This document summarizes a study on the use of stone waste materials in construction. It finds that up to 30% replacement of natural aggregates with stone chips in concrete is economically viable and reduces waste. Stone waste can also be used to make floor finishes, bricks, tiles, and composites. The document also examines using vetiver grass to rehabilitate mine tailings and stabilize dump yard slopes, noting its strong root system and tolerance of various soil conditions.

1. Study on Environmental Factors
Affecting Dimensional Stone
Quarrying
22/04/2016 Submitted By: Sushant Kumar
B. Tech. , Final Year
Submitted To:
Department of Mining Engineering
College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur-313001

2. India Stone Production (In Thousand Tons)
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
Source: State Department of Mines & Geology and All India Granite & Stones Association

3. Highest producer of dimensional stones in the world accounting for over 27% of the
world stone production.
16.16 million tons of stone production in the year 1997-98 out of a total world
production of 61 million tons.
Over 2 million people are employed in stone sector.
Marching towards global leadership
Export of Stones - US $ 301 million (Rs.13,000 M) in 1997--98
1st in Raw Siliceous product (Granite & Sandstone) exports.
3rd in world stone exports with a 10.8% share in 1997 (in terms of tonnage).
5th in Raw Calcareous product (Marble & Flaggy Limestone) exports.
9th in exports of finished stone products.

4. Splitting
Techniques
Plugs and
Feathers
Mechanical
Splitting
Expansive
Mortar
Blasting
Gunpowder
Decoupled
High VOD
Explosives
Methodology Flow Sheet
Extraction Process
Processing Process

5. Mine and processing waste generated (in thousand tones)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Marble production
Mine waste
Processing waste
Polishing waste
Total waste
Mined out reserves
Graph Indicating increase of waste leading towards land degradation,
water, noise, air pollution

6. Measures already considered and adopted
Using diamond wire saw, chain saw to avoid drilling and blasting and thus reducing
dust, noise, fly rock and ground vibrations
Regular maintenance of heavy machines and vehicles to minimize exhaust emission
and sound level.
Avoiding Blasting specially during temperature inversion, strong cold winds, early in
the morning, after sun set and during calm conditions.
Water spraying on haul roads.
Dust control during drilling, cutting and processing of the stone.
Efficient use of top soil.

7. Utilization of Stone Chips as Basalt Aggregate
Replacement in Cement
Basalt is a black volcanic rock composed of Plagioclase, Hornblende, Olivine, Biotite and Iron
Oxide and used as road metal and concrete aggregate.
Chemical
Composition
Marble Granite Kota
Stone
Lime 28-32% 1-4% 37-39%
Silica 3-30% 72-75% 24-26%
MgO 20-25% 0.5-1% 4-6%
FeO+Fe2 O3 1-3% - -
Loss of Ignition 20-45% 5-10% 32-35%
Chemical Composition of Marble,
Granite and Kota Stone

8. Stone chips aggregates replaced with mix proportions of 1:1.48:3.21
was designed as per IS: 10262:2009 methods . The percentages of
replacements were 0%, 10 %,20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of
coarse aggregate.
MIX DESIGN PROPORTIONS FOR
Natural Basaltic Aggregate Replacement By Stone Chips Aggregate
By Weight, (Kg) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Water (L) 191.60 191.60 191.60 191.60 191.60 191.60
Cement(Kg/m3 ) 383.21 383.21 383.21 383.21 383.21 383.21
Fine Aggregate
(Kg/m3 )
569.38 569.38 569.38 569.38 569.38 569.38
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3 )
1231.11 1108.0 984.89 861.78 738.67 615.55
Stone Chips
Aggregate
(Kg/m3)
- 123.11 246.22 369.33 492.44 615.55

9. Performance
Variation of water absorption with waste
content at diff. temp
Variation of Bulk Density with waste content
%age at diff. temp
The specific gravity of these aggregates ranges from 1.5 to2.7. The concrete having
density of 2300 kg/m3 to 2600 kg/m3 is produced and satisfactory performance was
observed.

10. Financial Feasibility
COSTS OF MATERIALS
S.No. Materials Rate (Rs/Kg)
1 Cement (OPC 53 Grade) 6.00
2. Fine Aggregate 0.61
3. Coarse Aggregate 0.65
4. Stone Chips Aggregate 0.20
TOTAL COST OF MATERIALS FOR DESIGN
% C F.A. C.A. S.C.A. Total Cost/
m3
% Cost
Change
0 383.21 569.38 1231.11 - 3446.80 0
10 383.21 569.38 1108.0 123.11 3391.40 -1.61
20 383.21 569.38 984.89 246.22 3336.0 -3.21
30 383.21 569.38 861.78 369.33 3280.60 -4.82
40 383.21 569.38 738.67 492.44 3225.20 -6.43
50 383.21 569.38 615.55 615.55 3169.79 -8.04

11.  As per literature review, up to approximate 30% stone chips aggregate
utilized for economical and sustainable development of concrete.
Stone chips aggregate in concrete can save the stone industry disposal costs
and produce a ‘greener’ concrete for construction.
Stone chips are providing a cost effective alternative to conventional natural
aggregates, by reducing the cost of concrete.
 Thus, an innovative supplementary Construction Material and also beneficial
for financial aspects along with reduced Pollution.

12. Utilization of Sludge, Slurry and Sawing
Powder
The Stone Waste can also be utilized in the formation of :
Floor Finishing ( Kernelrazzo Floor Finish)
Brick Blocks
As Filler in Bituminous Hot Mixtures
Porcelain Tile Formations
Ceramic Products
Marble Sludge Filled Hybrid Natural Rubber Composites
Enhancement of The Processing Of Clay Products

13. Vetiver Grass Technique for MINE TAILING REHABILITATION
and DUMP YARD SLOPE STABILITY
Unique morphological characteristics include a massive finely
structured and deep root system capable of reaching 3-4m in the first
year. In addition vetiver is tolerant to extreme climatic variation such
as prolonged drought, flood, submergence and extreme temperature.
It is also tolerance to wide range of soil pH, from 3.0 to 10.5, highly
tolerant to soil salinity, sodicity, acidity, Aluminium and Manganese
toxicities, and heavy metals such as Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium,
Nickel, Lead, Zinc, Mercury, Selenium and Copper in the soil.

14. Technical Specifications
Name Vetiver Grass (English), Khus Khus (Urdu/Hindi)
Family Chrysopogon zizanioides, C.nigratana, C. nemoralis
Habit Perennial grass, up to 2 m high, with a strong dense and
mainly vertical root system often measuring more than 3 m.
It is by nature a hydrophyte, but often thrives under
xerophytic conditions
Climate Mean 18 - 25º C
Absolute minimum - 15ºC
Growth normally starts above 12ºC
Soil Grows best on deep sandy loam soils. However
it will grow on most soil types ranging from
black cracking vertisols through to red alfisols.
It will grow on rubble, both acid (ph3) and
alkali (pH11) soils, it is tolerant to high levels
of mineral toxicities - aluminium, manganese
(550 ppm). It will survive complete
submergence in water for up to five months.
It grows on both shallow and deep soils.