Hydrographic echo sounders are used to measure the depth to the seafloor by using the properties of acoustic waves. The principle of echo-sounders is basic - by measuring the two-way travel time between the acoustic waves transmitted on sea surface and those reflected at seafloor.
In this study, an integrated approach for hydrographic surveying is introduced and evaluated in terms of its efficiency in comparison with the traditional methods of hydrographic surveying. The approach develops an integrated environment of hydrographic surveying comprising human, hardware and software. The process of surveying starts from in-house planning using specialized geo-spatial softwares. Then, on site a combination of computer hardware, echosounder, differential global positioning system (DGPS), survey vessel and survey crew is made. Post-processing is performed after conducting a survey in order to improve quality of data by filtering errors and producing the end product like reservoir underwater terrain, development of reservoir stage-area and stage-storage relationships, etc. The study was applied to Tarbela Reservoir, Pakistan.
Sediment deposition in koyna reservoir by integrated bathymetric surveyeSAT Journals
Abstract In southern part of India, most of the precipitation occurs due to south-west monsoon during the months of June to September. Storage reservoirs are constructed to store the run-off volume and utilize it for long term requirements in the command such as irrigation, power generation, domestic water supply etc. The sediment deposition in the reservoir is a continuous and complex process. Sediment in a river which originates from the land erosion process in the catchment is propagated along with the river flow and finally gets deposited in the reservoir. This has adverse effect such as reduction in storage capacity and increase in backwater levels. For the long term and yearly planning of efficient utilization of reservoir capacity, estimation of sediment deposit is not only sufficient but also estimation of trapped sediment at different levels in the reservoir is required. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) based Integrated Bathymetric Survey System for hydrographic survey is used for estimation of sediment deposition pattern in the Koyna reservoir. In this method three or more satellite based GPS receivers are used in differential mode for positioning. Ecosounder is used for depth measurements. GPS reference receiver is located at a known latitude and longitude position and GPS mobile receiver is located on the survey boat. Both the GPS operate in differential mode through a communication link. From this study (2004) it is observed that sedimentation rate in Koyna reservoir is more than 6.5 Ham/100 sq.km/year anticipated in 1949. Key Words: reservoir, sedimentation, Bathymetric Survey, hydrographic, GPS
The document provides details of the DSS project in Kerala including:
1) Expenditure and funding amounts for the project from 2006-2014.
2) Components of the project including institutional strengthening, awareness programs, implementation support, hydrological studies, and decision support systems.
3) Financial details of investment and recurrent costs for each component from 2006-2014.
4) Achievements of the project including upgrading hydrological stations, training programs, studies conducted in the Bharathapuzha river basin using modeling tools, and establishing a DSS network.
5) Future requirements including training in new modeling software, exhaustive training in the DSS software, modeling of other basins
This document provides a summary of the financial progress and achievements of the Gujarat - Ground Water hydrology project. Some key points:
- Total projected cost is 176.32 crore INR, of which 169.11 crore (96%) has been spent as of March 2014.
- Major activities include upgrading the piezometer network, procuring equipment like DWLRs, GIS data, and training programs.
- Key outcomes are improved groundwater data availability and monitoring networks, as well as awareness raising and decision support systems.
- Lessons learned include the importance of data quality control, coordination, and training to improve groundwater management.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
This work report summarizes Amaljit Bharali's contributions in 2016 related to water resources, hydrology, and flood modelling in Northeast India. Major contributions included operational work on a Flood Early Warning System including hydrological modelling. Other work included database development, field surveys, and training. Research activities included urban flood modelling in Shillong and hydraulic modelling of flood prone rivers. Publications and conferences were also listed.
7 - AECOM Water Resources Seminar World Bank -16-Septindiawrm
The document discusses AECOM's work on rehabilitating the Pattamundai Canal System in Odisha, India. It overviews AECOM's scope of work, which included surveys, design, drawings and cost estimates. It describes the canal system and key challenges including lack of data on the old system. AECOM's methodology involved condition surveys, GIS mapping, designs for canal modifications and new structures, and contract documents. The process included surveys, investigation, planning, design, quantities and cost estimation, and completion documents.
The document discusses the importance of spatial data integrity in oil and gas exploration. It provides examples of how failures in spatial data integrity, such as using incorrect coordinate reference systems, can lead to significant costs and issues. Spatial data is critical in exploration activities from seismic surveying and well positioning to infrastructure construction. The case study of the SIS A #1 gas discovery in South Sesulu, Indonesia illustrates how maintaining spatial data integrity from the beginning of exploration played a role in the project's success.
1) Marine surveys in 2008 and 2012 found that the seabed between two offshore platforms in the Ujung Pangkah field is subject to frequent mudflows and sediment deposition. This helped explain a 2011 gas pipeline rupture.
2) Geomatics techniques including GIS and satellite imagery helped locate and monitor a buried gas pipeline segment undergoing nearby construction activities.
3) Maintaining pipeline integrity requires understanding seabed conditions and monitoring activities near pipelines. Geomatics practices provided data supporting pipeline design, maintenance, and integrity for the Ujung Pangkah field.
