1) Malaysia recognizes forestry as an important economic sector and is making efforts to manage its forest resources sustainably through various policies and practices.
2) Key aspects of sustainable forest management in Malaysia include establishing permanent forest reserves, determining annual allowable cuts, implementing reduced impact logging, and obtaining timber certification.
3) While some deforestation has occurred historically for development purposes, Malaysia's forest policies and practices have helped reduce deforestation rates and promote sustainable management of its production and protection forests.
The purpose of per is to review and assess the status of forests in India, analyze the trends in production and consumption of forest products, estimate demand and supply of forest products in relation to build national economy with sound environment.
The purpose of per is to review and assess the status of forests in India, analyze the trends in production and consumption of forest products, estimate demand and supply of forest products in relation to build national economy with sound environment.
Private sector participation in commercial forest plantation development in S...Pabasara Gunawardane
The man-made forests occupy a significant place in the national forest estate and generally fall into the category of multiple use reserved forests as defined in the Forest Policy, unless being classified in the categories of strict conservation or conservation forests due to specific reasons. At present, the forest plantations consist of even-aged monocultures, except in the case of the mixed mahogany plantations, and stocked with species such as teak (Tectona grandis), several eucalypt species (E. grandis, E. microcorys, E. robusta etc.), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) and with several other local species. Forest plantations were established for the first time in the 1870s, although most of the planting has taken place since the 1950s. Within that period, about 89,000 ha of forest plantations of varying quality have been established.
The private tree growers can be categorized as: Private individuals, Regional Plantation Companies and Private companies offering small plots of lands stocked with Teak or Mahogany seedlings to the public on long-term leases. When considering about the percentage of forest lands in relation to agricultural and other land uses it is clearly can be seen that the share of forest plantations are nearly 1.4%. However when consider about the contribution of wood sources as a percentage of total supply forest plantations accounts for 11%.
Popularizing the concept ‘Forestry as a business’ among the general public, providing required intensive management for the plantations (In order to gain profits), technical knowledge is applied intensively, introduction of novel species to the trade (Sandalwood, Aquillaria, Vanilla) and improvement in the research and development aspect are the major advantage of involvement of private sector in plantation forestry.
Providing non- legal land deeds, some planting companies can be bankrupted Due to financial instability and the investors will be affected, social and environmental impacts and risks (i.e. some private owners are not obligated to consider regional ecological concerns) and misleading future projections of growth and related statistics in order to attract more investors are the major issues of having private sector in plantation forestry.
Establishment of a planning and monitoring body for the private sector institutes, providing insurance and tax benefits for the investors can be recommended for the future improvement of the field. Much coordination will be needed with other sectors such as wildlife conservation, land use planning, water management, environmental management, the timber industry, paper manufacturing and disaster management etc. Raising the productivity of forest plantations using new technology and within the sector itself, much collaboration will be needed among all stakeholders in planning and implementation.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Forests, trees and agroforestry: What role in food security and nutrition?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Terry Sunderland focuses on how food security and nutrition contribute to enhancing the management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic
resources across the landscape from forests
to farms.
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
A Brief Overview on Social Forestry Issues of MyanmarCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, given at the ASFN 6th conference at Inle Lake in June 2015, provides a framework for discussion and further research for the promotion and development of social forestry on a large scale.
Private sector participation in commercial forest plantation development in S...Pabasara Gunawardane
The man-made forests occupy a significant place in the national forest estate and generally fall into the category of multiple use reserved forests as defined in the Forest Policy, unless being classified in the categories of strict conservation or conservation forests due to specific reasons. At present, the forest plantations consist of even-aged monocultures, except in the case of the mixed mahogany plantations, and stocked with species such as teak (Tectona grandis), several eucalypt species (E. grandis, E. microcorys, E. robusta etc.), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) and with several other local species. Forest plantations were established for the first time in the 1870s, although most of the planting has taken place since the 1950s. Within that period, about 89,000 ha of forest plantations of varying quality have been established.
