This document provides information about a guest lecture on sustainable agro-ecosystems with integrated land management. The lecture will cover topics such as integrated land management, land degradation in Sri Lanka, ecosystem principles, ecosystems in Sri Lanka, the concept of agro-ecosystems, ecosystem functions and services, managing agro-ecosystem biodiversity, and food-forest gardens. The lecture will take place on February 1st, 2023 from 10:30am to 12:30pm.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
Leasehold forestry in Nepal over two decades of implementationPROCASUR Corporation
Learning Route on women’s empowerment, business development and sustainable natural resource management.
Scaling-up programmes for the rural poor in Nepal. 6 to 13 December, 2014. IFAD & PROCASUR.
More contents at: http://asia.procasur.org/portfolio_item/nepal-learning-route/
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology as an opportunity to address the challenges of European and Centr...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/europe/events/detail-events/en/c/429132/
Presentation of Michel Pimbert, from Conventry University, illustrating agroecology as an opportunity to address the challenges of European and Central Asian food and agriculture. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the Regional Symposium on Agroecology in Europe and Central Asia, held in Budapest, Hungary on 23-25 November 2016.
Leasehold forestry in Nepal over two decades of implementationPROCASUR Corporation
Learning Route on women’s empowerment, business development and sustainable natural resource management.
Scaling-up programmes for the rural poor in Nepal. 6 to 13 December, 2014. IFAD & PROCASUR.
More contents at: http://asia.procasur.org/portfolio_item/nepal-learning-route/
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology as an opportunity to address the challenges of European and Centr...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/europe/events/detail-events/en/c/429132/
Presentation of Michel Pimbert, from Conventry University, illustrating agroecology as an opportunity to address the challenges of European and Central Asian food and agriculture. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the Regional Symposium on Agroecology in Europe and Central Asia, held in Budapest, Hungary on 23-25 November 2016.
LESSONS LEARNT FROM DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS TO RESTORE TANK CASCADESDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at the Conference on ‘Cascade Ecology & Management – 2021’ held on 17-18 September 2021, Organized by the Faculty of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
LESSONS LEARNT FROM DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS TO RESTORE TANK CASCADESDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at the Conference on ‘Cascade Ecology & Management – 2021’
17-18 September, 2021
Organized by the Faculty of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. The presentation introduced a new definition for tank cascade ecology
FLR in Ghana - Lessons learned and the Way ForwardGPFLR
Presentation by Dominic Blay on Forest Landscape Restoration in Ghana. Dominic Blay discusses what is needed with regard to political and institutional change for FLR to succeed in Ghana.
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Nepal Agricultural Economics Society (NAES) are jointly organizing Annual Conference of Nepal Agricultural Economics Society on February 13-14, 2015 at Conference Hall, Trade Tower, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. During the annual conference of NAES, a special session on “Convergences of Policies and Programs relating to Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture” is being organized. The aim of this special session is to showcase the studies and experiences in South Asian countries on climate resilient agriculture and how they can learn from each other to formulate progressive and sustainable policies to promote climate smart agriculture in a regional perspective.
This is part 2 of the 14th lesson of the course - Indigenous Knowledge Systems taught to Master Students in Agriculture at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
ISEWP will facilitate (technically) agencies in the implementation process of sustainable rice based agro-ecosystems.
All relevant agencies will implement sustainable rice field agro-ecosystems through Policy formulation, participatory technology demonstration, fund diversion, knowledge management. .
All agricultural users will adopt rice agro-ecosystem practices'
through
Participatory technology demonstration, extension and training.
Kwesi Atta-Krah of the CGIAR research program on the Humidtropics explains what is needed to transform every agricultural landscape in Africa into a climate-smart agricultural landscape, and the urgency of doing so. From the opening session of the Landscapes for People, Food and Nature in Africa Conference. (Photos in this presentation are courtesy of Neil Palmer, CIAT.)