Sediment deposition in koyna reservoir by integrated bathymetric surveyeSAT Journals
Abstract In southern part of India, most of the precipitation occurs due to south-west monsoon during the months of June to September. Storage reservoirs are constructed to store the run-off volume and utilize it for long term requirements in the command such as irrigation, power generation, domestic water supply etc. The sediment deposition in the reservoir is a continuous and complex process. Sediment in a river which originates from the land erosion process in the catchment is propagated along with the river flow and finally gets deposited in the reservoir. This has adverse effect such as reduction in storage capacity and increase in backwater levels. For the long term and yearly planning of efficient utilization of reservoir capacity, estimation of sediment deposit is not only sufficient but also estimation of trapped sediment at different levels in the reservoir is required. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) based Integrated Bathymetric Survey System for hydrographic survey is used for estimation of sediment deposition pattern in the Koyna reservoir. In this method three or more satellite based GPS receivers are used in differential mode for positioning. Ecosounder is used for depth measurements. GPS reference receiver is located at a known latitude and longitude position and GPS mobile receiver is located on the survey boat. Both the GPS operate in differential mode through a communication link. From this study (2004) it is observed that sedimentation rate in Koyna reservoir is more than 6.5 Ham/100 sq.km/year anticipated in 1949. Key Words: reservoir, sedimentation, Bathymetric Survey, hydrographic, GPS
The document provides details of the DSS project in Kerala including:
1) Expenditure and funding amounts for the project from 2006-2014.
2) Components of the project including institutional strengthening, awareness programs, implementation support, hydrological studies, and decision support systems.
3) Financial details of investment and recurrent costs for each component from 2006-2014.
4) Achievements of the project including upgrading hydrological stations, training programs, studies conducted in the Bharathapuzha river basin using modeling tools, and establishing a DSS network.
5) Future requirements including training in new modeling software, exhaustive training in the DSS software, modeling of other basins
This document provides a summary of the financial progress and achievements of the Gujarat - Ground Water hydrology project. Some key points:
- Total projected cost is 176.32 crore INR, of which 169.11 crore (96%) has been spent as of March 2014.
- Major activities include upgrading the piezometer network, procuring equipment like DWLRs, GIS data, and training programs.
- Key outcomes are improved groundwater data availability and monitoring networks, as well as awareness raising and decision support systems.
- Lessons learned include the importance of data quality control, coordination, and training to improve groundwater management.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
This work report summarizes Amaljit Bharali's contributions in 2016 related to water resources, hydrology, and flood modelling in Northeast India. Major contributions included operational work on a Flood Early Warning System including hydrological modelling. Other work included database development, field surveys, and training. Research activities included urban flood modelling in Shillong and hydraulic modelling of flood prone rivers. Publications and conferences were also listed.
7 - AECOM Water Resources Seminar World Bank -16-Septindiawrm
The document discusses AECOM's work on rehabilitating the Pattamundai Canal System in Odisha, India. It overviews AECOM's scope of work, which included surveys, design, drawings and cost estimates. It describes the canal system and key challenges including lack of data on the old system. AECOM's methodology involved condition surveys, GIS mapping, designs for canal modifications and new structures, and contract documents. The process included surveys, investigation, planning, design, quantities and cost estimation, and completion documents.
The document discusses the importance of spatial data integrity in oil and gas exploration. It provides examples of how failures in spatial data integrity, such as using incorrect coordinate reference systems, can lead to significant costs and issues. Spatial data is critical in exploration activities from seismic surveying and well positioning to infrastructure construction. The case study of the SIS A #1 gas discovery in South Sesulu, Indonesia illustrates how maintaining spatial data integrity from the beginning of exploration played a role in the project's success.
1) Marine surveys in 2008 and 2012 found that the seabed between two offshore platforms in the Ujung Pangkah field is subject to frequent mudflows and sediment deposition. This helped explain a 2011 gas pipeline rupture.
2) Geomatics techniques including GIS and satellite imagery helped locate and monitor a buried gas pipeline segment undergoing nearby construction activities.
3) Maintaining pipeline integrity requires understanding seabed conditions and monitoring activities near pipelines. Geomatics practices provided data supporting pipeline design, maintenance, and integrity for the Ujung Pangkah field.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUKE SUB-WATERSHED OF TAWA RESERVOIR CATCHMENT AREA ...Journal For Research
The study area covers 732.95 Km2 in suke sub-watershed of Tawa reservoir catchment area of Hoshangabad, Bhopal (M.P.). the drainage network of suke sub watershed and measurement of Linear, Aereal and Relief aspects of basin by digitized using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic drainage pattern. Stream order ranges from one to sixth order. The drainage density in the area 2.06km/km.2 belong to moderate category.Stream frequency in the area 2.82 and texture ratio 4.08 is range to belong moderate condition. The form factor indicate the sub watershed are less elongated in shape. The high value of circulatory ration the sub watershed is characterize by high to moderate relief and drainage system structurally controlled but the study area Rc is less than .50 indicating they are less elongated in shape.
