Socio-economic profile of Shifting Cultivators of TripuraIndraneel Bhowmik
Study on the basis of a sample drawn from all the four districts of Tripura. Narrates the attemts at rehabilitation of Tribal people. Part of the ITTO Pre-Project commissioned by TFDPC
This document discusses the value of forests and woodlands from both economic and ecological perspectives. It outlines how the UFORE model is used to quantify ecosystem services provided by urban forests, including examples from Prince William Forest Park. The document also addresses threats to forests like invasive pests and climate change, noting models predict most tree species in the park could experience unsuitable climates by the end of the century under higher emission scenarios. Land use change is also discussed as contributing to climate change and forest fragmentation.
This document discusses the concepts of sparing and sharing land for agriculture and forestry. It explores arguments for a multifunctional landscape approach where land is used for both agriculture and forestry. This approach may save land compared to specialization and make use of trade-offs and synergies between different land uses. The document also examines the need for balanced economic incentives to encourage multifunctionality at local scales.
The document proposes three plans to restore ramin trees in peatland forests in Sarawak, Malaysia. The first plan involves government stakeholders initiating rehabilitation efforts. The second plan focuses on local communities restoring suitable peatlands. The third plan consists of trial plantings of ramin and other species in oil palm estates located in peatlands. The plans aim to conserve and replant ramin, an important timber species, after most peatland forests were logged and converted to oil palm plantations in recent decades.
This document examines the critical role of forests in a green economy. It discusses how forests contribute economically by generating income and providing employment globally. It notes that forests serve important ecological functions like carbon storage, regulating water cycles, and providing habitat. However, deforestation continues at an alarming annual rate of 13 million hectares, releasing carbon and threatening biodiversity. The document recommends transforming forest sector policies and investments to promote sustainable development and poverty eradication.
Effects of management and natural disturbances on vegetation carbon pools in mountain forests. Presented by Urs Gimmi at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Sustainable Forestry And Reduced Impact Logging Practices of Peat Swamp Fores...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document discusses sustainable forestry practices and reduced impact logging in peat swamp forests in Malaysia. Peat swamp forests cover over 1.5 million hectares across Malaysia. Selective management systems and modified uniform systems are currently used but were developed for different forest types. Studies show reduced impact logging techniques minimize damage when harvesting peat swamp forests. One study found damage rates of 11-14% using reduced impact logging with a timber harvester in Pekan Forest Reserve, compared to over 80% damage with conventional methods. Reduced impact logging helps minimize costs and speeds natural forest recovery. It is an important technique that should continue to be used and promoted for sustainable harvesting of Malaysian peat swamp forests.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine species distribution and abundance. Ecology reveals the richness of the biosphere. It considers factors like climate, populations, communities, and ecosystems.
Socio-economic profile of Shifting Cultivators of TripuraIndraneel Bhowmik
Study on the basis of a sample drawn from all the four districts of Tripura. Narrates the attemts at rehabilitation of Tribal people. Part of the ITTO Pre-Project commissioned by TFDPC
This document discusses the value of forests and woodlands from both economic and ecological perspectives. It outlines how the UFORE model is used to quantify ecosystem services provided by urban forests, including examples from Prince William Forest Park. The document also addresses threats to forests like invasive pests and climate change, noting models predict most tree species in the park could experience unsuitable climates by the end of the century under higher emission scenarios. Land use change is also discussed as contributing to climate change and forest fragmentation.
This document discusses the concepts of sparing and sharing land for agriculture and forestry. It explores arguments for a multifunctional landscape approach where land is used for both agriculture and forestry. This approach may save land compared to specialization and make use of trade-offs and synergies between different land uses. The document also examines the need for balanced economic incentives to encourage multifunctionality at local scales.
The document proposes three plans to restore ramin trees in peatland forests in Sarawak, Malaysia. The first plan involves government stakeholders initiating rehabilitation efforts. The second plan focuses on local communities restoring suitable peatlands. The third plan consists of trial plantings of ramin and other species in oil palm estates located in peatlands. The plans aim to conserve and replant ramin, an important timber species, after most peatland forests were logged and converted to oil palm plantations in recent decades.
This document examines the critical role of forests in a green economy. It discusses how forests contribute economically by generating income and providing employment globally. It notes that forests serve important ecological functions like carbon storage, regulating water cycles, and providing habitat. However, deforestation continues at an alarming annual rate of 13 million hectares, releasing carbon and threatening biodiversity. The document recommends transforming forest sector policies and investments to promote sustainable development and poverty eradication.
Effects of management and natural disturbances on vegetation carbon pools in mountain forests. Presented by Urs Gimmi at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Sustainable Forestry And Reduced Impact Logging Practices of Peat Swamp Fores...GlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document discusses sustainable forestry practices and reduced impact logging in peat swamp forests in Malaysia. Peat swamp forests cover over 1.5 million hectares across Malaysia. Selective management systems and modified uniform systems are currently used but were developed for different forest types. Studies show reduced impact logging techniques minimize damage when harvesting peat swamp forests. One study found damage rates of 11-14% using reduced impact logging with a timber harvester in Pekan Forest Reserve, compared to over 80% damage with conventional methods. Reduced impact logging helps minimize costs and speeds natural forest recovery. It is an important technique that should continue to be used and promoted for sustainable harvesting of Malaysian peat swamp forests.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine species distribution and abundance. Ecology reveals the richness of the biosphere. It considers factors like climate, populations, communities, and ecosystems.