Biodiversity Issues and the Learning Processes, Martha R.NgaloweraESD UNU-IAS
This presentation was part of the 7th African RCE Meeting, 2-4 August 2017 in Lusaka, Zambia “RCE Initiatives: Milestones for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals”.
This is a presentation made on Climate Smart Agriculture for training of trainers under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
4 Climate Resilience WV English for training of trainersDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a presentation made for trainers on Climate Resilience
under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
This is a TOT presentation made on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for the project - Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
2 Climate change on agriculture for training of trainersDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a TOT presentation on Agriculture and Climate Change
made for the project - Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
1 Climate and Soil for training of trainers.WV English.pdfDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is a presentation made for trainers on soil and climate under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
Developing 2050 Carbon Net Zero Road Map & Strategic Plan for Sri Lanka - ...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
This validation workshop was held after preparing the Road Map and Strategic Plan for Sri Lanka and the authors are responsible for the agriculture sector.
Sustainable Water Management in Cascade System: A model in Environmentally Se...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
Introduction
Origin of tank cascade concept
Tank cascade systems of Sri Lanka: Anatomy, distribution and definitions
Importance of cascade approach
Traditional tank-village ecosystem – adaptive capacity for present situation
Restoration of Tank Cascade Systems for Productivity and SustainabilityDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made for Technical staff of Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project (CRIWMP) at Kurunegala on 9th May 2018
Why cascade systems again?
Drought and flood events can be expected more due to climate change
High prevalence of poverty in tank cascade areas
Mal-nutrition can be greatly reduced by tank fishery and animal husbandry
Better land use under cascade principles – addresses ecological issues such as clearance of village forests, unsustainable land use etc.
Improve living conditions
Health issues ? – drinking water, contamination of agro-chemicals and heavy metals leads to kidney failures, malaria etc.
Most importantly It is an answer to drought hazards
A rainwater harvesting technology;
A soil moisture and groundwater maintaining technology;
A soil erosion and siltation control technology;
A technology that ensured the maintenance of ecological balance;
A technology that promotes social cohesion and needs for community leadership;
A system that accommodates spiritual development which promotes egalitarian (equally treated) attitudes especially during droughts;
A system that nurtured the development of drought insurance through animal husbandry
Cascade Tank Village System and identification of novel post graduate researc...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
Seminar on Research collaboration opportunities with School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia - 14th September 2018, NRMC, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Main GHGs from agricultural lands are CH4 and N2O
GHG emission can be reduced by 60 % in 2050 through:
Removal of rice straws and through good management practices in paddy fields
Use alternatives to chemical fertilizer
CH4 reduction from livestock by improving feed quality and animal comfort
Reduce N2O emission in soils
Enhance C sequestration in paddy and rainfed uplands through ‘Evergreen Agro-ecosystem’ concept
Carbon stock in agricultural lands can be enhanced by improving land management practices
C sequestration in tea lands can be increased through: Agro-ecosystem approach; Crop diversification; Intercropping; Introduction of shade trees with optimum density; and Rehabilitation of old tea lands
C stock can be increased by 267 % by the year 2050 through Home Garden Intensification
If the proposed mitigation actions are implemented, the country will be able to achieve Net Zero by 2038.
This lecture was delivered to Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture Project in 11 districts in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. It includes Climate Smart Agriculture, Special characters in CSA, technological packages for crops such as paddy, maize etc. and livestock such as cattle, poultry etc.
This lecture was delivered for the Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture project in 11 districts in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. It includes climate change and climate variability, Relevance of global impacts of climate change. Green House Gas (GHG) emission, Reduction of GHG in the agriculture sector, targets for GHG reduction up to 2050, new agriculture concepts to reduce GHG and increase carbon sequestration
Management of Soils in the dry zone of Sri Lanka (Sinhala).pdfDr. P.B.Dharmasena
This lecture was delivered to Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture Project in 11 dry zone districts of Sri Lanka. It includes most abundant soils in Sri Lanka, Land degradation, Sustainable Land Management, new concepts immerged in agriculture to address climate change impacts.
