or proposed are the following: (1) fabric impregnated with resin that is cured by
exposure to ultraviolet light; (2) fabric impregnated with resin that is cured upon
the application of heat; (3) fabric impregnated with hydrophilic resin that rigidifies
as the water evaporates; (4) fabric impregnated with a polymer that rigidifies when
it is cooled below its glass transition temperature; (5) a laminate of aluminium
foil and thin Kapton film that rigidifies when the aluminium is strained beyond
its yield point; and (6) foam-inflated structures that rigidify as the foam hardens
within an enveloped cavity (Cadogan2001). For lower-tech applications of RIS tech-
nology, such as affordable housing, material cost becomes critically important and
lower-cost substitutes need to be identified. In an effort to reduce RIS material
cost, a new material is proposed and tested. This material is based on the forming
of a sequential semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN). Interpenetrating
polymer networks (IPNs) are a combination of two polymers in network form, at
least one of which is synthesized and/or cross-linked in the immediate presence of the
other (Sperling and Mishra 1996). Here, in CCS, polyethylene(PE) and a reactive
plasticizers is used to make the inflatable membrane. The formation of sequential
semi-IPNs based on polyethylene (PE) and a reactive plasticizers is of particular

STRUCTURE
interest in the development of RIS technology, for several reasons. First, PE is a
low-cost polymer. Second, plasticisation of PE by means of external plasticizers ren-
dering a rubber-like material is a well-established technology. Third, many different
monomers exist that can serve as plasticizers for PE. Finally, plastisol technology,
a technique to produce plasticized PE membranes or coated fabric, provides a com-
mon and inexpensive technique for making membranes. The use of photo initiator
to induce polymerization, as described by Moussa and Decker, further provides a
convenient way to cure the membrane of a pneumatic structure (Moussa and Decker
1993). In addition, the methods used to make plasticized PE film involved solution-
casting techniques. Plastisol coating is a much more efficient method for making
thin membranes.
4 CONCRETE CLOTH
Concrete cloth is a flexible, cement impregnated fabric that hardens when hydrated
to form a thin, durable, water proof and fire resistant concrete layer. CC allows
concrete construction without the need for plant or mixing equipment. Simply posi-
tion the cloth and just add water. Concrete cloth consists of a 3- dimensional fiber
matrix containing a specially formulated dry Concrete mix. A PVC backing on
one surface is to prevent it, to be attacked by moisture or water from surrounding,
makes it water proof. On the other side of the cloth is aided with a hydrophilic fibers
(polyethylene and polypropylene yarns) thus forms hydration is done by drawing wa-
ter into the mixture. The cloth may be hydrated either by spraying or by being fully
immersed in water. They can be easily nailed, stapled or coated with an adhesive
for easy attachment to other surface. Once set, the fibers reinforce the concrete,
preventing crack propagation providing a safe plastic failure mode. Compared to
traditional concrete solutions, it is faster, easier and, more cost effective to install
and has the additional benefit of reducing the environmental impact of concreting
works by up to 95percentage. Concrete canvas can be laid at a rate of 200sqm/hour
by a 3 man team. Typical installation speeds are up to 10 times faster than con-
ventional concrete solutions. It is available in man portable rolls eliminating the
need for plant on site and allowing concrete installation in areas with limited access.
Prior to hydration, Concrete cloth layers can be cut to length using basic hand tools
Figure 1: Concrete Cloth