The document summarizes activities in West and Central Africa, where ICRAF operates in 8 countries. It highlights 15 projects implemented covering tree domestication, agroforestry systems, and policies. Key achievements include over 100,000 farmers practicing participatory tree domestication, 20 MSc students graduated, and 5 PhD students being supervised. Rural resource centers have been established, serving over 10,000 farmers and generating income between $1,000-40,000 annually. Future opportunities include participation in CRPs and developing new project concepts. The region is scientifically and financially healthy but must work to maintain progress with support from key donors.
This document summarizes a case study on bioenergy value chains in Tandai Village, Tanzania conducted by Anja Fasse of the Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade. The study analyzed the wood and potential jatropha value chains through household surveys, development of a village social accounting matrix, and mathematical planning models. Key findings included that collecting jatropha required similar labor as firewood but provided more income, and scenario analyses optimizing for factors like household utility, profit, and labor use. The overall goal was to identify strategies for smallholders to benefit from bioenergy production while addressing food security and environmental issues.
Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity across the global tropicsWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses mapping areas vulnerable to food insecurity due to climate change across the global tropics. It outlines a framework to assess vulnerability based on 3 components: exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. Exposure looks at climate threats like reduced growing periods. Sensitivity considers dependence on agriculture. Coping capacity examines chronic food insecurity. Combining the 3 components results in 8 vulnerability domains, with high exposure, high sensitivity, low coping capacity considered most vulnerable to climate-induced food insecurity. The work aims to identify climate and food security hotspots to target adaptation efforts.
This document provides an update on the ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Science Week. It discusses the goal and outputs of ASB which are to raise rural household incomes and productivity in forest margins without increasing deforestation. It notes some of ASB's contributions to international debates and projects on issues like REDD+, emissions accounting, and high carbon development pathways. The document also outlines ASB's current project portfolio, future focus areas on topics like swidden agriculture and linking mitigation and adaptation, and examples of ASB's science policy impact through training workshops.
Agroforestry can play an important role in biodiversity conservation by reducing pressure on natural forests, providing habitat for plant and animal species, and serving as a beneficial land use between fragmented landscapes. There are several principles of agroforestry that support biodiversity conservation, such as maintaining genetic diversity, protecting ecological processes, and improving landscape management for livelihoods and biodiversity. For agroforestry to be further mainstreamed in biodiversity conservation, its principles need to be integrated into landscape conservation planning and linked to global environmental policies and incentives that support small farmers' conservation-friendly practices.
This report summarizes a study that tested the utility of three bamboo species (Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus giganteus, and Bambusa X) for treating wastewater in Kenya. The bamboo were grown in pots irrigated with wastewater from a university treatment plant or clean water. Results showed that bamboo irrigated with wastewater had higher assimilation, biomass, leaf area, and chlorophyll content compared to those with clean water, supporting the hypothesis that bamboo respond to wastewater by taking up nutrients and increasing growth. While D. giganteus had the highest water use efficiency, B. vulgaris and B. X grew faster and had more leaf area, making them
The document summarizes CGIAR reform efforts to create a more coordinated and impactful agricultural research system. Key points:
- CGIAR previously had an increasingly complicated structure with multiple priorities; reform aimed to increase food security and poverty impact.
- The new CGIAR model establishes a Consortium to provide leadership and coordination across 15 research centers and common programs.
- Research is organized around a single Strategy and Results Framework focused on four outcomes: reduced rural poverty, improved food security, improved nutrition and health, and sustainably managed natural resources.
- The Consortium will work to strengthen partnerships across sectors to deliver on its vision of alleviating poverty and hunger through agricultural research.
The document discusses using science and technology to monitor land health through a global research project. It proposes establishing sentinel sites across Africa to collect soil samples and characterize properties using infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. These techniques can rapidly analyze soil organic carbon, minerals, and aggregate stability to provide reliable data on land functional properties and track changes over time.
The document outlines ICRAF's policy on intellectual property for agricultural research projects, which is aimed at respecting the intellectual property of others and managing ICRAF's own intellectual property in a way that supports its mission. It discusses issues around soil fertility research, fruit tree improvement, marketing, capacity building, communication, and partnerships that may involve intellectual property, traditional knowledge, and benefit-sharing. The document provides guidance on integrating intellectual property considerations into various phases of research projects, including proposals, partnerships, data collection and sharing, publications, and commercialization.
Nechisar park gis based conservation assesmentAsaye Nigussie
ANALYSIS OF LAND AND VEGETATION COVER DYNAMICS
USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHINIQUES,A CASE
STUDY OF NECHISAR NATIONAL PARK
Abstract
The research aims to analyze the trend of land and vegetation cover dynamics over the period from 1976, 1986 2000 and 2007 thus examine the conservation status of the area and generate
up-to-date land cover map. Information is extracted from various Satellite images of multidated Landsat, ASTER and MODIS images. The Landsat images are the basic remote sensing data to generate the thematic maps which are further analyzed to show the cover dynamics in the park for 24years. All datas from the satellite images are processesed and analyzed using digital image processing techniques. Besides, different vector data are extracted from the images as well as other thematic maps. MODIS-NDVI images are analyzed for the different land cover classes and each vegetation cover seasonal response is compared for the year 2000 and 2005.
