This document provides information on roofs and roofing structures. It begins with an introduction that defines a roof and discusses their purpose of protecting buildings from weather. It then discusses different roof materials, shapes, and parts. Common roof types are described such as gabled, hipped, arched and domed roofs. Specific structural systems like trusses, cables, and masts are examined. Different structural materials for roofs like wood, metal, and fabric are also covered. The document concludes with descriptions of innovative roof projects from architects that utilize unique structural systems and materials.

1. ROOF
BY

2. INTRODUCTION
• A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A
roof protects the building and its contents from the effects
of weather.
• Structures that require roofs range from letter box to
a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most umerous.
• Other types of structure, for example, a garden conservatory,
might use roofing that protects against cold, wind and rain but
admits light.
• The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of
the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and
the local traditions of construction and wider concepts
of architectural design and practice and may also be governed
by local or national legislation.

3. The uppermost part of a building which is constructed in the form of framework to give
protection to the building against rain, heat, snow, wind, etc.
A roof basically consists of structural elements provided at the
top of the building for the support of roof coverings
The structural elements consists of;
- Trusses
- Portals
- Slabs
- Domes
- A. C sheets covering
- G. I sheets coverings
- Shingles
- Slates, etc

4.  the material
 the construction
 the durability
Form of a roof
The shape of roofs differs greatly from region to
region. The main factors which influence the shape
of roofs are the climate and the materials available
for roof structure and the outer covering.
Parts of a roof
There are two parts to a roof, its supporting
structure and its outer skin, or uppermost
weatherproof layer.
Design elements Outer layer
Japan, repairing the roof of a
Gassho-zukuri farmhouse
Support
The roof of a library in Sweden.

5. The elements in the design of a roof are:
1. the material
2. The construction
3. the durability
•The durability of a roof is a matter of concern because
the roof is often the least accessible part of a building for
purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or
destruction can have serious effects.
•The shape of roofs differs greatly from region to region.
The main factors which influence the shape of roofs are
the climate and the materials available for roof structure
and the outer covering.
•The basic shapes of roofs
are flat, skillion, gabled, hipped, arched and domed.
There are many variations on these types. Some roofs
follow organic shapes,
Skillion roof Hipped roof
Geodesic dome Gabel roof
arched roof Flat roof

6. Roof as system component
•A roof is part of a building envelope, both the covering
on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which
provides protection from the weather, notably rain, but
also heat, wind and sunlight; and the framing or
structure which supports the covering.
•The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the
purpose of the building that it covers, the available
roofing materials and the local traditions of construction
and wider concepts of architectural design and practice
and may also be governed by local or
national legislation.
•A roof may also provide additional living space, for
example a roof garden.
•The material of a roof may range from banana leaves,
wheaten straw or seagrass to lamininated
glass, copper aluminium sheeting and precast concrete.
Terracotta tiles Thatch, using rice straw
Banana leaves Metal sheeting
Timber roof

7. TYPES OF ROOFS
Conical Chinese roof at the
Nanhai Academy inTaipei.
The marble dome of the Taj Mahal.
The glass roof of the Grand Palais,Paris.

8. Single cone form Barrel vault form
Cones: Single cone, multiples cones,
fixed edges, catenaries edges, cables
edges, height variations, inverted cones
etc.
Arched Vault (Barrel vault form):
Parallel arches and crossed arches

9. Hypar: Two opposing high
points and two opposing
low points
Synclastic Structures
Setting out defined & Form found shape
Synclastic structures are air-supported surfaces having a curvature at a given point and
in a particular direction that is of the same sign as the curvature at that point in the
perpendicular direction. For such air-supported structures, the fabric envelope is
supported by pressurized air but most of the fabrics derive their strength from their
double curved shape.

10. Cables are used extensively in tensile fabric
structures both as stays or ties as part of the
structural support system and within the fabric
membrane itself to create curved boundaries.
Cables are generally stainless steel or
galvanized and they sit within fabric pockets
which are welded to the fabric edges.
Membrane plates
Cables
Membrane plates are important
structural, visual and practical elements
which perform a number of functions.
They collect and distribute cable loads,
clamp the fabric in place and can
incorporate water collection and disposal
details.Membrane plate on boss with water collection,
with edge belt & Drainage
External boundary cable

11. Masts
•Masts are found in many forms of tensile fabric structures either as a primary
support to the membrane itself or as part of the supporting structure.
•Within conic membrane structures they generally have a dual function, i) to
provide fabric support and, ii) usually to provide a means of tensioning the
membrane.
a) Mast, b) Flying mast & jacking system, c) Fixed mast & head ring clamping