The lecture delivered for Agricultural Instructors working for Climate Smart Agriculture Project in 11 districts of Sri Lanka. It explains the difference between climate and weather, factors affecting climate variation in Sri Lanka, Rainfall, altitude, degree of wetness etc.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem with Integrated Land Management
1. Traditional Technology in Sri Lankan Agriculture
Course code: AS 3210
Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka,
Puliyankulama, Sri Lanka
• P.B. Dharmasena, 0777 - 613234, 0717 – 613234
• dharmasenapb@ymail.com , dharmasenapb@gmail.com
• Links to My Documents:
https://independent.academia.edu/PunchiBandageDharmasena
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Punchi_Bandage_Dharmasena/contributions
http://www.slideshare.net/DharmasenaPb
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=pjuU1GkAAAAJ&hl=en
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_PFqwl0OqsrxH1wTm_jZeg
Guest Lecture Three – 2 hrs
Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem with Integrated Land Management
At 10.30 am – 12.30 pm, 01.02.2023
2. CONTENT
• Integrated Land Management
• Land Degradation in Sri Lanka
• Ecosystem Principles
• Ecosystems in Sri Lanka
• Concept of Agro-ecosystem
• Ecosystem Functions and Services
• Agro-ecosystem and biodiversity
• Food-forest gardens
3. What is Integrated Land Management?
• Integrated Land Management (ILM) is a strategic, planned
approach to the way we use land and natural resources.
• This approach aims to balance values, benefits, risks and trade-
offs when planning and managing resource extraction, land use
activities, and environmental conservation and management.
Housing & settlements
Livestock
Forestry
Wildlife
Agriculture
Water & fisheries
Human
populations
4. Integrated Land Management Approaches
• The most vulnerable areas in any ecosystem are the ones
at its periphery. Most of the land erosion, degradation of
soil quality, loss of biodiversity, and eventual loss of
productivity occurs in these marginal - but high-priority -
lands.
• Sustainable management strategies in these dry areas are
needed for protection, preservation and reclamation or
rehabilitation in these fragile systems and natural
resources contained therein.
• Development of integrated approaches is critical to
minimizing land degradation and the related societal and
economic impacts. There is a need to promote actions for
building and strengthening existing institutional
capacities for regional, national and basin-level agencies
to effectively address and integrate cross-sectoral aspects.
6. Technical Dimensions of ILM approach
• All renewable natural resources (water, soil,
vegetation, etc.) should be taken into account
when developing ILM programs.
• Innovative solutions have to be identified for
managing land degradation.
• Potential conflicts and synergies between
highlands and lowlands should be given due
consideration.
• Due consideration be given to trans-ecozone
characteristics of resources - especially water.
7. Human Dimensions of ILM approach
• Localized approaches for land ownership and land
tenure are often critical in conservation of resources;
• Impacts on livelihood of local people need to be
accounted for when designing and discussing resource
management approaches.
• Effects of indigenous practices on natural resources,
both positive and negative, should be accounted for.
• Whenever applicable, indirect social benefits of
integrated management should be explicitly considered.
• Mechanisms for conflict resolution during the
implementation of management approaches should be
built into the programmes.
8. Economic Dimensions of ILM approach
• Evaluation of social, environmental and
economic costs and benefits has to be
undertaken to ensure long-term sustainability
or viability of integrated approaches;
• Capital investment into developing new
infrastructure as well as maintaining existing
and traditional practices should be made; and
• Linkages to national economic development
should be elaborated.
9. Natural Resource Dimensions of ILM approach
• Rehabilitation of ecosystems in marginal lands
should have the highest priority in ILM
programmes.
• Whenever applicable, in-situ conservation of
biodiversity within ecosystems should be
considered.
These dimensions are closely interlinked with each
other and need to be considered explicitly to
develop fully integrated approaches.