STRUCTURE
eliminating the hazards associated with using power tools in high risk environments.
The concrete is pre-mixed so there is no need for mixing, measuring or compact-
ing but just add water. The speed and ease of installation mean it is more cost
effective than conventional concrete, with less logistical burden. It greatly reducing
transportation logistics and on site storage.it is a low mass, low carbon technology
which uses up to 95 percentage less material than conventional concrete for many
applications.
5 INFLATABLE BUILDING Vs AIR-SUPPORTED
BUILDINGS
An inflatable building is a structure constructed using two layers of membrane con-
nected together, typically using spars made from the same material. The cavity
formed between the layers is pressurized with air producing a rigid structural ele-
ment which allows large span structures to be achieved. The key difference between
air-supported buildings and inflatable buildings is that air-supported buildings re-
quire airlocks at all the access points to prevent air being lost when doors are opened
since the entire occupied space of the building is pressurized. An inflatable building
Figure 2: Detailed section of air-supported building and inflatable building
only requires pressurized air within the cavities of the walls and so does not require
airlocks since the occupied interior of the building is at normal atmospheric pres-
sure. Since a much lower volume of air is pressurized, inflatable buildings require less
power for continuous operation.The air contained within the walls of an inflatable
building becomes a true structural part of the building. The membranes used in
the construction of such buildings are typically less than 1mm thick, so the amount
of membrane used compared to the volume of air contained within the walls is in-
credibly low (typically less than 0.5In air-supported structure the main loads acting
against the air-supported envelope are internal air pressure, wind, or weight from
snow build-up. To compensate against wind force and snow load, the structure’s
inflation is adjusted accordingly. The air pressure on the envelope is equal to the air
pressure exerted on the inside ground, pushing the whole structure up. Therefore,
it needs to be securely anchored to the ground (or to the substructure in a roof-only
design).For wide span structures cables are required for anchoring and stabilization.
Anchoring requires ballast (weights). Early anchoring designs incorporated sand
bags, concrete blocks, bricks, or the like, typically placed around the perimeter on

STRUCTURE
the seal skirt. Most modern design structures use proprietary anchoring systems.The
danger of sudden collapse is nearly negligible, because the structure will gradually
deform or sag when subject to a heavy load or force (snow or wind). Only if these
warning signs are ignored or not noticed, then the build-up of an extreme load may
rupture the envelope, leading to a sudden deflation and collapse.
Figure 3: An air-supported structure and an inflatable structure
6 KEY FACTS OF CCS
• RAPID: A 25sqm CCS can be deployed by 2 people in less than 1 hour and is
ready to use in only 24 hours.
• FORCE PROTECTION: The compressive structure of CCS has been modelled
to be covered with sand or earth (berming) to provide protection against small
arms fire and shell fragments.
• INSULATING: CCS concrete shells have good thermal properties. When
buried they provide excellent insulation and a very large thermal mass.
• DURABLE: CCS are far more durable than tenting and are chemically resis-
tant and will not degrade in UV with a design life of over 10 years.
• CBRN PROTECTION: CCS can be fitted with a combined forced air / infla-
tion unit and decontamination module to provide full spectrum CBRN pro-
tection.
• SECURE: The hard shell and lockable doors of a CCS provide a level of security
not possible with soft skinned structures, protecting stores, equipment and
personnel.
• SEMI-PERMANENT: CCS provide all the benefits of a permanent structure
without the associated cost and time delays.
• SITE PREPARATION: CCS do not require foundations or hard surfacing for
deployment. However it is recommended that the site be relatively flat and
with any protruding rocks or vegetation removed.
• DEMOLITION: CCS can be demolished using basic tools. The thin walled
structure has a very low mass leaving little material for disposal.

STRUCTURE
• FIRE RESISTENT: Concrete Canvas (CC) is fire-safe, does not contribute to
the surface spread of flames, has a low level of smoke development and minimal
hazardous gas emissions. CC has achieved Euro class classification “B-s1, d0”.
Each shelter is lined with a flame retardant fibre reinforced polyethylene inner
with a B1 (DIN 4102-01 05/98) fire rating.
Figure 4: A picture showing safety against fire and security

STRUCTURE
7 CCS ERECTING PROCEDURE
Concrete Canvas Shelter are supplied folded in polyethylene, airtight, water proof
and rot proof sacks within ispm15 heat treated timber or plywood panel crates. Also
each CCS shelter is supplied with a 110 or 240V filter fitted inflation unit and a
controller. Firstly, water is filled to the PE sacks for the saturation of CCS. After
that without wasting any time the inflation unit is used to inflate the flame retardant
reinforced polyethylene inflatable inner to lift the structure until it is self supporting.
The shelter is the pegged down with ground anchors around the base. The CCS is
then hydrated by spraying with potable water or sea water. The concrete cloth cures
in the shape of the inflated inner. After 24 hours of curing period the structure is
ready to use. Access holes can be cut to allow installation of services like ventilators
windows etc. CCS structures are designed as part of modular system, units can
be docked together to create arrays of structures to suit operational requirements.
CCS structure only requires 2 people to deploy.