The land cover classes identified in the study area from 1976, 1986, 2000 and 2007 are water body, riparian and ground water (GW) forest, wood land, dense bush land, bushy shrubbed grass land, open grass land, degraded grass land, cultivated land, swamp vegetation and bare
land. Rate of land cover change and fragmentation of habitat were discussed for the different
land cover classes. Rate of land cover change, fragmentation index and land cover conversion
matrix clearly shows the dynamics of the different cover classes has happened for the past decades and generally the park conservation status is found to be poor. Bush encroachment in the study area is a major challenge to the park particularly for the grass land and overgrazing
on the Nechisar plain has caused expansion of invasive plants erosion and land degradation.
The community livelihood dependency both in the rural and urban setting is concluded and discussed as a challenge to the park from biodiversity conservation point of view.
Key Words: Land cover dynamics, National park, Vegetation cover, Remote sensing and GIS,
Habitat fragmentation, degradation, biodiversity conservation.
We explore methodologies that allow conclusions to be drawn from the large Poverty Environment Network (PEN) dataset. First, we characterize the diverse parts of the tropics in terms of factors that influence forest resources, access and livelihoods. Secondly, for the conclusions drawn from the site-based analysis to be useful for roader policy recommendations, we need to know the extrapolation domains. We compared the characteristics of landscapes where PEN studies took place with overall tropical landscapes, and those of PEN villages with 'random' villages. Both methods rely on variables derived from global data sets using spatial analysis. Thirdly, we study the relationships of livelihoods and forests using multilevel regression analysis. Our study suggests that for global comparative analysis, it is necessary to identify the overall variation of the system of interest, to define the extrapolation domain of the samples/study sites, and to address relationships that by nature involve multiple scale processes. Available global data set, advances in spatial techniques and relatively cheap computer storage and computational power allow such analysis to be done, adding value through global comparative analysis of the interesting site-level findings.
The document summarizes Selangor's experience rehabilitating the degraded Raja Musa Forest Reserve peat swamp forest. Key actions included evacuating illegal settlers, blocking drainage canals to restore hydrology, replanting over 60 hectares with 80,000 trees. Challenges included weed infestation and preventing new encroachment. Future plans are to increase nursery capacity, enhance partnerships, and prevent further encroachment through increased enforcement and clear boundaries. The rehabilitation is considered a success with reduced fires and no new encroachment detected.
This document proposes a methodology framework for restoring natural mangrove diversity using geo-informatics. It begins by defining ecological restoration, rehabilitation, and reclamation. It then discusses landscape ecology concepts and the importance of restoring natural landscapes. Next, it reviews the decline of mangrove forests in Thailand due to human and natural causes. Finally, it presents a conceptual framework for applying geo-informatics tools like remote sensing, GIS and GPS to monitor mangrove forests and identify suitable sites for restoration based on ecological factors that can be represented as spatial data layers. The goal is to emulate the structure, function and dynamics of the original mangrove ecosystem.
This document discusses the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in forest management. It outlines how GIS plays a vital role in resource management, harvest planning, fire management, and map production. The document then provides examples of how GIS has been used successfully by the Forest Survey of India for tasks like mapping forest cover, comparing forest cover changes over time, and implementing a project in the Corbett Tiger Reserve. The conclusion reiterates that GIS will continue to play an important role in forest management as it becomes more complex due to environmental and social factors.
1) Malaysia recognizes forestry as an important economic sector and is making efforts to manage its forest resources sustainably through various policies and practices.
2) Key aspects of sustainable forest management in Malaysia include establishing permanent forest reserves, determining annual allowable cuts, implementing reduced impact logging, and obtaining timber certification.
3) While some deforestation has occurred historically for development purposes, Malaysia's forest policies and practices have helped reduce deforestation rates and promote sustainable management of its production and protection forests.
All proposals under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 require details of "forest crop", crown density, forest crop assessment Biodiversity Indexing, limitations of the satellite imageries for assessment
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageriesRavindraSaksena
Presentation on FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITYY, BIODIVERSITY INDEXING FOREST COVER OF JHARKHAND AND LIMITATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES made to the managers of Tata Steel Limited
1) The document analyzes the influence of land use and land cover on the distribution of certain longhorn beetles in Sweden.
2) It uses data on longhorn beetle distributions, landscape variables, and land cover classes to develop binary logistic regression models examining the relationship between beetle presence and habitat factors.
3) The results show that different beetle groups are influenced by different land cover types, with pine beetles correlated with conifer forest and oak beetles correlated with deciduous forest.
Characterizing Forest Degradation and Carbon Biomass Assessment in Tropical ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, presented at the 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, explains the importance of peatlands to Indonesia as well as their contribution to carbon emissions. ALOS PALSAR data and above ground biomass assessments are used to map peatlands.
Carbon storage and logging activities: field assessment in Central AfricaCIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a study assessing carbon storage and the impacts of logging activities in Central Africa. The study found that:
1) Logging activities like roads, log yards, and tree-felled gaps destroyed an estimated 4.09% of the above-ground biomass or about 11,226 tons of carbon within an annual allowable cut area that was studied.
2) Comparison of logging regimes showed that areas subject to a "sale of standing volume" approach lost the most carbon at 11.94% of stocks, followed by a community forest at 9.27%, with certified sustainable forest management areas having less impact at 4.27-3.78% of carbon stocks.