12. Erection of fabric structure
Erection should always be considered as part
of the design since installation methods can
influence the detailing. Larger membranes
may need to be broken down into smaller
regions, additional tensioning devices may
need to be added or component parts limited
in size if weight or size restrictions are
identified.
Shade & Fabric Structures Inc., US
ERECTION
Examples of Completed Fabric Structure

13.  This roof consists of four hyperboloid para boloids intersecting to form an
octagonal and very innovative shape, which has inspired the design of
current structures like the L’O ceanográfico in Valencia
Los Manantiales restaurant designed by Candela
HYPERBOLOID PARA BOLOIDS

14.  The environment observed by Insler, for example pillows or flowers, has
inspired his thin concrete shells.
 These forms are calculated by experiment using catenary models, instead of by
sophisticated mathematical method, in much the way that Antonio Gaudí had
used .
 A well-known example is the Deitingen service station on A12 motorway in
Switzerland constructed in 1968.
CATENARY

15. African tent in the Sahara desert: the surface is made of sheepskin, Sami
tent and Lomas de
Cuernavaca designed by Candela.
TEEPITENT GINERETIX TUPE

16. Deployable structures make temporary scaffolding
unnecessary. Mamoru Kawaguchi designed the
Pantadome system employing a series of hinges so
that the completed dome can be raised all at once
(Robbin, 1996).
designed the Barcelona Pantadome in cooperation
with architect Arata Isozaki, which was at first
preassembled and then raised with jacks and
temporary support towers.

17. •Geodesic grid shell, 6
frequency spherical cube.
•Geodesic dome plus orthogonal ground plan and
elevation in concert! The grid shell is propped by a
trabeated frame.
Truncated modular geodesic grid shells
that can be tessellated along the X and
Y axes.
Gourd-shaped geodesic envelop

18. Curtain rods (springs) prestressed the cladding.
Fixing the
cladding to the
space frame was
as easy as
hanging a
curtain!
The principles of ancient kite technology applied to a contemporary tent.

19. The universal joint using off-the-peg materials.
NODUS SYSTEM.
MERO SYSTEM.

20. Radial pleated suspended fabric dome
This model was constructed from a single flat sheet of polythene
Radial pleated suspension/aspension card dome
This model was constructed from a single flat sheet of gold-covered cardboard.
It uses a variation of the basic conical pleating pattern - with a "one up, two down" pattern -
reminiscent of the pattern used in the wildwalk roof canopy.

21. First phase of the Bini’s System.
Second phase of the Bini’s System.
•David and Barry South developed other system, which consisted of a shotconcrete applied to the inside
of an inflated fabric.
•This technique had some differences compared with the Bini’s System: First, shell is inflated using
polyurethane foam.
•This material gives the form the stiffness required to support the weight of reinforcing
•steel placed on the inside.
•The second difference is that the shot concrete is applied to the interior of the form when this shape has
been inflated.
•According to David South, spans of up to 300 meters can be obtained using this technique (Meyer 2005,
p.45).

22. ATUSHIIMAI MEMORIAL GYMNASSIUM
•LOCATION : ODATE , AKITA, JAPAN
•STRUCTURAL ENGINNERS: TIS AND PARTERS, NORIHIDE IMAGAWA, YUUKI OZAWA

23. POOL
ARENA
PIANO
ROON
PLAN AND SECTIONS

24.  DEIGNED BY BEN, THIS 980 SQ METER GYM, WHICH ALSO FUNCTIONS AS A SMALL CONCERT HALL, THIS WAS
ACHIEVED BY PLACING THE MAJORITY OF ARCHITRECTURAL PROGRAM UNDERGRIUNG; ONLY THE ROOF OF
THE MAIN SPACE ARE VISIBLE.
 THE AIN VOLUME- AN ELLIPTICAL SHAPE INSPIRED BY THE 17TH CETURY ARCHITECTURE OF GIOVANNI
LORENZO BERNINI- CONTAINS A STANDARD SIZE BASKET BALL ARENA.
 ANNEX SPACES OF THE ELLIPSE CONTAIN SWIMMING POOL, CHANGING ROOM AND PIANO ROOM.

