The document discusses soil stabilization using nano materials. It describes conventional soil stabilization methods like mechanical, lime, cement, and chemical stabilization. It then introduces modern techniques like geo-synthetics and nano materials. Nanotechnology and different nano materials used for soil stabilization are explained, including nano magnesium oxide, nano copper oxide, nano clay, nano alumina, and nano fly ash. Tests conducted on soils mixed with these nano materials show improvements in properties like Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, and unconfined compressive strength. The document presents results indicating nano materials can effectively improve engineering properties of soils.
Soft Soil Stabilization using NanomaterialsKanav Chandan
This document discusses using nano materials to stabilize soft soils. It begins by defining soil stabilization and describing conventional methods. It then defines nanotechnology and different nano materials that can be used like nano titanium oxide, fly ash, clay, magnesium oxide, copper oxide, and silica. It summarizes the effects each nano material has on soil properties like Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, and unconfined compressive strength. The conclusion is that nano materials can improve soft soil properties by decreasing plasticity, increasing maximum dry density and compressive strength.
Rapid urban and industrial growth demands more land for further development, to meet this demand land reclamation and utilization of unsuitable and environmentally affected lands have been taken up and converted to useful ones by adopting one or more Ground Improvement Techniques
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. The study involved testing black cotton soil mixed with varying percentages of GGBS. Tests showed that adding GGBS increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil. It also significantly reduced swelling, and increased the unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the soil. Using 30% GGBS improved the engineering properties of the black cotton soil to meet specifications. Therefore, GGBS can effectively stabilize black cotton soil.
soil stabilization using lime and polypropyleneMalothHarish
This document summarizes a technical seminar on soil stabilization using lime and polypropylene fibers. It discusses how soil stabilization helps strengthen soil to support structures by improving properties. The literature review examines previous research on using waste fibers for geotechnical applications. Details are provided on the materials used, including black cotton soil, lime, and polypropylene fibers. A series of experiments are outlined to determine the effects of different fiber percentages on soil properties like density, moisture content, and strength. The conclusion indicates that adding polypropylene fibers increases the strength of black cotton soil.
The document summarizes engineering properties of soil through a seminar presentation. It discusses various physical and chemical properties of soil including grain size, shape of particles, clay mineral groups, density, specific gravity, consistency limits, shrinkage and swell potential, thixotropy, and shear strength. It outlines methods to determine these properties through in-situ testing and laboratory experiments. The presentation concludes by listing references used in the study of soil mechanics.
Ground improvement techniques are used to improve the engineering properties of soil, such as shear strength, stiffness, and permeability. They are required when soil properties are inadequate to support structures, or when soils are prone to swelling, shrinkage, collapse, or liquefaction. Common techniques include compaction, dewatering, reinforcement, grouting, and combinations thereof. The choice of technique depends on the soil type and purpose is to enable cost-effective foundation design and reduce the risks posed by problem soils.
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to address problematic soils and ground conditions. It covers methods like compaction, dynamic compaction, vibro-displacement, preloading with vertical drains, deep soil mixing, grouting, ground freezing, biotechnical stabilization, reinforced soil, and geosynthetics reinforcement. The selection of a technique depends on factors like the type of ground, required improvement, constraints, and costs. Proper design, execution, and quality control are needed to effectively apply these ground improvement methods.
This presentation discusses various ground improvement techniques for transportation projects. It introduces vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains like sand drains and wick drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage. Soil nailing reinforces soil by drilling and grouting steel tendons. Stone columns form compacted aggregate columns to increase shear strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands. Dynamic compaction drops heavy weights to compact soils at depth. The presentation provides details on how each technique is implemented to improve weak soils for construction.
Soft Soil Stabilization using NanomaterialsKanav Chandan
This document discusses using nano materials to stabilize soft soils. It begins by defining soil stabilization and describing conventional methods. It then defines nanotechnology and different nano materials that can be used like nano titanium oxide, fly ash, clay, magnesium oxide, copper oxide, and silica. It summarizes the effects each nano material has on soil properties like Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, and unconfined compressive strength. The conclusion is that nano materials can improve soft soil properties by decreasing plasticity, increasing maximum dry density and compressive strength.