The document summarizes the Tamilnadu Hydrology Project-II. It provides details on achievements of the project including institutional strengthening through equipment procurement and capacity building. It discusses the development of decision support systems in 3 basins, including setting up hydrological models. Challenges faced and plans for utilizing outputs post-project are also outlined. Financial status and plans for utilizing the remaining budget are presented.
Sediment Assessment of UJJANI Reservoir in Maharashtra by using Remote Sensin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses remote sensing to assess sedimentation in the Ujjani Reservoir in Maharashtra, India. Landsat satellite imagery from 2001-2002 was analyzed using NDWI to identify water pixels and calculate changing water spread areas over time. This allowed the researchers to generate a revised capacity-elevation curve and estimate total sedimentation in the reservoir over 34 years was about 207.822 cubic meters, at a rate of 6.65 hectare-meters per 100 square kilometers per year. Remote sensing provided a more efficient approach than traditional surveys to periodically evaluate sedimentation and inform management of the reservoir's longevity.
This document discusses groundwater usage and management in India. It notes that groundwater provides 38% of India's total usable water resources and is critical for irrigation, rural drinking water, and urban water supply. However, over 60% of assessment units have been designated as overexploited, and groundwater levels are declining in many areas. The Central Ground Water Board's new scheme aims to shift from groundwater development to management through comprehensive aquifer mapping, formulation of aquifer management plans, capacity building, and regulation. Key goals are improving data accuracy, managing aquifers at the local level through participation, and achieving water security and sustainability. Major initiatives include the National Aquifer Mapping project and participatory groundwater management programs.
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
The document summarizes the Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) developed by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services. ODIS integrates heterogeneous ocean data from various observing systems into a centralized database to provide web-based data and information services. It receives over 5 terabytes of real-time data annually from in situ platforms like Argo floats and remote sensing satellites. The data goes through quality control before being loaded into the database. ODIS then makes this quality controlled data available through various web-based services like potential fishing zone advisories and ocean state forecasts using interactive maps and other visualization tools. These services provide ocean data, forecasts and advisories to users in multiple languages.
IRJET - Remote Sensing, GIS and Geophysical Techniques to Find Suitable Sites...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysical techniques to identify suitable sites for rainwater harvesting structures in the hard rock terrain of Talbehat block in Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was conducted at field locations to create maps of overburden thickness, aquifer thickness, and hard rock depth. These maps along with land use/cover, drainage, geomorphology, and other thematic layers were overlaid in GIS to produce a groundwater prospects map identifying potential sites for rainwater harvesting structures like nala bunds, check dams, and percolation tanks. The study aims to enhance groundwater availability and utilization of rainfall for sustainable
IRJET - Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water of Bhathat Block of Gorakhp...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the physicochemical properties of groundwater samples collected from 13 locations in the Bhathat Block of Gorakhpur District, India. The parameters tested include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, and fluoride. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques like inverse distance weighted interpolation were used to map the spatial distribution of water quality. The water quality index was calculated to evaluate the overall quality of water. Most parameters were within acceptable limits according to BIS standards, though some locations had higher levels of nitrates and fluorides. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region and identify polluted areas to enable remedial measures.
Application of Swat Model for Generating Surface Runoff and Estimation of Wat...IRJET Journal
This document describes using the SWAT hydrological model to simulate rainfall-runoff and estimate water availability in the 800 sqkm Balehonnur catchment of the Badra River basin in India. Various data inputs were used, including DEM, land use, soil, and temperature and precipitation. The model was calibrated for 1995-2010 and validated for 2011-2015, achieving R2 and NSE values of 0.878 and 0.78 for calibration and 0.869 and 0.75 for validation. Future water availability from 2021-2050 was estimated using climate change scenario data, though overestimation requires bias correction. The study aims to evaluate climate change impacts on water resources for planning.
DSD-SEA 2018 Software Application in Integrated Water Resources Management in...Deltares
Presentation by Mr. Irfan Sudono (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia) at the Seminar Cutting Edge Hydro Software for South-East Asia, during the Deltares Software Days South-East Asia 2018. Thursday, 6 September 2018, Yogyakarta.
IRJET- Hydraulic Redesign and Analysis of Kotmara Dam: Kas River BasinIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to redesign the Kotmara Dam on the Kas River in India. The study first delineated the dam's watershed area using topographic maps and QGIS software. Runoff was then estimated to determine the actual water storage available. The dam's design was analyzed and its hydraulic dimensions reassessed based on the updated watershed and runoff data. Three trial designs were modeled by increasing the dam height. All trials showed safety factors above minimum requirements, indicating the dam could safely hold more water if its height was increased. The study concluded QGIS provided a more accurate watershed delineation than manual methods. Redesigning the dam could improve its ability to meet water
The document summarizes efforts to upgrade India's hydrological information system through the Hydrology Project. Key aspects of the upgrade include standardizing data collection procedures, developing infrastructure like new observation stations, and establishing a comprehensive computerized database. Over 1,700 existing rainfall stations were reactivated or upgraded, 650 new river gauging stations were established, and 7,900 new groundwater observation wells were added. The upgraded system aims to provide reliable, accessible hydrological data to support improved water management across nine states in India covering 1.7 million square kilometers.