STRUCTURE
Figure 5: CCS profile
8 CCS VARIANTS
There are two shelter sizes available for CCS, the CCS25 and the CCS50 with
respective deployed areas of 25 and 50sq.meter. CCS are prefabricated structures
consisting of Concrete Canvas fixed to an inflatable inner with integral steel door
sets at each end. CCS are deployed in four stages; Delivery, Inflation, Hydration
and Setting
Table 1: PRE-DEPLOYMENT(Crate) DIMENSIONS
Unit Length (m) Width (m) Height (m) Weight
(Kg)
CCS25 2.61 2.30 1.13 1900
CCS50 2.90 2.24 1.70 3100
Table 2: POST DEPLOYMENT DIMENSIONS
Unit Length (m) Width (m) Height (m) Internal
Area
(sq.meter)
CCS25 5.00 5.60 2.45 25.00
CCS50 9.50 5.60 2.600 50.00

STRUCTURE
Table 3: GENERAL SPECIFICATION
Unit Water
Require-
ment(L)
Deployment
Time(min)
Cot Space
Available
CCS25 1000 60 4-6
CCS50 2000 120 8-10
9 OTHER APPLICATIONS
9.1 RIS
• ARK NOVA-JAPAN
Ark Nova is the first large-scale inflatable concert hall ever constructed.this
was designed by British citizen of Indian origin Anish Kapoor and Japanese
Architect Arata Isozaki This design is in response to the massive earthquake
and tsunami that hit Japan in the year2011. Ark Nova literally means “new
ark” with the hope to be the symbol of recovery after the major disaster. As
told by the designers, ”Ark Nova can’t obviously carry people and animals to
escape from disaster, but we conceived the ark to travel packed with music
and various arts, from the perspective of long-term rebuilding of culture.”
The designers have tried to instill a sense of positivity with a beautiful purple
structure with hand-crafted interior benches and a stage. Kapoor says, “The
structure defines a space for community and for music in which color and form
enclose.”Now this structure that resembles a bulb house, enormous grape has
the capacity of 500 people inside its translucent membrane that is made of a
PVC-coated polyester of 2000 square meters. The thickness of that membrane
is 0.63 mm and the mass in 1700 kg. The volume of the hall after inflating the
membrane comes out to be over 9000 cubic meters, the maximum expansion
being 29 meters in width, 36 meters in length and18 meters in height. The area
inside the hall is 680 square meters with the capacity of 500 seats in a flexible
arrangement. Another interesting feature of Ark Nova is that the auditorium
seating is crafted from wood found from ancient cedar trees growing near
Zuiganji Temple which were uprooted by the disaster. The building has a
diagonal tube across the interior which not only acts as a support when the
building is inflated but is also helpful in modulating the acoustics of the hall.
The opaque purple color from outside and the translucent red color from inside
creates a beautiful visual experience by allowing an organic change in the light
levels. The following images show a few renderings of the Ark Nova

STRUCTURE
Figure 6: Ouside view of ARK NOVA
Figure 7: Interior of Ark Nova
9.2 Concrete Cloth
• Ditch lining
Concrete cloth can be rapidly unrolled to form ditch or tank lining. It is
significantly quicker and less expensive to install than conventional concrete
ditch lining and requires no specialist plant equipment. The 30m ditch shown
below was lined in 45minutes. Traditionally, the most common renovations
were to replace smaller canals with pipelines and line larger canals with con-
crete. But lining canals with concrete is expensive and requires significant
upkeep. It is rapidly becoming the ditch lining material of choice for engineers
and contractors around the world. Concrete Cloth is typically 10 times faster
to install than conventional concrete solutions, with installation speeds of up
to 200sqm/hr possible with only a 3 man crew for a longitudinal layup. It
provides a ditch lining solution which is fast, easy and cost effective to install.
Another advantage is that it only required less number of workers than in
conventional ditch lining.