The private tree growers can be categorized as: Private individuals, Regional Plantation Companies and Private companies offering small plots of lands stocked with Teak or Mahogany seedlings to the public on long-term leases. When considering about the percentage of forest lands in relation to agricultural and other land uses it is clearly can be seen that the share of forest plantations are nearly 1.4%. However when consider about the contribution of wood sources as a percentage of total supply forest plantations accounts for 11%.
Popularizing the concept ‘Forestry as a business’ among the general public, providing required intensive management for the plantations (In order to gain profits), technical knowledge is applied intensively, introduction of novel species to the trade (Sandalwood, Aquillaria, Vanilla) and improvement in the research and development aspect are the major advantage of involvement of private sector in plantation forestry.
Providing non- legal land deeds, some planting companies can be bankrupted Due to financial instability and the investors will be affected, social and environmental impacts and risks (i.e. some private owners are not obligated to consider regional ecological concerns) and misleading future projections of growth and related statistics in order to attract more investors are the major issues of having private sector in plantation forestry.
Establishment of a planning and monitoring body for the private sector institutes, providing insurance and tax benefits for the investors can be recommended for the future improvement of the field. Much coordination will be needed with other sectors such as wildlife conservation, land use planning, water management, environmental management, the timber industry, paper manufacturing and disaster management etc. Raising the productivity of forest plantations using new technology and within the sector itself, much collaboration will be needed among all stakeholders in planning and implementation.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Forests, trees and agroforestry: What role in food security and nutrition?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Terry Sunderland focuses on how food security and nutrition contribute to enhancing the management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic
resources across the landscape from forests
to farms.
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
A Brief Overview on Social Forestry Issues of MyanmarCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, given at the ASFN 6th conference at Inle Lake in June 2015, provides a framework for discussion and further research for the promotion and development of social forestry on a large scale.
Not seeing the forest for the carbon in the treesBenjamin Stephan
This is a presentation of some of the results of my PhD project. I presented it in September 2013 to the Environmental Politics Research Group at Lund University, Sweden.
We explore methodologies that allow conclusions to be drawn from the large Poverty Environment Network (PEN) dataset. First, we characterize the diverse parts of the tropics in terms of factors that influence forest resources, access and livelihoods. Secondly, for the conclusions drawn from the site-based analysis to be useful for roader policy recommendations, we need to know the extrapolation domains. We compared the characteristics of landscapes where PEN studies took place with overall tropical landscapes, and those of PEN villages with 'random' villages. Both methods rely on variables derived from global data sets using spatial analysis. Thirdly, we study the relationships of livelihoods and forests using multilevel regression analysis. Our study suggests that for global comparative analysis, it is necessary to identify the overall variation of the system of interest, to define the extrapolation domain of the samples/study sites, and to address relationships that by nature involve multiple scale processes. Available global data set, advances in spatial techniques and relatively cheap computer storage and computational power allow such analysis to be done, adding value through global comparative analysis of the interesting site-level findings.
Global forest land-use change from 1990 to 2005: Initial results from an FAO ...FAO
Results of a new study by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the world’s forest resources conducted using satellite imagery, which provides updated information on the extent and rate of global forest losses. The figures are based on the most comprehensive use yet of high-resolution satellite data to provide a sample of forests worldwide.
Nechisar park gis based conservation assesmentAsaye Nigussie
ANALYSIS OF LAND AND VEGETATION COVER DYNAMICS
USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHINIQUES,A CASE
STUDY OF NECHISAR NATIONAL PARK
Abstract
The research aims to analyze the trend of land and vegetation cover dynamics over the period from 1976, 1986 2000 and 2007 thus examine the conservation status of the area and generate
up-to-date land cover map. Information is extracted from various Satellite images of multidated Landsat, ASTER and MODIS images. The Landsat images are the basic remote sensing data to generate the thematic maps which are further analyzed to show the cover dynamics in the park for 24years. All datas from the satellite images are processesed and analyzed using digital image processing techniques. Besides, different vector data are extracted from the images as well as other thematic maps. MODIS-NDVI images are analyzed for the different land cover classes and each vegetation cover seasonal response is compared for the year 2000 and 2005.