3) Further research
The document summarizes activities in West and Central Africa, where ICRAF operates in 8 countries. It highlights 15 projects implemented covering tree domestication, agroforestry systems, and policies. Key achievements include over 100,000 farmers practicing participatory tree domestication, 20 MSc students graduated, and 5 PhD students being supervised. Rural resource centers have been established, serving over 10,000 farmers and generating income between $1,000-40,000 annually. Future opportunities include participation in CRPs and developing new project concepts. The region is scientifically and financially healthy but must work to maintain progress with support from key donors.
This document summarizes a case study on bioenergy value chains in Tandai Village, Tanzania conducted by Anja Fasse of the Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade. The study analyzed the wood and potential jatropha value chains through household surveys, development of a village social accounting matrix, and mathematical planning models. Key findings included that collecting jatropha required similar labor as firewood but provided more income, and scenario analyses optimizing for factors like household utility, profit, and labor use. The overall goal was to identify strategies for smallholders to benefit from bioenergy production while addressing food security and environmental issues.
Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity across the global tropicsWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses mapping areas vulnerable to food insecurity due to climate change across the global tropics. It outlines a framework to assess vulnerability based on 3 components: exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. Exposure looks at climate threats like reduced growing periods. Sensitivity considers dependence on agriculture. Coping capacity examines chronic food insecurity. Combining the 3 components results in 8 vulnerability domains, with high exposure, high sensitivity, low coping capacity considered most vulnerable to climate-induced food insecurity. The work aims to identify climate and food security hotspots to target adaptation efforts.
This document provides an update on the ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Science Week. It discusses the goal and outputs of ASB which are to raise rural household incomes and productivity in forest margins without increasing deforestation. It notes some of ASB's contributions to international debates and projects on issues like REDD+, emissions accounting, and high carbon development pathways. The document also outlines ASB's current project portfolio, future focus areas on topics like swidden agriculture and linking mitigation and adaptation, and examples of ASB's science policy impact through training workshops.
Agroforestry can play an important role in biodiversity conservation by reducing pressure on natural forests, providing habitat for plant and animal species, and serving as a beneficial land use between fragmented landscapes. There are several principles of agroforestry that support biodiversity conservation, such as maintaining genetic diversity, protecting ecological processes, and improving landscape management for livelihoods and biodiversity. For agroforestry to be further mainstreamed in biodiversity conservation, its principles need to be integrated into landscape conservation planning and linked to global environmental policies and incentives that support small farmers' conservation-friendly practices.
This report summarizes a study that tested the utility of three bamboo species (Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus giganteus, and Bambusa X) for treating wastewater in Kenya. The bamboo were grown in pots irrigated with wastewater from a university treatment plant or clean water. Results showed that bamboo irrigated with wastewater had higher assimilation, biomass, leaf area, and chlorophyll content compared to those with clean water, supporting the hypothesis that bamboo respond to wastewater by taking up nutrients and increasing growth. While D. giganteus had the highest water use efficiency, B. vulgaris and B. X grew faster and had more leaf area, making them
The document summarizes CGIAR reform efforts to create a more coordinated and impactful agricultural research system. Key points:
- CGIAR previously had an increasingly complicated structure with multiple priorities; reform aimed to increase food security and poverty impact.
- The new CGIAR model establishes a Consortium to provide leadership and coordination across 15 research centers and common programs.
- Research is organized around a single Strategy and Results Framework focused on four outcomes: reduced rural poverty, improved food security, improved nutrition and health, and sustainably managed natural resources.
- The Consortium will work to strengthen partnerships across sectors to deliver on its vision of alleviating poverty and hunger through agricultural research.
The document discusses using science and technology to monitor land health through a global research project. It proposes establishing sentinel sites across Africa to collect soil samples and characterize properties using infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. These techniques can rapidly analyze soil organic carbon, minerals, and aggregate stability to provide reliable data on land functional properties and track changes over time.
The document outlines ICRAF's policy on intellectual property for agricultural research projects, which is aimed at respecting the intellectual property of others and managing ICRAF's own intellectual property in a way that supports its mission. It discusses issues around soil fertility research, fruit tree improvement, marketing, capacity building, communication, and partnerships that may involve intellectual property, traditional knowledge, and benefit-sharing. The document provides guidance on integrating intellectual property considerations into various phases of research projects, including proposals, partnerships, data collection and sharing, publications, and commercialization.
Nechisar park gis based conservation assesmentAsaye Nigussie
ANALYSIS OF LAND AND VEGETATION COVER DYNAMICS
USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHINIQUES,A CASE
STUDY OF NECHISAR NATIONAL PARK
Abstract
The research aims to analyze the trend of land and vegetation cover dynamics over the period from 1976, 1986 2000 and 2007 thus examine the conservation status of the area and generate
up-to-date land cover map. Information is extracted from various Satellite images of multidated Landsat, ASTER and MODIS images. The Landsat images are the basic remote sensing data to generate the thematic maps which are further analyzed to show the cover dynamics in the park for 24years. All datas from the satellite images are processesed and analyzed using digital image processing techniques. Besides, different vector data are extracted from the images as well as other thematic maps. MODIS-NDVI images are analyzed for the different land cover classes and each vegetation cover seasonal response is compared for the year 2000 and 2005.