10. Land Resource
• The total land area of Sri Lanka
besides the area occupied by inland
waters is only 6.44 million ha.
• The land–man ratio is low, which is
only 0.37 ha/person,
• Only about 2.5 million ha (nearly 39
%) is available for further
settlements and agricultural
production.
• Thus, the per capita extent of
croplands is as small as 0.14 ha.
• The major land use sectors in the
country are agriculture (paddy, tea,
rubber, coconut and other
perennials, non-perennial crops),
close canopy and sparse forests,
home gardens and others
11. Tea 3.4% Rubber 1.8% Coconut 6.0 %
Other perennials 11.0%
Paddy 8.8 %
Other non-
perennials 1.5 %
Closed canopy natural
forests 22.4 %
Sparse forests
7.2 %
Forest plantations
1.4 %
Other land
uses 21.5%
Home gardens
14.8 %
Use of Land
Resource
12. Manifestations of Land Degradation in Sri Lanka
• Heavy soil losses;
• High sediment
yields;
• Soil fertility decline
and reduction in crop
yields;
• Marginalization of
agricultural land;
• Salinization;
• Land slides and
• Deforestation and
forest degradation.
13. Land degradation & Sustainable Land Management
• Land degradation is the depletion of its physical, chemical
and biological productivity
• To maintain the long-term productivity of land sustainable
land management is required
• Sustainable land management means ‘use of the land to
meet human needs, while ensuring long-term production
potential and maintaining ecological functions’
• Here the land includes soil, water, flora and fauna
• Therefore, the land means the whole ecosystem in more
practical way
• That means ‘land degradation is long-term depletion of the
production potential and function of the ecosystem’
• So, sustainable land management is maintenance of
production potential and functions of the ecosystem
19. What you can learn from this picture?
1. Population
2. Genetic
diversity
3. Interaction
20. How do we take care of ecosystems?
1. Knowledge on
ecosystems
• Investigation
• Awareness
• Training
21. How do we take care of ecosystems?
1. Knowledge on
ecosystems
2. Participation in
ecosystem
activities
• Collective
efforts
• Individual
behaviour
• Participatory
ecosystem
management
programmes
22. How do we take care of ecosystems?
1. Knowledge on
ecosystems
2. Participation in
ecosystem activities
3. Management of
ecosystems
• Planning
• Implementation
• Maintenance
24. Ecosystems in Sri Lanka
• Forest and related ecosystems -
tropical forest types, riverine dry
forest, grasslands etc.
• Inland wetland ecosystems - flood
plains, swamps, reservoirs, wet
villus
• Coastal and marine ecosystems -
mangroves, salt marshes, sand
dunes and beaches, lagoons and
estuaries, coral reefs
• Agricultural ecosystems - paddy
land, fruit cultivations, small crop
holdings or other field crops,
vegetables, export crop
plantations, home gardens, chena
lands
26. Property Agro-
ecosystem
Natural ecosystem
Productivity High Low
Species diversity Low High
Genetic diversity within species Low High
Plant life cycles present Few Whole, more
perennial
Competition Negative Tolerable
Flowering, plant maturing synchronized seasonal
Nutrient cycles open closed
Permanence Short Long
Human control High Low
Ecological maturity Early,
immature
Mature (climax)
Comparison of natural and agro-ecosystems
27. NUTRIENT CYCLING
Inputs:
Plant residue
Animal wastes
Animal residue
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Plants animals
grazing on plants
Denitrification
Run-off
leaching
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM
Using the soil as a
pool of nutrients:
Inputs:
Fertilizers
Crop residues
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Crops then
removal from
area
Erosion
Leaching
Run-off
Nutrients cycling
28. Special Features of Agro-ecosystem
• Productivity - the quantity of food, fuel or fiber that
an agro-ecosystem produces for human use.
• Stability - consistency of production.
• Sustainability - maintaining a specified level of
production over the long term.
• Equity - sharing agricultural production fairly.
• Independence – agro-ecosystem self-sufficiency.
