This document outlines the course details and content for a Switchgear & Protection course. It includes 3 key points:
1. The course involves 3 hours of lectures and 1 hour of tutorials per week over protective relaying, different equipment protections, transmission line protections, and circuit breakers. It is worth 100 marks total with a 25 mark test.
2. The content covers fundamental protective relay requirements and classifications, overcurrent, distance, and directional relays, solid state and numerical relays, protections for alternators, transformers, motors, and transmission lines.
3. Transmission line protection topics include various graded protection schemes and surge arrestors, as well as system earthing methods and isolator/ear
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Lec 1_Introduction to Power System
Protection.pdfAhmedHElashry
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
line
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Lec 1_Introduction to Power System
Protection.pdfAhmedHElashry
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars and others. Short circuits and other
abnormal conditions in the power system are
common and can cause damage to power system
equipment.
Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
line
To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible, thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
This presentation will discuss how the use and need for voltage transformers has changed over the last twenty years. With the introduction of auto-ranging electric meters, meter technicians need to be prepared, use the appropriate tools and PPE for high capacity circuits (without VT's), as this method has become increasingly popular.
To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible, thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
This presentation will discuss how the use and need for voltage transformers has changed over the last twenty years. With the introduction of auto-ranging electric meters, meter technicians need to be prepared, use the appropriate tools and PPE for high capacity circuits (without VT's), as this method has become increasingly popular.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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1. Switchgear & protection
Lectures per week= 3 HRS
Tutorials= 1 hr
Marks= 100 Test 25 marks
Prerequisites: types of faults,Fault analysis,
2. UNIT 1
• Protective relaying
• Relay is an electromechanical device which
senses the abnormal fault condition &sends a
trip signal to the circuit breaker tripping
mechanism, thereby energising the trip coil of
circuit breaker , due to which its moving
contacts separate out from fixed contacts &
the circuit breaker trips or opens.
• Thus a relay only sends a signal to the circuit
breaker after it senses the abnormal fault
condition . It only assists the C.B. in providing
3. Requirements of Protective relay
• Selectivity S
• Speed S
• Sensitivity S
• Stability S
• Reliability R
• Adequateness A
• Economy / cost E
• Dependability D SSSSREAD
4. Unit 1
Protective relays, fundamental requirements of
relays
Classification of relays such as electromechanical
relays, induction type of relays such as induction
disc relay& induction cup relay. Overcurrent &
earth fault relay
Directional relay, its working principle & types.
Types of overcurrent relay- Inverse time current
relay, definite time overcurrent relay, inverse
definite minimum time relay, (I IDMT Relay)
Types of distance relays – PLAIN IMPEDENECE
RELAY, DIRECTIONAL IMPEDENCE RELAY ,
effects of arc fault resistance on reach of relay.
Reactance relay , directional reactance relay,
Effect of arc fault resistance on the reach of relay
5. SOLID STATE RELAYS, its types ,
advantages &disadvantages
Numerical relays- its general block
diagram & functional block diagram
Advantages & disadvantages
6. SELECTIVITY
• A relay selects between normal & abnormal
condition, healthy part & faulty part of the circuit.
Discrimination is an act of distinguishing between
faulty part & healthy part of the circuit . A relay
should operate for a fault within its zone of
protection . In case a relay is not selective it will
respond for a fault outside its zone of protection,
causing disconnection of large e portion of the
system , due to which there is embarassment to
supplier & consumer
7.
8. Rapid clearance of fault
• Relay should be quick acting. Relay operating
time should very small, but not too small to the
extent that relay will operate unnecessarily
causing unwanted interruption of supply system
• A definite time lag must be permitted in order
• To permit discrimination between main & back
up protection
• To prevent unnecessary operation of relay under
transient starting current & permissible load
fluctuations
9. Sensitivity
• The smallest value of actuating quantity at
which protective scheme starts operating in
relation to minimum value of fault current
• Stability : is the quality of protective system
by virtue of which a relay remains inoperative
& stable under certain specified conditions
such as through fault, transient & system
disturbances
10. Reliabilty means Trustworthiness
• A protective relay should not operate for fault occuring
beyond its protective zone. Reliability of operation of relay
is marked by reliability of all components of a relay
Adequateness: It is judged on the basis of following aspects:
1. Rating of protected system
2. Location of protected machine
3. Probability of occurrence of abnormal condition due to
internal or external causes
4. Cost of machine
5. Effect on continuity of supply due to the failure of
protected system
11. ECONOMY / COST
• The cost of protective scheme should be
justified . The cost of protective system
depends upon
• The probability of failure of individual
components of protection system
• Cost of protected equipment
• Importance of protected system & location
12. Unit 2
Different protection of alternator
Types of faults , Types of protective
schemes, Types of earth fault
protections, restricted earth fault
protection, 100% earth fault
protections , sensitive earth fault
protection , leakage to frame
13. Protection of transformer
Factors affecting the protective scheme used.
Possible fault conditions and the protective
scheme used. Differential scheme of
protections & its drawbacks.
Merz prize differential scheme of protection ,
types of earth fault protections.Gas actuated
devices for protection , such as sudden pressure
relief relay, Rate of rise of pressure relay,
Buchholz relay .
14. Protection of motor
• Types of faults in motor, single Phasing, its
causes & effect & Protective scheme used,
phase reversal,, causes, protective scheme
used causes of field failure, its effects on
working of motor, protective scheme used ,
rotor protection against rotor faults
15. Unit 3
Protection of transmission line
• Types of protections provided, factors affecting the
protective scheme used , types of graded schemes of
protections – time graded , current graded , time &
current graded scheme of protection
• Lightning phenomenon, types of lightning strokes ,
causes of overvoltage, concept of insulation
coordination, types of lightning arrestors, surge
absorber & surge arrestor, types of system earthing –
Isolated earthing, solid grounding, resistance
grounding, reactance/ arc suppression coil / peterson
coil grounding/ resonant earthing . concept of isolator
earthing switch.
16. Fuses & circuit breaker
Characteristic of fuse, classification of
fuse, difference between fuse &
circuit breaker, Theory on methods
used in arc extinction in circuit
breaker. Methods of arc formation ,
& arc maintenance. Rating of circuit