The document discusses operational remote sensing applications in India. It outlines the institutional mechanisms for natural resource management using remote sensing data from Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) satellites. Some key applications discussed are natural resource inventories, land use/land cover mapping, agriculture monitoring, drought and flood assessment, and the FASAL program for multi-crop forecasting using remote sensing, agrometeorology and ground data. National level inventories are done at 180m, 60m and 24m resolutions with finer scales at state and district levels.
Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Techniques - A Case Study of Anantnag Di...IJMER
Groundwater is used for a variety of purposes, including irrigation, industrial, drinking, and
manufacturing. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater is an important because the physical
and chemical characteristics of groundwater determine its suitability for agricultural, industrial and
domestic usages. The present study area i.e, District Anantnag lies in southern part of Jammu and
Kashmir and is characterized by undulating topography, rugged mountains. The habitants of the study
area mainly depend on ground water resources viz; springs and tube wells. The present study attempts to
explore the best spatial interpolation technique that will best represent the actual ground water quality of
district anantnag. In the present study various maps representing various physio-chemcial properties of
ground water quality were generated using spatial interpolation techniques viz; Inverse Distance
Weighted (IDW) and Nearest Neighbor (NN). Out of total 92 ground water samples, 8 points were
preserved for cross validation between the two interpolation techniques using Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE) test. Finally it can be conclude that IDW is the most preferable technique for spatial
interpolation measurement of ground water quality data.
This document provides a compilation of experiences implementing irrigation efficiency programs in India. It discusses the growing dependence on groundwater irrigation, the associated impacts on water availability and energy use. Various state-led programs since the 1980s have aimed to improve pumping efficiency and promote conservation. The report categorizes programs into those focusing on pump-set efficiency upgrades and those promoting efficient water use through micro-irrigation, recharge structures. It aims to derive lessons from past experiences to improve future groundwater management and reduce energy and water stresses.
1. The document describes Maharashtra's real-time flood forecasting approach, which includes installing a real-time data acquisition system (RTDAS) across the Krishna and Bhima river basins to monitor rainfall, river levels, and reservoir levels and outflows.
2. The RTDAS network consists of 149 automated stations, including 127 rainfall stations. Installation of the network was completed with the exception of one reservoir station.
3. Hydrological and reservoir operation models are being developed using data from the RTDAS to provide real-time flood forecasts and optimize reservoir operations for flood management. The system is intended to help reduce flood impacts and losses in Maharashtra.
This document describes a methodology for real-time reservoir operation of the Hirakud reservoir in India. The goal is to minimize penalties from deviating from recommended reservoir levels, flows exceeding safe limits downstream, and changes in release rates. The operation will be done in two phases - a calibration phase to determine penalty parameters, and a validation phase. Three historic floods will be used in the calibration phase to evaluate different penalty structures and select the best-performing set of penalties based on reservoir levels, downstream flows, and duration of flood operation.
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Survey ProjectNzar Braim
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Survey Project
The system is able to withstand the harsh environment of the nearshore and acquire beach profile information across the surf zone. This paper describes the system and results of a comparison in Myrtle Beach, S.C., between surveys collected over a 3- day period by the personal watercraft system and by a similar system mounted aboard a traditional coastal survey vessel.
The bathymetric measurements for the personal watercraft-mounted echosounder surveying system display mean repetitive differences of 6 cm.
This workshop is an introductory course in Hydrographic surveying.
It is designed for surveyors, engineers, survey technicians, dredge operators, and hydrographers.
The course focuses on theoretical principles of hydrographic surveying, project description, operation, and map production.
Exaple of use of decision support system planning dss (p) kerala statehydrologyproject0
The document discusses various applications of decision support system (DSS) tools to model the Bharathapuzha river basin in Kerala, India. Ten applications are described, including conjunctive water use, artificial groundwater recharge, inter-sub basin water transfer, hydropower generation, reservoir operation, water quality management, and irrigation modeling. The DSS tools were used to develop optimal water resource management scenarios and evaluate project proposals, with some receiving government approval for implementation. An ambitious new project is underway to model 20 river basins across Kerala using DSS.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUKE SUB-WATERSHED OF TAWA RESERVOIR CATCHMENT AREA ...Journal For Research
The study area covers 732.95 Km2 in suke sub-watershed of Tawa reservoir catchment area of Hoshangabad, Bhopal (M.P.). the drainage network of suke sub watershed and measurement of Linear, Aereal and Relief aspects of basin by digitized using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic drainage pattern. Stream order ranges from one to sixth order. The drainage density in the area 2.06km/km.2 belong to moderate category.Stream frequency in the area 2.82 and texture ratio 4.08 is range to belong moderate condition. The form factor indicate the sub watershed are less elongated in shape. The high value of circulatory ration the sub watershed is characterize by high to moderate relief and drainage system structurally controlled but the study area Rc is less than .50 indicating they are less elongated in shape.