The land cover classes identified in the study area from 1976, 1986, 2000 and 2007 are water body, riparian and ground water (GW) forest, wood land, dense bush land, bushy shrubbed grass land, open grass land, degraded grass land, cultivated land, swamp vegetation and bare
land. Rate of land cover change and fragmentation of habitat were discussed for the different
land cover classes. Rate of land cover change, fragmentation index and land cover conversion
matrix clearly shows the dynamics of the different cover classes has happened for the past decades and generally the park conservation status is found to be poor. Bush encroachment in the study area is a major challenge to the park particularly for the grass land and overgrazing
on the Nechisar plain has caused expansion of invasive plants erosion and land degradation.
The community livelihood dependency both in the rural and urban setting is concluded and discussed as a challenge to the park from biodiversity conservation point of view.
Key Words: Land cover dynamics, National park, Vegetation cover, Remote sensing and GIS,
Habitat fragmentation, degradation, biodiversity conservation.
We explore methodologies that allow conclusions to be drawn from the large Poverty Environment Network (PEN) dataset. First, we characterize the diverse parts of the tropics in terms of factors that influence forest resources, access and livelihoods. Secondly, for the conclusions drawn from the site-based analysis to be useful for roader policy recommendations, we need to know the extrapolation domains. We compared the characteristics of landscapes where PEN studies took place with overall tropical landscapes, and those of PEN villages with 'random' villages. Both methods rely on variables derived from global data sets using spatial analysis. Thirdly, we study the relationships of livelihoods and forests using multilevel regression analysis. Our study suggests that for global comparative analysis, it is necessary to identify the overall variation of the system of interest, to define the extrapolation domain of the samples/study sites, and to address relationships that by nature involve multiple scale processes. Available global data set, advances in spatial techniques and relatively cheap computer storage and computational power allow such analysis to be done, adding value through global comparative analysis of the interesting site-level findings.
The document summarizes Selangor's experience rehabilitating the degraded Raja Musa Forest Reserve peat swamp forest. Key actions included evacuating illegal settlers, blocking drainage canals to restore hydrology, replanting over 60 hectares with 80,000 trees. Challenges included weed infestation and preventing new encroachment. Future plans are to increase nursery capacity, enhance partnerships, and prevent further encroachment through increased enforcement and clear boundaries. The rehabilitation is considered a success with reduced fires and no new encroachment detected.
This document proposes a methodology framework for restoring natural mangrove diversity using geo-informatics. It begins by defining ecological restoration, rehabilitation, and reclamation. It then discusses landscape ecology concepts and the importance of restoring natural landscapes. Next, it reviews the decline of mangrove forests in Thailand due to human and natural causes. Finally, it presents a conceptual framework for applying geo-informatics tools like remote sensing, GIS and GPS to monitor mangrove forests and identify suitable sites for restoration based on ecological factors that can be represented as spatial data layers. The goal is to emulate the structure, function and dynamics of the original mangrove ecosystem.
This document discusses the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in forest management. It outlines how GIS plays a vital role in resource management, harvest planning, fire management, and map production. The document then provides examples of how GIS has been used successfully by the Forest Survey of India for tasks like mapping forest cover, comparing forest cover changes over time, and implementing a project in the Corbett Tiger Reserve. The conclusion reiterates that GIS will continue to play an important role in forest management as it becomes more complex due to environmental and social factors.
1) Malaysia recognizes forestry as an important economic sector and is making efforts to manage its forest resources sustainably through various policies and practices.
2) Key aspects of sustainable forest management in Malaysia include establishing permanent forest reserves, determining annual allowable cuts, implementing reduced impact logging, and obtaining timber certification.
3) While some deforestation has occurred historically for development purposes, Malaysia's forest policies and practices have helped reduce deforestation rates and promote sustainable management of its production and protection forests.
All proposals under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 require details of "forest crop", crown density, forest crop assessment Biodiversity Indexing, limitations of the satellite imageries for assessment
2 Forest Types working plans_limitation of satellite imageriesRavindraSaksena
Presentation on FOREST TYPES, CROWN DENSITYY, BIODIVERSITY INDEXING FOREST COVER OF JHARKHAND AND LIMITATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERIES made to the managers of Tata Steel Limited
1) The document analyzes the influence of land use and land cover on the distribution of certain longhorn beetles in Sweden.
2) It uses data on longhorn beetle distributions, landscape variables, and land cover classes to develop binary logistic regression models examining the relationship between beetle presence and habitat factors.
3) The results show that different beetle groups are influenced by different land cover types, with pine beetles correlated with conifer forest and oak beetles correlated with deciduous forest.
Characterizing Forest Degradation and Carbon Biomass Assessment in Tropical ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation, presented at the 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, explains the importance of peatlands to Indonesia as well as their contribution to carbon emissions. ALOS PALSAR data and above ground biomass assessments are used to map peatlands.
Carbon storage and logging activities: field assessment in Central AfricaCIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a study assessing carbon storage and the impacts of logging activities in Central Africa. The study found that:
1) Logging activities like roads, log yards, and tree-felled gaps destroyed an estimated 4.09% of the above-ground biomass or about 11,226 tons of carbon within an annual allowable cut area that was studied.
2) Comparison of logging regimes showed that areas subject to a "sale of standing volume" approach lost the most carbon at 11.94% of stocks, followed by a community forest at 9.27%, with certified sustainable forest management areas having less impact at 4.27-3.78% of carbon stocks.