The land cover classes identified in the study area from 1976, 1986, 2000 and 2007 are water body, riparian and ground water (GW) forest, wood land, dense bush land, bushy shrubbed grass land, open grass land, degraded grass land, cultivated land, swamp vegetation and bare
land. Rate of land cover change and fragmentation of habitat were discussed for the different
land cover classes. Rate of land cover change, fragmentation index and land cover conversion
matrix clearly shows the dynamics of the different cover classes has happened for the past decades and generally the park conservation status is found to be poor. Bush encroachment in the study area is a major challenge to the park particularly for the grass land and overgrazing
on the Nechisar plain has caused expansion of invasive plants erosion and land degradation.
The community livelihood dependency both in the rural and urban setting is concluded and discussed as a challenge to the park from biodiversity conservation point of view.
Key Words: Land cover dynamics, National park, Vegetation cover, Remote sensing and GIS,
Habitat fragmentation, degradation, biodiversity conservation.
Multi-functionality in a conservation landscape: the case of Bac Kan Province...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Management of Congo Basin forest resources: The quest for sustainabilityCIFOR-ICRAF
Robert Nasi, Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees, Agroforestry gives an overview of the evolution of forest management in the Congo Basin. He gave this policy keynote address on 22 May 2013 during a two-day policy and science conference entitled "Sustainable forest management in Central Africa: Yesterday, today and tomorrow", organized by CIFOR and its partners and held in Yaounde, Cameroon.
The role of mangroves in the fight against climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Vietnam is one of the few tropical countries that has increased its forest cover over the past several years, so it plays a unique and important role in global discussions on the importance of forests in combating climate change, sustaining people’s livelihoods and safeguarding biodiversity. Vietnam is also one of five countries expected to be most affected by climate change, due to its long coastline and stretched natural resources.
CIFOR scientist Daniel Murdiyarso gave this presentation on the importance of mangroves for climate change mitigation and adaptation at a journalist training workshop on ‘Investing in coastal ecosystems’ held on 27–29 March 2012 in Da Nang City, Vietnam. Media plays a critical role in informing and influencing public perception, as well as informing policymakers. But aside from limited coverage, most environmental articles, and those on climate change and REDD in particular, are of low quality in Vietnam, most notably in objective reporting of scientific findings. To address these gaps and in response to requests, CIFOR organised a series of media trainings in Vietnam in association with Transparency International, IUCN, UN-REDD and the National Journalism Association.
Presentation on " Tara Coal Block of CMDC IFFCO Coal Limited for Diversion" made before the Forest Appraisal Committee (FAC), Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India
6. THE FOREST (CONSERVATION) MAPS, BIODIVERSITY INDEXING, WILDLIFE IMPACT ASS...RavindraSaksena
The maps are integral part of the application for seeking "forest clearance" under Forest Conservation Act, 1980.
The application requires political map of the State, State Forest Cover Map, Map of wildlife protected areas and other areas under the international conventions, important bird areas, biosphere reserves, mineral maps of the district, forest stock maps, forest management maps, compartment histories, working plan prescriptions, biodiversity indexing, regeneration survey maps, wildlife activity areas, sites of compensatory afforestation, safety zones, Tiger and Elephant corridors, water bodies in the vicinity, archaeological sites or monuments, mineral reserves, coal seams, phase-wise felling planning, reclamation phase wise planning, etc.
Kishwan, J. (2011) REDD+ Negotiations: India’s PreparednesstheREDDdesk
Presentation from the South Asian Media Briefing Workshop on Climate Change, November 2011.
http://www.cseindia.org/content/cses-south-asian-media-briefing-workshop-climate-change-2011
Sharachchandra, L. (2011) India’s Policy towards REDD+: Dense Forest Ahead!theREDDdesk
Presentation from the South Asian Media Briefing Workshop on Climate Change, November 2011.
http://www.cseindia.org/content/cses-south-asian-media-briefing-workshop-climate-change-2011
Community Forestry International (2011) Umiam Sub-Watershed REDD+ Project, Me...theREDDdesk
Presentation from the South Asian Media Briefing Workshop on Climate Change, November 2011.