STRUCTURE
• Slope Protection
Landslides can be triggered by many often concomitant causes. In addition
to shallow erosion or reduction of shear strength caused by seasonal rainfall,
causes triggered by entropic activities such as adding excessive weight above
the slope, digging at mid-slope or at the foot of the slope, can also be included.
concert cloth can be used as slope stabilization and other erosion control ap-
plications such as temporary and permanent slope protection, retaining walls,
boulder fences, low level bunds and river bank and dam revetments.
• Concrete cloth as reinforcing sandbags
At first British army saw the potential of concrete clothes and adopted it to
their daily use replacing the regular construction materials, some of them were
the method of reinforcing sand bag for defence, this reduces the degradation of
sandbags in extreme climates of Afghanistan, where the combination of wind,
sand and extreme temperature affects the sandbags for a frequent repair. In
addition to that it can be made fire proof which resists the incoming fire and
the sparks produced by the muzzles. This was further tested by them using
small and medium calibre weapons. They are made compact to work even in
remote areas by manufacturing them in a compact size (10m or 33ft), made
them easy to handle without any of the heavy lifting equipment’s or planting
machinery’s. That forms a biggest advantage when work in remote area where
the helicopter is the only way to mode of transport. The usage of the material
is more easier just by unroll the pack and just add water, as a result there
forms a new concrete layer.
• Pipeline Protection
Concrete cloth can be used as a coating for overland or underwater pipeline
protection, providing a superior tough rock shield. In remote areas it can
be used to coat steel pipe on site without expensive wet concrete application
plants. It will set underwater and provide negative-buoyancy.

STRUCTURE
10 ADVANTAGES
• Concrete canvas shelter is secure with good earthquake performance protect-
ing personal and equipments in unstable environment.Additionally, it can be
padded with earth or snow to provide excellent thermal insulation.
• Provides head start in rebuilding infrastructure of a shattered community.
• In a break through for medicine, structure can be delivered sterile which helps
to perform surgical procedures from the ﬁrst day of crisis.
• An asset to post disaster economy recovery
11 LIMITATIONS OF CCS
• CCS requires a lot of water for deployment.
• CCS cannot be over hydrated and an excess of water is always recommended.
• Do not jet high pressure water directly onto the Concrete cloth as this may
wash a channel in the material.
• Working time will be reduced in hot climates.
• If Concrete cloth is not fully saturated, the set may be delayed and strength
reduced.

STRUCTURE
12 CONCLUSION
Fundamentally, Concrete Canvas is a clever means to erect a sturdy, permanent
structure anywhere. Packed in a crate, the entire building comes ready to erect
with a minimum of infrastructure or extra tools. The exterior fabric, the Concrete
Canvas shelter is look like normal tent canvas loaded with dry cement particles.
That fabric is bound to an interior airtight bladder. Since the interior is already
lined with the airtight bladder, it’s sterilizable for an easily deployable triage facility.
And like any concrete structure the walls can be drilled to install electricity, light
ﬁxtures, surfaces, or whatever the situation calls for. CCS will be a best choice at
emergency situations and when one need to erect a permanent structure in minimum
time using less amount of manpower giving a good design life.

STRUCTURE
References
[1] IJFEAT- International journal for engineering applications and technology pp:
2-7 “Concrete cloth and its application.
[2] Prof. K. Srinivas and Prof. Ravinder “Concrete Cloth - Its Uses and Application
in Civil Engineering” NBM media (journal) may 2012 pp: 41-46
[3] International Journal on Applications in Civil and Enviornmental Engineering
Volume 1: Issue 3: March 2015, pp 6-12. “Concrete cloth”.
[4] Study of a Honeycomb-Type Rigidified Inflatable Structure for Housing Ritesh
A. Khire1; Steven Van Dessel; Achille Messac; and Anoop A. Mullur
[5] Feasibility of Rigidified Inflatable Structures for Housing Steven Van Dessel;
Abdol R. Chini; and Achille Messac
[6] www.concretecanvas.co.uk

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