3) Further research
This document summarizes landscape pattern assessments from the RPA Assessment. It finds that forest cover fragmentation increased from 2001 to 2011, with interior forest loss 2 to 7 times higher than total forest loss. Fragmentation rates were higher on private land. Most intact forest is privately owned and in the eastern US. Improvements for the 2020 assessment include forecasting fragmentation and better attributing fragmentation causes.
Moving ahead: What the climate convention can do to support conservation and ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Louis Verchot at the Bonn Climate Change Conference on 11 May 2017, at a side event titled 'Re-discovering the magnificent carbon storage potential of wetlands and peatlands'.
This study aimed to map forest fire risk zones in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam using remote sensing and GIS. Forest fire data from MODIS and field surveys were compared to validate the analysis. Factors like forest type, proximity to roads and settlements, slope, and aspect were used as inputs to a weighted overlay analysis. This generated a risk map classifying the area into very low to very high risk zones. Most fire locations fell within high or very high risk areas, validating the model. Improving input data resolution and incorporating additional social and weather factors could enhance future analyses. The study effectively mapped forest fire risk to aid decision-making for forest management in Quang Ninh province.
Assessment of Forest Stock and Encroachment on Forest Land in Sonbhadra Fores...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to map forest types, estimate timber volume, and identify habitations and encroachments in the Sonbhadra Forest Division of Uttar Pradesh, India. High resolution satellite imagery from 2012 and 2011 was classified to map different forest types covering over 30,000 hectares. Forest density classes were also mapped. A total timber volume of 838,526.63 cubic meters was estimated based on field data. Habitations within the forest boundary were identified and categorized, with a total of 215 habitations covering over 5,000 hectares identified as encroachments for agriculture or housing. The study provides a baseline for forest management and monitoring of future
Participatory GIS for collaborative deer managementAberdeen CES
This document describes a participatory GIS (PGIS) project using deer habitat preference modeling to help resolve conflicts between deer management objectives on neighboring land holdings. Local knowledge from interviews was integrated with scientific data in a GIS deer preference model called DeerMAP to produce updated predictions. The updated model allocated 63.8-70.8% of independent deer location data to high preference areas, demonstrating improved predictions when local ecological knowledge was incorporated into the GIS analysis.
1. The study used GIS software to analyze changes in forest density and composition in eastern Washington's Tapash Collaborative Forest between 1949-2009.
2. Results showed the forest has become more fragmented over time, with vegetation patches decreasing in average size from 89.57 hectares to 41.61 hectares.
3. Younger forest structures with multiple canopy layers now dominate riparian areas, totaling approximately 1488.5 hectares, due to lack of wildfires.
Similar to Impact of private forestland tenure changes in forest cover, stocking and tree species diversity in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania (20)
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
The document discusses several projects aimed at improving agricultural outcomes through agroforestry. It describes a project in Uganda that introduced fodder shrubs to improve milk yields, which increased yields significantly. It is now scaling this approach in Kenya and Malawi through farmer cooperatives. Another project aims to better understand farmers' livelihood aspirations to customize technologies to their goals. A final project focuses on improving diets and health through diversifying crops and developing new food value chains. The document emphasizes the need for meaningful diagnosis, strong intervention design, credible evidence gathering, and efficient delivery to accelerate research impact on poverty, food insecurity, and environmental issues.
1) The document discusses watershed development projects in India, focusing on the state of Uttar Pradesh. It outlines the history and increasing scale of watershed programs in India over time from the 1960s to present.
2) Key data presented includes groundwater usage increasing dramatically from 25 km3 in 1960 to 250-300 km3 in 2009, and the number of bore wells increasing from 1 million to 20 million over the same period. Watershed programs have led to increased benefit-cost ratios, rates of return, and agricultural incomes.
3) The document then focuses on the Doubling Farmers' Income project targeting watershed interventions across several districts in Bundelkhand region of UP. It outlines strategies
NRM Innovations for Risk Management and Agricultural Transformation in Semiar...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes natural resource management innovations in semi-arid East African highlands. It discusses (1) managing extreme events like drought and flood to ensure sustainable ecosystem services and support livelihoods, (2) increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity through investments in NRM, and (3) two examples of NRM innovations - community-based watershed management in Ethiopia and using water spreading weirs to build resilience to climate risks in Ethiopia through a partnership between GIZ, ICRISAT, and local universities. The document also discusses the impacts of these innovations, including increased food security, higher crop yields, and institutional impacts like the site becoming a learning center that influenced regional soil and water conservation policies.
This document discusses land restoration efforts in Niger. It describes the land degradation issues facing the West Africa Sahel region due to fragile ecosystems and unsustainable agricultural practices. Various integrated land management techniques are being implemented and tested, including Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), cereal/legume intercropping, microdosing of fertilizers, and restoring degraded lands. These techniques are improving soil fertility and crop yields when combined. The document outlines several partnerships working to scale these efforts across Niger, including restoring over 175 hectares of degraded land managed by 11,970 women generating more income. There is growing demand from farmers and partners to expand training and testing of integrated packages to improve livelihoods and food security.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