Rapid urban and industrial growth demands more land for further development, to meet this demand land reclamation and utilization of unsuitable and environmentally affected lands have been taken up and converted to useful ones by adopting one or more Ground Improvement Techniques
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. The study involved testing black cotton soil mixed with varying percentages of GGBS. Tests showed that adding GGBS increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil. It also significantly reduced swelling, and increased the unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the soil. Using 30% GGBS improved the engineering properties of the black cotton soil to meet specifications. Therefore, GGBS can effectively stabilize black cotton soil.
soil stabilization using lime and polypropyleneMalothHarish
This document summarizes a technical seminar on soil stabilization using lime and polypropylene fibers. It discusses how soil stabilization helps strengthen soil to support structures by improving properties. The literature review examines previous research on using waste fibers for geotechnical applications. Details are provided on the materials used, including black cotton soil, lime, and polypropylene fibers. A series of experiments are outlined to determine the effects of different fiber percentages on soil properties like density, moisture content, and strength. The conclusion indicates that adding polypropylene fibers increases the strength of black cotton soil.
The document summarizes engineering properties of soil through a seminar presentation. It discusses various physical and chemical properties of soil including grain size, shape of particles, clay mineral groups, density, specific gravity, consistency limits, shrinkage and swell potential, thixotropy, and shear strength. It outlines methods to determine these properties through in-situ testing and laboratory experiments. The presentation concludes by listing references used in the study of soil mechanics.
Ground improvement techniques are used to improve the engineering properties of soil, such as shear strength, stiffness, and permeability. They are required when soil properties are inadequate to support structures, or when soils are prone to swelling, shrinkage, collapse, or liquefaction. Common techniques include compaction, dewatering, reinforcement, grouting, and combinations thereof. The choice of technique depends on the soil type and purpose is to enable cost-effective foundation design and reduce the risks posed by problem soils.
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to address problematic soils and ground conditions. It covers methods like compaction, dynamic compaction, vibro-displacement, preloading with vertical drains, deep soil mixing, grouting, ground freezing, biotechnical stabilization, reinforced soil, and geosynthetics reinforcement. The selection of a technique depends on factors like the type of ground, required improvement, constraints, and costs. Proper design, execution, and quality control are needed to effectively apply these ground improvement methods.
This presentation discusses various ground improvement techniques for transportation projects. It introduces vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains like sand drains and wick drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage. Soil nailing reinforces soil by drilling and grouting steel tendons. Stone columns form compacted aggregate columns to increase shear strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands. Dynamic compaction drops heavy weights to compact soils at depth. The presentation provides details on how each technique is implemented to improve weak soils for construction.
There are several techniques for improving the mechanical properties of soil, including densification, reinforcement, and stabilization methods. Densification techniques like vibro-compaction, vibro-flotation, dynamic compaction, and blasting work to compact soil particles into a denser configuration, increasing strength and stiffness. Reinforcement techniques include installing discrete inclusions like compaction piles to reinforce weak soils. Stabilization techniques chemically alter the soil, such as jet grouting which mixes soil with cement grout under high pressure to form columns of treated soil.
This document discusses using plastic bottle strips to stabilize soil. Unstable expansive soils like black cotton soil cause problems for foundations due to swelling, shrinkage, and unequal settlement. Soil stabilization is done to improve strength and prevent erosion. Plastic is a good stabilizer as it is flexible, water resistant, and provides thermal resistance. Tests on lateritic soil mixed with plastic strips at 0.6% found increased CBR values and reduced settlement under loading compared to unmixed soil, demonstrating plastic's effectiveness as a stabilizer. Using waste plastic bottles in this way provides an economical solution while reducing plastic waste.