The document summarizes the Tamilnadu Hydrology Project-II. It provides details on achievements of the project including institutional strengthening through equipment procurement and capacity building. It discusses the development of decision support systems in 3 basins, including setting up hydrological models. Challenges faced and plans for utilizing outputs post-project are also outlined. Financial status and plans for utilizing the remaining budget are presented.
Sediment Assessment of UJJANI Reservoir in Maharashtra by using Remote Sensin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses remote sensing to assess sedimentation in the Ujjani Reservoir in Maharashtra, India. Landsat satellite imagery from 2001-2002 was analyzed using NDWI to identify water pixels and calculate changing water spread areas over time. This allowed the researchers to generate a revised capacity-elevation curve and estimate total sedimentation in the reservoir over 34 years was about 207.822 cubic meters, at a rate of 6.65 hectare-meters per 100 square kilometers per year. Remote sensing provided a more efficient approach than traditional surveys to periodically evaluate sedimentation and inform management of the reservoir's longevity.
This document discusses groundwater usage and management in India. It notes that groundwater provides 38% of India's total usable water resources and is critical for irrigation, rural drinking water, and urban water supply. However, over 60% of assessment units have been designated as overexploited, and groundwater levels are declining in many areas. The Central Ground Water Board's new scheme aims to shift from groundwater development to management through comprehensive aquifer mapping, formulation of aquifer management plans, capacity building, and regulation. Key goals are improving data accuracy, managing aquifers at the local level through participation, and achieving water security and sustainability. Major initiatives include the National Aquifer Mapping project and participatory groundwater management programs.
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
The document summarizes the Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) developed by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services. ODIS integrates heterogeneous ocean data from various observing systems into a centralized database to provide web-based data and information services. It receives over 5 terabytes of real-time data annually from in situ platforms like Argo floats and remote sensing satellites. The data goes through quality control before being loaded into the database. ODIS then makes this quality controlled data available through various web-based services like potential fishing zone advisories and ocean state forecasts using interactive maps and other visualization tools. These services provide ocean data, forecasts and advisories to users in multiple languages.
IRJET - Remote Sensing, GIS and Geophysical Techniques to Find Suitable Sites...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysical techniques to identify suitable sites for rainwater harvesting structures in the hard rock terrain of Talbehat block in Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was conducted at field locations to create maps of overburden thickness, aquifer thickness, and hard rock depth. These maps along with land use/cover, drainage, geomorphology, and other thematic layers were overlaid in GIS to produce a groundwater prospects map identifying potential sites for rainwater harvesting structures like nala bunds, check dams, and percolation tanks. The study aims to enhance groundwater availability and utilization of rainfall for sustainable
IRJET - Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water of Bhathat Block of Gorakhp...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the physicochemical properties of groundwater samples collected from 13 locations in the Bhathat Block of Gorakhpur District, India. The parameters tested include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, and fluoride. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques like inverse distance weighted interpolation were used to map the spatial distribution of water quality. The water quality index was calculated to evaluate the overall quality of water. Most parameters were within acceptable limits according to BIS standards, though some locations had higher levels of nitrates and fluorides. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region and identify polluted areas to enable remedial measures.
Application of Swat Model for Generating Surface Runoff and Estimation of Wat...IRJET Journal
This document describes using the SWAT hydrological model to simulate rainfall-runoff and estimate water availability in the 800 sqkm Balehonnur catchment of the Badra River basin in India. Various data inputs were used, including DEM, land use, soil, and temperature and precipitation. The model was calibrated for 1995-2010 and validated for 2011-2015, achieving R2 and NSE values of 0.878 and 0.78 for calibration and 0.869 and 0.75 for validation. Future water availability from 2021-2050 was estimated using climate change scenario data, though overestimation requires bias correction. The study aims to evaluate climate change impacts on water resources for planning.
DSD-SEA 2018 Software Application in Integrated Water Resources Management in...Deltares
Presentation by Mr. Irfan Sudono (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia) at the Seminar Cutting Edge Hydro Software for South-East Asia, during the Deltares Software Days South-East Asia 2018. Thursday, 6 September 2018, Yogyakarta.
IRJET- Hydraulic Redesign and Analysis of Kotmara Dam: Kas River BasinIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to redesign the Kotmara Dam on the Kas River in India. The study first delineated the dam's watershed area using topographic maps and QGIS software. Runoff was then estimated to determine the actual water storage available. The dam's design was analyzed and its hydraulic dimensions reassessed based on the updated watershed and runoff data. Three trial designs were modeled by increasing the dam height. All trials showed safety factors above minimum requirements, indicating the dam could safely hold more water if its height was increased. The study concluded QGIS provided a more accurate watershed delineation than manual methods. Redesigning the dam could improve its ability to meet water
The document summarizes efforts to upgrade India's hydrological information system through the Hydrology Project. Key aspects of the upgrade include standardizing data collection procedures, developing infrastructure like new observation stations, and establishing a comprehensive computerized database. Over 1,700 existing rainfall stations were reactivated or upgraded, 650 new river gauging stations were established, and 7,900 new groundwater observation wells were added. The upgraded system aims to provide reliable, accessible hydrological data to support improved water management across nine states in India covering 1.7 million square kilometers.