http://www.cseindia.org/content/cses-south-asian-media-briefing-workshop-climate-change-2011
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
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• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
3. Forestry in Malaysia
• Forest sector is an important economic sector
• Contributed about US$5.7 billion in 2005
• Major exporter of tropical hardwood
• Recognise the importance of the resource in
conserving biodiversity, mitigating impacts of
climate change and conserving soil and water
resources
• It is to the country’s own interest to manage the
resource sustainably
• Malaysia’s population and economic condition
make it possible to implement SFM
4. CRITICAL ACTIVITIES OF SFM
Strong Policy and legislation
Gazette of Permanent Reserved Forests
Allocate Protection & Production Forests Within
PRF
Determine Management/silvicultural systems for
different forest type
Prescribe and monitor AAC (Allowable Annual Cut)
Implement Reduced Impact Logging
Timber Certification
Research support
5. National Forest Policy
• Sufficient Areas startegically located to be set aside
As Permanent Forest Estate (PFE)
• PROTECTION FOREST
• PRODUCTION FOREST
• AMENITY FOREST
• RESEARCH & EDUCATION FOREST
• Policy Amended in 1992 to include:
– Conservation of biodiversity
– Promote role of local communities in forest
development.
– Sustainable utlisation of genetic materials
6. National Forestry Act
• Land is a state matter
• Federal > provision of advice, technical asst.
• National Forestry Council – forum for resolving
Federal and State issues
• National Forestry Act 1984 > strengthen forest
planning and management
• Establish Permanent Reserved Forests and classify into
functional classes
• amended in 1993 to curb illegal logging:
– More stringent fines
– Mandatory jail sentences
– Facilitate court prosecutions
7. Forest Lands in Malaysia
• Forested lands in Malaysia categorised:
– Permanent Reserved Forests
– National/State Parks, Wildlife Sanc. Etc
– Stateland Forests
• Permanent Reserved Forest categorised
– Production Forest
– Protection Forest
8. (million ha)
REGION PENINSULAR SABAH SARAWAK MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
Permanent Reserved 4.70 3.59 6.10 14.39
Forests
• Productive 3.18 3.00 5.00 11.18
• Protective 1.52 0.59 1.10 3.21
National & Wildlife
Parks 0.89 0.41 1.10 2.40
Stateland Forest 0.29 0.40 2.04 2.73
TOTAL 5.88 4.40 9.24 19.52
(60%)
Total Land Area :: 32.86 million ha.
Total Land Area 32.86 million ha.
Source: Forestry Departments Pen. Malaysia., Sabah & Sarawak)
9.
10.
11. Deforestation
• Occur in Statelands converted into other
purposes
• Relatively high in the 70’s & 80’s but
reduced significantly from 90’s onwards
• Land development schemes to overcome
poverty and enhance standard of living >
proven successful
• Necessary process for development
• Mainly converted in agric. crop lands such
as rubber and oil Palm
12. Changes in Forested Area (Pen. M’sia)
9.00
8.00
7.00
E x te n t (m i l l i o n h a )
6.00 Forest Reserve
5.00 State Land
4.00 Wildlife Reserve
3.00 Total
2.00
1.00
0.00
1970 1980 1990 2000 2004
Year
13. Extent of Palm Oil Plantations
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000 Peninsular
E xten t (h a)
Sabah
2000000
Sarawak
1500000 total
1000000
500000
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003
Year
14. Changes in Forest Extent 1970 to 2004
(Pen. Malaysia)
Stateland Forests
4.02 mil ha 0.4 mil ha
Forest Reserves
3.34 mil ha 4.68 mil ha
Wildlife Reserves
0.65 mil ha 0.77 mil ha
15. Annual Coupe
• To ensure that the forests are managed on a
sustainable basis an AAC is determined every 5
years
• Calculated on an area basis for production forests
• Last 10 yrs total area opened for logging
significantly lower than AAC
• Records AAC had been exceeded when country’s
economic condition is not good
16. Annual Coupe 1991- 2005
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000 Co upe 5 yrs (ha)
100,000 Area Lo gged (ha)
50,000
Difference
0
-50,000 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005
-100,000
5 -ye a r P e rio ds