30. Ecosystem Functions/Services
• Ecosystem Functions/Services are
the conditions and processes
through which natural ecosystems
and the species that make them up,
sustain and fulfill human life.
• Biophysical necessities for human
life provided by natural ecosystems
• Functions provide goods and
services
• Currently threatened by most
human activities
• Important (but new) conservation
tool
31. • Cover a wide range of
processes and scales
– Global scale
• Carbon sequestration
• Global warming
– Landscape scale
• Water purification
• Erosion prevention
– Community scale
• Crop pollination
• Pest control
– Field, plot or individual
person scale
• Local nutrient levels
• Disease and pest prevention
32. • The combined activity of soil
organisms results in ecosystem
functions that sustain life on the
planet. Ecosystem functions
that generate benefits to society
have been defined as ecosystem
services. The centrality of
belowground biodiversity to
global sustainability is because
soil organisms of different
types, shapes and colours are
responsible for different
ecological functions…
• Complex
• Dynamic
• Interact
• Multiple within an ecosystem
33. 1. Supporting
• Habitat
• Biodiversity
• Photosynthesis
• Soil formation
2. Provisioning
• Food
• Clean water
• Fish
• Wood
• Pollination
• Cool temperature
3. Regulating
• Control flooding
• Purify water
• Store carbon
• Clean air
4. Cultural
• Education
• Recreation
• Aesthetic
• Stewardship
34.
35. Distinguish: ecosystem services and
functions
• The terms ‘functions’ and
‘services’ can be confusing.
• Usually, functions are
considered as the biological
processes underpinning and
maintaining the ecosystem,
while ecosystem services
are defined as the direct and
indirect contributions of an
ecosystem to human well-
being
36. Why we need to protect our ecosystems?
1. Supporting services
(that help maintain the
conditions for life on
earth):
– Soil formation and
retention;
– Nutrient cycling;
– Primary production;
pollination;
– Seed dispersal;
– Production of O2;
– Provision of
habitats.
37. Why we need to protect our ecosystems?
2. Regulatory services (i.e. benefits
from regulation of ecosystem
processes):
– Air quality maintenance;
– Climate and water regulation;
– Flood and erosion control;
– Water purification;
– Waste treatment;
– Detoxification;
– Human disease control;
– Biological control of
agricultural and livestock pests
and disease;
– Storm protection.
38. Why we need to protect our ecosystems?
3. Provisioning processes
(i.e. products obtained from
ecosystems):
– Food, fruit, vegetables;
– Wood fuel;
– Fibre;
– Bio-chemicals;
– Natural medicines;
– Genetic resources;
– Ornamental resources;
– Freshwater;
– Minerals,
– Sand and other non-
living resources.
39. Why we need to protect our ecosystems?
4. Cultural services (i.e. non-
material benefits obtained from
ecosystems):
– Cultural diversity and
identify;
– Spiritual and religious
values;
– Knowledge systems;
– Educational and aesthetic
values;
– Social relations;
– Sense of place;
– Cultural heritage;
– Recreation and ecotourism;
– Communal;
– Symbolic.
40. Genetic Resources
• Genetic material of living organisms of potential use
• Animals, plants, micro-organisms and invertebrates (අපෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් ) used as
food, in agriculture and in forestry
• Important for sustainable food security, to resolve the problem of narrow
genetic base and is a value of local land races in plant breeding
– Land race is a domesticated locally adapted traditional variety, which
has adaptation to its natural and cultural environment of agriculture
– Cultivar is shorter form of cultivated variety. It is selectively bred to
conform to a particular standard of characteristics.
– Plant germplasm is the genetic source materials used by plant breeders
to develop new cultivars
• Sources of plant germplasm
– Wild relatives
– Land races and primitive cultivars
– Obsolete (defunct) cultivars
– Advanced breeding lines and other products of plant breeding
programme
– Current cultivars
42. Plant genetic resource of Sri Lanka
• About 7 500 plant species constitute the flora of Sri
Lanka.