The document discusses operational remote sensing applications in India. It outlines the institutional mechanisms for natural resource management using remote sensing data from Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) satellites. Some key applications discussed are natural resource inventories, land use/land cover mapping, agriculture monitoring, drought and flood assessment, and the FASAL program for multi-crop forecasting using remote sensing, agrometeorology and ground data. National level inventories are done at 180m, 60m and 24m resolutions with finer scales at state and district levels.
Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Techniques - A Case Study of Anantnag Di...IJMER
Groundwater is used for a variety of purposes, including irrigation, industrial, drinking, and
manufacturing. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater is an important because the physical
and chemical characteristics of groundwater determine its suitability for agricultural, industrial and
domestic usages. The present study area i.e, District Anantnag lies in southern part of Jammu and
Kashmir and is characterized by undulating topography, rugged mountains. The habitants of the study
area mainly depend on ground water resources viz; springs and tube wells. The present study attempts to
explore the best spatial interpolation technique that will best represent the actual ground water quality of
district anantnag. In the present study various maps representing various physio-chemcial properties of
ground water quality were generated using spatial interpolation techniques viz; Inverse Distance
Weighted (IDW) and Nearest Neighbor (NN). Out of total 92 ground water samples, 8 points were
preserved for cross validation between the two interpolation techniques using Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE) test. Finally it can be conclude that IDW is the most preferable technique for spatial
interpolation measurement of ground water quality data.
This document provides a compilation of experiences implementing irrigation efficiency programs in India. It discusses the growing dependence on groundwater irrigation, the associated impacts on water availability and energy use. Various state-led programs since the 1980s have aimed to improve pumping efficiency and promote conservation. The report categorizes programs into those focusing on pump-set efficiency upgrades and those promoting efficient water use through micro-irrigation, recharge structures. It aims to derive lessons from past experiences to improve future groundwater management and reduce energy and water stresses.
1. The document describes Maharashtra's real-time flood forecasting approach, which includes installing a real-time data acquisition system (RTDAS) across the Krishna and Bhima river basins to monitor rainfall, river levels, and reservoir levels and outflows.
2. The RTDAS network consists of 149 automated stations, including 127 rainfall stations. Installation of the network was completed with the exception of one reservoir station.
3. Hydrological and reservoir operation models are being developed using data from the RTDAS to provide real-time flood forecasts and optimize reservoir operations for flood management. The system is intended to help reduce flood impacts and losses in Maharashtra.
This document describes a methodology for real-time reservoir operation of the Hirakud reservoir in India. The goal is to minimize penalties from deviating from recommended reservoir levels, flows exceeding safe limits downstream, and changes in release rates. The operation will be done in two phases - a calibration phase to determine penalty parameters, and a validation phase. Three historic floods will be used in the calibration phase to evaluate different penalty structures and select the best-performing set of penalties based on reservoir levels, downstream flows, and duration of flood operation.
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Survey ProjectNzar Braim
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Survey Project
The system is able to withstand the harsh environment of the nearshore and acquire beach profile information across the surf zone. This paper describes the system and results of a comparison in Myrtle Beach, S.C., between surveys collected over a 3- day period by the personal watercraft system and by a similar system mounted aboard a traditional coastal survey vessel.
The bathymetric measurements for the personal watercraft-mounted echosounder surveying system display mean repetitive differences of 6 cm.
This workshop is an introductory course in Hydrographic surveying.
It is designed for surveyors, engineers, survey technicians, dredge operators, and hydrographers.
The course focuses on theoretical principles of hydrographic surveying, project description, operation, and map production.
Exaple of use of decision support system planning dss (p) kerala statehydrologyproject0
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1. Introduction
Data collected through hydrographic surveying play a pivotal role in decision making for short term and long
term planning, operation and management of the reservoir [1]. Generally, in water resources engineering and
management projects in Indus Basin the traditional methods of hydrographic surveying are adopted, although
these methods served the purpose to a large extent in the past. But now, water resources are under immense
pressure due to various factors and need a variety of information in order to take timely and informed decisions
for efficient management of water. The traditional methods do not have the capacity to deal with such data in an
efficient way.
In case of Tarbela Reservoir, the traditional method of hydrographic surveying consists of a large set of heavy
and complicated equipment. The equipment consists of mainly echosounders, printers, time tagging machine,
wireless communication sets, mini rangers, power batteries and theodolites, etc. [2]. Accordingly, a large crew is
required onboard in order to mount and operate the equipment.
This is not the case only with Tarbela Reservoir, but almost in every major water project in Indus Basin the
same approach is adopted. The situation with Provincial Irrigation Departments (PIDs) in Indus Basin, which are
the backbone of agricultural production in the country, is even worse. The PIDs have been practicing century old
hydrographic surveying techniques. These techniques mainly consist of sounding rod, sounding probe with very
crude distance/depth measuring techniques. These techniques are outdated now and in no way are capable of
meeting the demands of an accurate hydrographic surveying.