2. Background
• Forests and woodlands in Tanzania occupy 37%
(353 000 km2 ) of the land area
• These ecosystems makes Tanzania as one of the
richest and most diverse countries in Africa in
terms of both species and habitats
• These forests and woodlands comprise different
vegetation types and serve for mitigation of and
adaptation to climate change, for biodiversity
conservation, watershed services, fuelwood and
other services
3. Background cont…
• The role of these forests has, however, been
undermined by deforestation which is estimated
between 150,000 ‐ 412,000 ha per annum
• Causes of deforestation are mainly human
induced disturbances including encroachment,
wildfire, illegal mining, pit‐sawing, illegal
harvesting for building materials and excessive
collection of fuelwood and herbal medicines
• No forest ecosystem in the country has
exception in regard to these causes of
disturbances
4. Background cont…..
• In 1970s – 1980s the East Usambara Mtns suffered intense
destructions of habitats and species due unsustainable use
including excessive mechanized logging
• By mid 1980’s internal and external outcry on biodiversity
loss and destruction of habitats was difficult to ignore
• This led to launching of AFIMP to see how best to reverse
the negative trend to the East Usambara Mtns ecosystems
(i) a need for biodiversity preservation by halting
conversion of forestlands into other land uses,
(ii) enhancement of forest connectivity of isolated forest
blocks of East Usambara Mountains
5. Background cont…..
Consolidation of existing forests was further translated into
enlargement /annexing of private lands and general lands
Period Reserve Area enlarged Number of Amount paid
(Ha) Farmers involved (TZS)
1993-1994 Kambai 1046 44 26 113 374
Mtai 1234 87 20 711 409
Mlinga 840 88 35 413 930
1994-1995 ANR 1230 658 25 685 970
Nilo 2253 676 111 766 328
Manga 120 96 7 381 782
2002-2006 Derema corridor 790 1128 2 730 326 407
6. Why this study……..?
• The enlargement/annexing exercise in ANR
had to affect the following private land
categories;
1. Land under the Tea Company
2. Land under the Smallholder farmers
3. Land under the Sisal Company
• This had implications in the resources by;
1. Re‐defined ownership of the forestland
2. Re‐defined accessibility to forest resources
7. Why this study….?
• These changes on forestland tenure in ANR
had to institutionalize the management
aspect to capture the following;
1. Enhance forest resources and other
conservation aspects
2. Address livelihood component to the
surrounding communities
This study attempted to evaluate this
tenure changes on forest resources from
private to state ownership
11. Methods: Data collection
• Forest cover assessment
1. Forest cover assessment was done using
remote sensing and GIS techniques
2. Landsat TM satellite images of 2000 and
2006 were used.
3. The 2000 image (taken on 22 January 2000)
was used to assess forest cover at the end
of the private tenure regime
4. The 2006 image (taken on 23 February
2006) was used to depict the situation after
six years of state tenure regime
12. Methods: Data collection
Forest Inventory
1. In 1999/2000, a number
of permanent sample
plots (PSPs) were
established in ANR
2. The reserve was first
divided into a rectangular
450 x 900 m grid.
3. Then 50 x 20 m PSPs,
altogether 180, were
systematically laid in the
south-east corner of
each rectangle
13. Methods: Data collection....Forest inventory
4. In 2008 a repetitive survey was carried out on 28
PSPs belonging to the blocks that previously
were under private tenure i.e. those
experienced tenure changes
5. All trees greater or equal to 10 cm were re‐
identified with respect to location and species
by means of a botanist and local people, and re‐
measurements were taken for diameter at
breast height (dbh)
6. Additional, height measurement of three tree
per plot was taken
14. Methods: Data analyses
Forest cover analyses
1. ERDAS Imagine, ArcView GIS 3.2 and ArcGIS Desktop 10 software
were used in image data pre‐processing and analysis. Image sub‐
setting was conducted to the images of 2000 and 2006 to obtain
areas of interest
2. Forest cover maps for 2000 and 2006 were developed containing the
following five classes: dense forest, semi‐closed forest, open
forest/woodland, bush/grassland and open areas
3. Then post classification change detection was performed in which
classified forest cover maps of 2000 and 2006 were compared.
4. The areas extracted from classification results were used assuming
linear relationship to make direct computation of percentage total
and annual change;
i. Total change (%) = ((Area year x – Area year x + t )/ (Area year x)) x 100%;
ii. Annual change (%) = (Area year x – Area year x + t )/ (Area year x x t
years))/ x 100%,
15. Methods: Data analyses….
Forest inventory analyses
• Identical procedures for estimating forest stocking and tree
diversity were applied for the year 1999/2000 and 2008 data
• Number of trees per plot was summarized and transformed
into per hectare values (N)
• The basal area for individual trees were calculated according to
dbh, summarised and transformed into per hectare values for
the plot (G)
• Finally, the volume of individual trees was summarized within
plots and transformed into per hectare values (V)