• Flowering plants constituted about 3 360 species,
belonged to 1 350 genera and 200 families.
• The flora contains by about 830 endemic species.
• The low-country wet zone and mountainous areas in
Southwest harbour 90 percent of endemic species.
• Over 600 species have been used as medicinal plants.
• A number of cultivated food plants have their wild
relatives:
– Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit),
– A. Incisus (Breadfruit),
– Citrus,
– Mangifera zeylanica (etamba), and Yams.
– Black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon have their wild
relatives in the wet zone forests.
– Wild species of rice (Oryza
rufipogon), Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Viscosa
– Wild relatives of Cajanus Cajan) – pegionpea
44. Biodiversity
• Wide range of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems
which carry a high biodiversity.
• One of the global biodiversity hotspots in the Asia–
Pacific region
• The ecosystem diversity extends from forest ecosystems
to coastal and marine ecosystems.
• Terrestrial ecosystems include tropical lowland rain
forests, where 90 % of the endemic woody plants and
75 % of the endemic animals are found
45. Biodiversity
• In terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems: fresh water crabs (98
%), amphibians (85 %) and land snails (83 %) show the highest
endemism.
• The conserved biodiversity would provide a wide range of
ecosystem services :
– proving fresh water, improving the climate, reducing soil
erosion, regulating surface runoff and providing bio-resources
46. Agro-biodiversity
• Agro-biodiversity = Agriculture + Biodiversity
• It includes all components of biological diversity relevant to
food and agriculture:
the variety and variability of
plants, animals and micro-organisms at genetic,
species and ecosystem level,
which are necessary to sustain key functions in the
agro-ecosystem, its structures and processes
47. Importance of Biodiversity in Agriculture Ecosystems
In agriculture ecosystems biodiversity is important:
1. for the production of food, fibre, fuel, fodder
………(goods);
2. to conserve the ecological foundations to sustain life for
future;
3. to allow adaptation to changing situations like climate
change, natural disasters etc.
48. Components of Agro-biodiversity
• Habitat diversity (Land use varies with soil and
terrain)
• Inter-species diversity ( different species of
plant, animal and microbial)
• Intra-species diversity (Very important for agro-
biodiversity) Genetic resources, unique traits –
resistance to drought, cold, disease etc. ,
rooting, aspect, taste, storage etc.
• Harvested species (Species used for food like
wheat, rice, maize etc.)
49. Benefits of Agro-biodiversity
• Environmental benefits
– Improves air, water and
soil quality
– Improves wildlife habitats
• Economic benefits
– Energy conservation
through crop mixing,
which is the basic idea of
agro-biodiversity
• Social benefits
– Improves quality of life in
a fresh environment
50. In Sustainable Development Goals
1. No poverty
2. Zero hunger
3. Good health and Wellbeing
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic
growth
9. Industry, innovation and
infrastructure
10.Reduced inequalities
11.Sustainable cities and
communities
12.Responsible consumption
and production
13.Climate action
14.Life below water
15.Life on land
16.Peace, justice and strong
institutions
17.Partnerships for the
goals
51. Need of Sustainability
• Biodiversity loss in
agricultural
landscapes affects not
just the production of
food, fuel and fiber,
but also a range of
ecological services
supporting clean
water supplies,
habitats for wild
species, and human
health.
52. Sustainability of Agro-ecosystems
Problems:
• Biodiversity loss from farms - reduces agro-ecosystem
productivity and stability
• Land degradation, mono-cropping, weedicides
• Damaging chemicals - manufactured N and other fertilizers
have doubled the amount of N circulating in the planet’s
land and water systems.
• N loss, GHG emission, loss of micro-bial population
• Restoring food nutrient density to improve our health
• soil erosion, soil chemical degradation, ecosystem deterioration
• Regenerative agriculture for a resilient, sustainable future
• depletion of soil organic C level, poor micro-bial communities and
functions, accelerated soil erosion
53. New Concept Emerged!
Evergreen Agro-ecosystem
• Vision: Agro-ecosystem is to sustain a green cover
on the land throughout the year, increasing food and
fodder production sustainably.