17. Selective Management System (SMS)
Initial stocking
Pre-F Criteria:
inv. 32 trees/ha (30-45 cm)
40 - 50 m3/ha (econ. cut)
25-30 years
Ratio of Dipt. to Non-dipt
Harvesting regime 50cm-D & 45cm-ND
>Cutting limit
tagging
Standards/Basis in SMS:
Harvest Dia.growth: 0.8-1.0 cm/yr
Vol. growth: 2.0-2.5 m3/ha/yr
Post-F Mortality : 0.9%
inv. Ingrowth: 0.6%
Residuals Silvic trt
18. Implementing SMS
Generally effective in addressing emissions
Still being refined > overcome issues with regards
to impacts on species composition and recovery
rates
More immediate issue is in improving harvesting
systems > minimise damage through Reduced
Impcat Logging
20. Improve Logging >RIL Specification
• Guidelines for Logging in Hill forests & road specs
• Forest management and harvesting plans
• Areas >1000m and 40o slopes are protected
• Areas with special flora/fauna protected
• Riparian buffers established & marked in the field
• Density of roads, skid trails & landings limited
• Adequate residuals retained
• Volume removed < 85 m3/ha gross
• Road alignment and skid trails pre-determined and
approved by engineer
• Skid trails and log landings planted after logging
• Timber tagging to monitor felling and extraction
21. Proportions of damaged trees after RIL and conventional logging
RIL
40-60
CONV
RIL
Diameter class (cm dbh)
20-40
CONV
RIL
10-20
CONV
RIL
5-10
CONV
RIL
1-5
CONV
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2
Proportion of trees
22. Long-haul Cable Logging System
Access Road Tractor
Cable
Stump Corridor
Spar Tree
Log
Cone Pulley
24. FOREST REHABILITATION
Shorea leprosula 12
months after planting at
Hopea odorata 30 months after logging road
planting
25. Timber Certification
• Important tool to promote & demonstrate SFM
• Ensuring whats on paper is practiced on the ground
• Third party inspection of Forest management unit
• Had resulted in significant improvements in forest
management practices
• Criteria, Indicators and Mgt Specs developed under
the Malaysian Timber Certification Council
• All states have undergone certification since 1994
• FSC compatible standards developed and currently
being implemented in all states
28. Peat Swamp forests
• Tropical peat swamp forest is an important forest
ecosystem being threatened with deforestation/
degradation in SE Asia
• Stores Up to 6000 tonnes of Carbon /ha compared to
300 tC/ha for tropical rainforest on mineral soil.
• 90-95% of storage is in below ground in peat soil.
• A drained peatland emits 100 tonnes of CO2/ ha/yr
• A burning peatland emits 1000-2000t CO2 /ha/yr.
• 90% of persistent forest fires and transboundary
haze in SE Asia are linked to peat swamp forests.
• Emission from SEA peatlands is equivalent to about
30% of global emission from tropical deforestation
(1.5 billion tonnes) even though SEA PSF represent
2% of area of tropical forests.
29. Addressing the Challenge
• Malaysia is taking the following steps:
– all peat swamp forests designated at permanent forest reserves
will be retained
– measures to be taken to reduce the drainage of from peatlands.
– State governments to classify remaining parts of primary peat
swamp forests as PFR
– developments in peatlands covering > 20ha subject to EIA
• Significant progress has been made to develop techniques for
rehabilitation of peat swamp forests However resources are generally
not available to support such programmes.
• Given the high storage of carbon , vulnerability, emissions –
deforestation in peatland areas should be addressed rapidly
• Support should be provided to tropical countries to take measures
to stop further degradation of peat swamp forests and rehabilitate
degraded forests to prevent CO2 emissions
30. Conclusion
• Malaysia is committed to SFM
• Global community must appreciate root causes of
deforestation > if countries are disadvantaged
economically then natural resources will be exploited
• Mechanism developed need to be cautious and should not
be disadvantageous to countries like Malaysia who
maintains large forest areas and practices SFM
• Peat swamp forest should be given due consideration under
any measure to reduce the GHG emissions from
deforestation