Difficulties and limitations in hydrographic data collection with traditional and some outdated practices make
the need of introducing some efficient techniques for these surveys. In this paper an effort is made to introduce
and evaluate an integrated approach of hydrographic surveying. This approach will address most of the above
mentioned deficiencies up to a large extent. Furthermore, the new approach is compared with the traditional
methods in several ways in order to understand the efficiency of the new approach. The main parameters of
comparison are the time, accuracy and ease of operation. At the end of the paper, variety and sophistication in
the output from this approach is discussed.
2. Methods and Approach
2.1. Hydrology of Tarbela Dam
Tarbela Dam was constructed in 1974 in Indus River at Tarbela, Haripur District, Pakistan. It is located about
100 km away from Islamabad in the North-west direction. The dam is located at 34˚5'16.61"N, 72˚41'55.56"E.
The main dam is an earth core rock fill type with a length of 2743 meters and 148 meters high [3]. The reservoir
is about 100 km long, but analysis is confined up to 15 km upstream of the dam. Figure 1 shows layout of the
Tarbela Reservoir.
Figure 1. Layout of Tarbela Reservoir with study area.
3. S. Munir et al.
158
Length of Indus River upstream of Tarbela Dam is about 1100 km with a basin area of about 169,645 km2
.
Most of the upper Indus Basin area consists of snow covered high mountains, whereas monsoon area of the ba-
sin covers only 10,360 km2
just above Tarbela [4]. Indus River carries enormous amounts of sediments, which
deposits in the reservoir and is the main reason of decrease in storage volume. Sedimentation reduces the capac-
ity of reservoir over time, which is monitored through hydrographic surveying and the annual buildup of sedi-
ments is computed. Figure 1 presents an overview of Trabela Reservoir.
2.2. New Integrated Approach
The new integrated approach of hydrographic surveying, under discussion, consists of meaningful combination
of hardware, software and human. It mainly consists of Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), echo-
sounder with transducer, field computer [5] and reliable power supply. Two softwares are mainly used; one is
for collecting bathymetric data, the bathy 2010 Software, and the other is Hypack. Hypack Software, in this ap-
proach played central role and involved in all stages of surveying from in-house survey planning to produce the
sophisticated end products.
Reservoir sounding data including sub-bottom profiling was collected using 3.5 kHz Chirp sub-bottom pro-
filer. The transducer was connected with Bathy 2010 Echosounder. The 3D positioning data were collected
through differential GPS. Differential corrections were received in real time through geostationary satellite
(OmniStar). SyQwest Echsounder was operated through Bathy 2010 Software. All position and sounding data
were stored in Bathy 2010 Software. From Bathy 2010 Software, data were exported to Hypack. Hypack then
stored all the data and guided in maintaining the survey vessel position. Figure 2 shows a field setup of inte-
grated hydrographic surveying approach.
2.3. Pre-Survey Planning
In order to conduct an accurate and efficient survey, there are some pre-survey planning steps [6], which need to
be taken before the actual survey as shown in Figure 3. The pre-survey planning mainly includes acquisition of
the background image of the study area, which may be obtained from Google Earth, through remote sensing or
aerial photography, and then importing the image to Hypack Software for geo-referencing. After geo-referencing,
the image is used for drawing the survey paths as shown in Figure 4.
2.4. Performing Hydrographic Survey
In hydrographic surveying with this approach, generally a crew of three members is involved, one is the boat-
man to operate and maintain the survey vessel’s position on planned survey paths. Second member is to operate
Figure 2. Field setup of integrated hydrographic surveying approach.
4. S. Munir et al.
159
Figure 3. Step by step hydrographic surveying proce-
dure.
Figure 4. Planned survey paths prepared in Hypack 2012 Software.
the equipment and the third member may be required for equipment mounting and/or as boat helper. The trans-
ducer is mounted on one side of the boat, with DGPS antenna directly above it. Survey is performed on the
planned survey paths, as decided in the in-house planning. The echosounder and DGPS start data acquisition
simultaneously, using Bathy 2010 Software and Hypack 2012 Software, in this case. The survey vessel is maneu-
vered on the pre-defined survey paths. Data collection interface with Bathy 2010 Software is shown in Figure 5.
Pre Survey Planning
Through Hypack Software
● Importing background image of reservoir
● Georeferencing the image
● Drawing survey lines/paths
● as described in Figure 2.
Performing survey
PostSurvey Processing
Using Hypack Software
● Removing errors through filtering, smoothing
and erasing
● Filling missing values manually or through
interpolations
● Preparing cross sections
● Preparing elevation contours
● Calculating surface areas
● Calculating reservoir volumes
● Developing stage-storage and stage-area
curves
● Data exporting to other common formats
5. S. Munir et al.
160
Figure 5. Bathymetric and sub-bottom profiling data collection with Bathy 2010 Software.
2.5. Post Processing
Post processing is the most important part of hydrographic surveying. It is mainly performed in order to improve
the quality of collected data by removing errors and filling gaps for missing data. After improving the quality,
the data are used to produce the end products. Raw bathymetric data are processed and analyzed in Hypack
Software in order to filter multiple return acoustic signals, soundings with random errors and noise, GPS error
and remaining gap near shore for inaccessible areas with the boat. The Raw data are viewed, corrected and
saved in edit files as shown in Figure 6.