25. JOINERY DETAIL

26.  BAN CHOS ELAMINATED STRAMD LUMBER(LSL) AS
THE STRUCTURAL MATERIAL FOR THE 20X28
METER DOME THAT SPANS THE SPORTS ARENA.
 LSL IS AN ENGINEERED WOOD LIKE THE
LAMINATEG VENEER LUMBER.
 IT USES LOW GRADE ROOFS, SUCH AS ASPEN,
WHICH ARE UNSUITABLE FOR OCNVENTIONAL
LUMBER PRODUCTS. THE MATERIAL CAN BE
MADE IN LENGTH OF MORE THAN 14 M AND
WIDTH OF 2.5 METERS.
 THE OUTER RING OF GYMNASSIUM WHICH IS
PRIMARILY UNDERGROUND IS CONSRTUCTED OG
CONCRETE AND DOUBLE GLASS POLYCARBONATE
PANELS AND METAL ROOFING.
 SOME PARTS OF THE RING WILL EVENTUALLY
DISAPPER AS GLASS AND OTHER PLANTS BEGINS
TO COVER AREAS OF THE ROOF.
ARENA ROOF TRUSS

27.  FOR THE GYMNESSIUM PLAN, BEN CREATED SERIES OF ARCHES SPANNING 28 METERS , AND TWENTY FIVE 2O
METER TRUSS ARCHES ORGANISED RADIALLY.
 THIS 3D FRAME WORK ALLOWS THE LSL TO ACT AS THE PRIMARY STRCTURAL MATERIAL WITH ONLY A MINIMAL
USE OF STEEL STRUCTURE, WHICH RUNS ON THE LONG DIRECTION, WHICH RUNS FROM NORTH TO SOUTH.
 TRANSLUCENT POLY CARBONATE ROOF PANES ADMMIT NATURAL LIGHT INTO THE CENTRAL ARENA AND
CREATE CHECKERBOARD SHADOWS ON THE FLOOR.
ARCH TRUSS AARENGMENT

28. JAPAN PAVILION ,EXPO 2000
LOCATION : HANNOVER, GERMANY
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS : BURO HAPPOLD –MICHAEL DICKSON, PAUL
WESTBURY, PAUL ROGERS

29.  The theme for expo 2000, a world’s fair held in
hannover, germany,was “humankind-nature-
technology.
 The fair focused on the idea of sustainable
development.
 Japan’s contribution to the expo was this 3100-
sq.M. Paper-tube pavilion, design by ban.
 The temporary pavilion used recycled paper tubs as
its primary structural material; at the end of expo
it could be completely recycled.
 Ban proposed to otto a tunnel arch that measured
74 x25 x16 meters.Since paper tubes can be
fabricate to any length , ban also thought they
should employ a three dimentional grid shell using
long paper tubes without joints.
 This would avoid the cost of fabricating expensive
wood joints, a necessity in his completed paper
dome.
•It would also reduce lateral force along the
pavillion’s long(southand north sides)
•A grid shell of 3d curved lines with identation in the
height and width provided stronger supports against
the lateral forces.
•Ultimatelyated, tubes wer fabricated, 20 m in length
for transport and then connected using wooden
splices, rather then a joint.
RECYCLED PAPER TUBS

30. LEVATION
PLAN

31.  The pavillions consrtuction method was integral to
its construction mathod.
 The enginners found that by using a flexible joint
system, the grid could be lifted up from below to
fprm the grid shell.
 The architect wanted the joints to be made out of
low-tech material – fabric or matal tape.
 The tape would allow the angle between the tubed
to open up in order to create a 3d curve.
 To give further stiffness to the grid shell and allow
the roof membrane to be attatched, the architect
proposed a fixed timber frame of ladder arches and
intersecting rafters.
 These ladders could also be used during construction
for maintenance.

32. CONSTRUCTION METHOD
STAGE 1 STAGE 2
STAGE 3 STAGE 4

33. STAGE 5 STAGE 6
STAGE 7 STAGE 8

34. SPACE GRID AND JOINARY
SEQUENCE 1
SEQUENCE 3
SEQUENCE 2
SEQUENCE 4
NODUS SYSTEM

35.  He intended the roof membrane to be paper, similar to the type used in waterproof envelopes.
 After much experimenting and testing , he and his team succedded in achieving the necessary strength
using a fireproof paper with glass fibre reinforcement and laminated fireproof film of polyetethylene.
 In the end, all the new materuals and techiques passed the requirements of the german authoritirs, also
ben had to make numerous compromises to accommodate these requirements and other sucurities and
concerns.
 Although the pavillion bilding was an enormous building achievement.
 The building obliged as a completely recyclable structure.
 This was an example of paper tube arch.