• Integration: It integrates trees into crop and
livestock production systems at the farm level and
landscape scales.
• Approach:It is an ecologically sound, knowledge
intensive approach to agricultural production that helps
people to address some of the most challenging food
production issues that we currently face.
• Benefits: Implementing it on a broad scale will be a
major benefit to us both now and in the future
54. Benefits of Evergreen Agro-ecosystem
• Year round soil cover protection and increased soil
organic matter
• Improved plant nutrition via nitrogen fixation nutrient
cycling
• Ecologically sound control of insect pests and weeds
• Enhanced soil structure and soil water recharge
• Increased food production
• Increased production of non-food products such as oil,
fodder, fuel and medicines
• Increased landscape carbon sequestration
• Conservation and enhancement of biodiversity
55. Main features of Evergreen Agro-ecosystems
• Cultivation of crops with different duration to keep green cover even
during the harvesting stage of one crop;
• Cultivation of crops leaving zero fallow period of the land;
• Farming models, which combine seasonal, semi-perennial and perennial
crops ensuring the green cover around the year;
• Green manure plants such as gliricidia, adathoda, erithrina, thespesia etc.
are grown as hedges with strict frequency of pruning;
• Shade management is adopted to minimize light competition and to
maintain the crop land with evergreen situation;
• Live fence is maintained with plants to create a stratification enabling to
act as wind barrier as well as favourable micro-climate in the crop field;
and
• The farmer should have a field management / self-evaluation schedule
for his convenience to ensure the sustainability of the agro-ecosystem
56. Recommended trees and creepers for live fence:
Trees: Gliricidia (Gliricedia sepium), Kathuru murunga (Sesbania
grandiflora), Drumstick (Moringa oleifera), Woodapple (Limonia acidissima),
Pawatta (Adhatoda vasica), Gansooriya (Thespesia populnea), Erabadu
(Erythrina variegate), Teak (Tectona grandis), Beli (Aegle marmelos), Neem
(Azadirachta indica)
Creepers: Aguna (Dregea volubilis), Winged bean (Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus), Halmessan dambala (Lablab purpureus), Passion fruit
(Passiflora edulis), Sponge guord or Niyan wetakolu (Luffa cylindrical)
58. Importance of live fencing:
• It makes protection from cattle, wild animals and thieves
• Legume trees planted along the fence provide large amount of green
manure
• The tree belt of the fence acts as a wind barrier
• Fence trees such as drumstick (murunga), Kathurumurunga
(Sesbania grandiflora) etc. provide nutritional vegetables
• Some fence trees can provide fuel wood, timber and fencing poles
• Fence trees such as Neem, Adathoda vasica etc. provide medicine
• Fence environment is favourable for some predators
• Many vegetable plants such as winged bean, bean, bitter gourd,
ribbed gourd, snake gourd, yard long bean etc. can be supported
without any trellis
• The live fence increases the bio-diversity
• Contributes to C sequestration
59. Grow pest repellant plants within the farm
Sera Citronella Turmeric
(Cymbopogon citratus) (Cymbopogon nardus) (Curcuma longa)
Ginger Araththa
(Zingiber officinale) (Alpina calcarata)
60. Food – Forest Garden
• The purpose of a food forest is to foster a sustainable
environment in which humans can live in harmony with
nature, with sufficient food, shelter, and other resources
necessary to thrive. It aims to create a diverse ecosystem that
acts as a favorable habitat for native plants and animal species.
61. Food – Forest Garden
• Characteristics
– Diversity of crops
– Forest effect
– Multi layer architecture
– Shade management
– Nutrient recycling
– Moisture sharing
– Micro-climate
– Habitats
– Pest control
– Livestock integration
– Aesthetic beauty