In order to determine the reservoir area and reservoir volume from survey data, a variety of options is avail-
able in the Hypack Software including Triangular Irregular Network (TIN). A TIN is a vector data structure that
partitions geographic space into contiguous, non-overlapping triangles. The vertices of each triangle are sample
data points with X, Y, and Z values [7]. These sample points are connected by lines to form Delaunay triangles.
TINs are used to store and display surface models (ESRI). A digitized polygon enclosing the collected data can
be developed such that interpolation is not allowed to come outside the boundary.
3. Results and Discussion
A variety of options is available in the Hypack Software to present the survey results and to produce the final
products.
After the collection of bathymetric data of Tarbela cross section, the X, Y, and Z data were imported in Hy-
pack 2012. The cross-section data were combined into a single point dataset. Contour lines and TIN model of
the bottom surface were generated [8] from the resulting profiles for the generation of a final bathymetric map.
A stage-storage relationship was developed by calculating storage volumes on different elevations of reser-
voir, and presented in Figure 7. There are several methods available for determining the reservoir volume but
the most accurate is TIN surface model [9] [10]. TIN is most suitable model due to dense spatial data and ir-
regular shape of the reservoir. The calculated storage volume in Tarbela reservoir is 3.83 BCM (3.1 MAF) in 15
km reservoir area from the main dam.
In Figure 8, the pivot point, foreset slope, bottomset slope and the topset slope are very much evident. The
pivot point on left side of the reservoir is close to the dam as compared to right side. In 2012 the pivot point was
located about 8.4 km to 9.6 km from the intakes and from 7.5 to 9.1 km from the center line of the main dam.
During 2012 bathymetric survey, the deepest bed surface was observed to be 104 m, near the intake of the dam.
The depth of the Tarbela reservoir reduces gradually towards the upstream of reservoir and tributaries.
6. S. Munir et al.
161
Figure 6. Edited bathymetry data collected from planned line at 700 m from dam.
Figure 7. Stage-storage curve for Tarbela Reservoir in 2012 up to 15 km from
the main dam.
Figure 8. Map of Tarbela Reservoir showing detailed slope of bottom surface profiling using
Hypack 2012.
Stage – Storage Curve
Stageinmeter
500
450
400
350
Volume in MAF
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
7. S. Munir et al.
162
Comparison with Traditional Approach
Table 1 presents a comparison of traditional survey method and the modern approach of hydrographic surveying.
It is evident from facts that the modern approach is much efficient and accurate for conducting hydrographic
surveys. The end products like computation of stage-storage relationship (Figure 7), development of 3D reser-
voir surface (Figure 9) and creation of contour map (Figure 10), etc. make it evident that the modern approach
produces much better products from the survey, as compared with the traditional method.
4. Conclusion
In this paper an integrated approach of hydrographic surveying was introduced, elaborated and compared with
the traditional approaches. It has been found that the new integrated approach is more efficient in terms of saving
resources (humans and time), improving accuracy, ease of operation of the equipment, automatic analytical fa-
cilities and a large variety of end products. End products for a reservoir mainly include accurate stage-areas and
stage-storage relationships, generation of 3D reservoir surface, creation of contour map of the reservoir eleva-
tions, etc. In comparison with conventional approaches the integrated approach reduces the survey crew to about
three persons instead of 15 in conventional approaches. Survey can be performed in much less time as compared to
Table 1. Comparison of traditional survey and modern approach of hydrographic surveying.
Sr. No. Item Traditional Method Integrated Approach
1 Main equipment
Multi-frequency single beam echosounder, digital
printer data (tabular), time tagging machine, mini
rangers, theodolites, power batteries, wireless
radio, control station (Burgee)
Multi-frequency single beam echosounder,
Differential GPS, Power source
2 Software Hypack®, Bathy 2010
3 Survey crew About 15 persons 3 persons
4 Time Six weeks required covering whole reservoir One week
5
Post processing/
Calculations
Eight weeks One week
6
Preparation of maps
and other products
Twelve weeks after completion of survey One week after completion of survey
7 Product’s type
Contour map of reservoir surface, stage-storage
relationship, reservoir capacity
Reservoir’s under water terrain, storage
capacity, stage storage relationship, three
dimensional reservoir surface
Figure 9. Generated 3D surface of the reservoir in 2012 up to 15 km from the main dam.
8. S. Munir et al.
163
Figure 10. Reservoir surface elevation contour map with 20 m interval.
traditional approaches, as in case of Tarbela Reservoir it can be performed in one week, instead of four weeks in
old approach. Similarly, data analysis and interpretation can be performed in one week with a large variety of
end products, instead of two to three months in traditional approaches, with limited variety of end products.
Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge the cooperation of WAPDA on facilitating with survey and providing the previous data.
Authors also are grateful for the help of colleagues Mr. Muhammad Ahmad Khan, Mr. Waqas Sikandar and Mr.
Zahoor Ahmed helping in conducting this research.
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