• Shannon‐Wiener index was computed within each block and
for the 1999/2000 and 2008 data
• The statistical significance of temporal changes for stocking
parameters and Shannon‐Wiener index were analysed using
two‐tailed t‐tests
16. RESULTS: Forest cover changes
1. Results of forest cover analyses show positive
changes for dense and semi‐closed forest in the
block previously owned by the tea company
2. For the block previously under smallholder
farmers the area with dense forest has
decreased while the area of semi‐closed forest
has increased
3. For the block previously owned by the sisal
company the area of both dense and semi‐
closed forests has decreased
17. RESULTS: Forest cover cont….
Forest block Description Private tenure State tenure Total Total Annual
(2000) (2006) change change change
Area (ha) (%) Area (ha) (%) (ha) (%) (%)
Tea company Dense forest 697 71.8 729 75.1 +32 +5 +0.8
Semi‐closed forest 72 7.4 182 18.7 +110 +153 +25.5
Open Forest/Woodland 48 4.9 17 1.8 ‐31 ‐65 ‐10.8
Bushland/Grassland 119 12.3 31 3.2 ‐88 ‐74 ‐12.3
Open area 35 3.6 12 1.2 ‐23 ‐66 ‐11.0
All 971 100.0 971 100.0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Farmland Dense forest 769 69.2 714 64.2 ‐55 ‐7 ‐1.2
Semi‐closed forest 133 12.0 183 16.5 +50 +38 +6.3
Open Forest/Woodland 45 4.0 39 3.5 ‐6 ‐13 ‐2.2
Bushland/Grassland 161 14.5 173 15.6 +12 +7 +1.2
Open area 4 0.4 3 0.3 ‐1 ‐25 ‐4.2
All 1112 100.0 1112 100.0 ‐ ‐ ‐
Sisal company Dense Forest 46 26.6 33 19.1 ‐13 ‐28 ‐4.7
Semi‐closed Forest 21 12.1 12 6.9 ‐9 ‐43 ‐7.1
Open Forest/Woodland 26 15.0 21 12.1 ‐5 ‐19 ‐3.2
Bushland/Grassland 76 43.9 106 61.3 +30 +39 +6.6
Open area 4 2.3 1 0.6 ‐3 ‐75 ‐12.5
All 173 100.0 173 100.0 ‐ ‐ ‐
20. RESULTS: Forest structure
• Results of the stocking levels and changes
between 1999/2000 and 2008 shows an
increase in number of stems, basal area and
volume per hectare in all blocks except for
number of stems per hectare in the block
formerly owned by the tea company
• The changes however, were not statistically
significant at 5% level
21. RESULTS: Forest structure……
Forest block Parameters Private tenure State tenure Change (% in P-value
(1999/2000) (2008) brackets)
Mean SE Mean SE
Tea company (n=18) N (no.ha-1) 435 37 424 33 -11 (-2.5) 0.4027
G (m2h-1) 46.0 5.4 46.8 5.2 0.8 (1.7) 0.6369
V (m3ha-1) 946.5 133.2 965.3 131.2 18.8 (2.0) 0.6826
Farmland (n=7) N (no.ha-1) 290 32 310 35 20 (6.9) 0.1453
G (m2h-1) 28.7 4.9 32.8 4.8 4.1 (14.3) 0.3762
V (m3ha-1) 563.1 113.9 651.4 103.6 88.3 (15.7) 0.4696
Sisal company (n=3) N (no.ha-1) 137 64 163 55 26 (19.0) 0.2697
G (m2h-1) 11.5 5.9 13.2 6.5 1.7 (14.8) 0.0996
V (m3ha-1) 209.9 119.9 239.8 132.7 29.9 (14.2) 0.1476
22. RESULTS: Tree species diversity
Forest block Private tenure State tenure (2008) Change P-value
(1999/2000)
Tea company (n=18) 3.50 3.49 -0.01 0.3943
Farmland (n=7) 3.36 3.39 +0.03 0.4650
Sisal company (n=3) 2.97 3.07 +0.10 0.2654
• Number of species recorded in 1999/2000 and
2008 (in brackets) were 67 (76), 45 (49) and 24
(27) for the three forest blocks previously owned
by the tea company, smallholder farmers and
sisal company, respectively.
• Shannon‐Wiener diversity indices in 1999/2000
and 2008 were not significantly different
23. Main observation and explanation……
Positive changes
‐ Stable climatic conditions have been reported for
the whole of the Eastern Arc mountains over a
long period of time i.e. no incidences of extreme
weather
‐High growth rates of tree species and
colonization of forest gaps by fast growing species
‐ Reduced human disturbances and compliance to
rules and regulations by adjacent communities
‐ Promoted harvesting of tree from nearby
Longuza Forest Plantation, harvesting of
Eucalyptus sp. woodlots in highland villages i.e.
reduced wood demands
24. Main observation and explanation……
Negative changes
‐ Uncontrolled fire e.g. adjacent farms preparation,
hunting inside the reserve
‐ Eruption of god rush in 2003
‐ Competition between tree species and grasses i.e.
ground covered by long grasses that hinders
establishment of tree species
‐ Illegal extraction of timber and poles
‐ Natural ecological processes e.g. death of bigger
trees vs climbers, winds vs Maesopsis
29. Main observation and explanation……
Are the changes enough/as expect
‐ Short period of time to expect much changes
especially in natural forest of this nature
‐ Generally conditions of most forests in the
Eastern Arc Mountains are relatively better, one
should expect very small changes
‐ Low number of sample plots and size of the
blocks and high variations between plots
31. Conclusion
The results for changes in forest conditions from when the
tenure changed until 2006/2008 are somewhat ambiguous
There are several exceptions and modifications regarding
differences between the blocks
When considering the three blocks as one entity one may in
general maintain that there have been positive changes
regarding forest cover as well as forest stocking and tree
species diversity
Generally one may expect that without state intervention
and a change of tenure major parts of the ANR could have
accelerated into more clearing as appears in other areas
under private ownerships in the East Usambara Mountains