- Soils fail primarily in shear when the shear stress along a failure plane reaches the soil's shear strength.
- The shear strength of soils is governed by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, which consists of cohesive and frictional components that depend on effective stresses.
- Laboratory tests like direct shear and triaxial tests are used to measure the shear strength parameters (c, φ) of soils by simulating the in-situ stress conditions.
Soil stabilization techniques fall into two categories: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical stabilization alters the physical properties of soil particles through vibration or compaction. Chemical stabilization relies on chemical reactions between stabilizing materials like cement and minerals in the soil. Most stabilization is needed for soft soils in order to achieve good engineering properties, as clay soils respond well due to their large surface area while silty soils are sensitive to moisture changes.
Class 8 Triaxial Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
The document summarizes laboratory tests conducted on sand and clay soils, including triaxial compression tests and unconfined compression tests. It describes the test procedures, equipment used, and how to analyze the results to determine soil shear strength parameters. Specifically, it outlines how to conduct a consolidated drained triaxial test on sand under three confining pressures and an unconfined compression test on clay to measure the undrained shear strength. Graphs and calculations of stress, strain, and shear strength are presented.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a PE refresher course on geotechnical engineering. It covers soil classification methods including the USCS and AASHTO systems. It also discusses important soil properties like grain size, plasticity, compaction, permeability, consolidation, and shear strength. Applications covered include settlement analysis, slope stability, shallow and deep foundations, and retaining structures. Calculation of stresses, settlements, and determining appropriate soil parameters for analysis are also summarized.
The document discusses various methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and combined methods. Mechanical stabilization uses compaction to improve soil properties. Physical stabilization blends soils or adds admixtures like cement, lime, or bitumen. Chemical stabilization adds chemicals such as calcium chloride or sodium silicate. The key objectives are reducing voids, filling voids to lower permeability, and increasing bonding between grains. Proper soil selection, additive selection and mixing, compaction, and curing are important to the success of the various soil stabilization methods.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to modify the engineering properties of soils, including densification, consolidation, reinforcement, and chemical treatment. It provides details on specific techniques like vibroflotation, ground freezing, and soil nailing. Geosynthetics are also introduced as natural or artificial products used in geotechnical constructions to improve properties of soils.
The document summarizes key aspects of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) used for soil improvement. It discusses how PVDs work by shortening drainage paths in clay soils to accelerate consolidation from preloading. The document covers PVD installation methods, factors affecting their performance over time, advantages over sand drains, and applications such as embankment stabilization. It also reviews several studies on PVD performance in soft soil improvement projects.
Geo-polymer concrete is an alternative to traditional cement concrete that uses fly ash and an alkaline activator instead of cement. It offers benefits like lower CO2 emissions during production, higher compressive strength, and fire resistance. To produce geo-polymer concrete, fly ash is mixed with an alkaline solution and aggregates, and the mixture is cured at 60-90 degrees Celsius to form a hardened cement-like material through a polymerization process. Some applications of geo-polymer concrete include pre-cast construction elements and marine structures due to its strength and acid/salt resistance. While it provides environmental and performance advantages over cement, challenges include the cost of alkaline activators and difficulty of steam curing.
The document discusses various techniques for soil stabilization used in road construction. It defines soil stabilization as treating soil to maintain or improve its performance. Key techniques include mechanical stabilization by blending soils, and chemical stabilization by adding lime, cement or other chemicals. Mechanical methods improve strength through compaction and grading, while chemical additives cause reactions improving properties like strength and durability over time. The document provides details on various soil stabilization mixtures and their applications in road construction.
Applications of Vane Shear Test in Geotechnical soil investigationsAzdeen Najah
The document discusses the results of vane shear tests conducted on soil samples from a site for a proposed 40 km highway near a riverbank. The test results show undrained shear strengths (Cu) below 90 kPa, indicating the need for ground improvement. Recommendations include using geotextiles to separate weak subgrade soils from pavement layers, improving the subgrade quality through compaction or adding aggregates/additives, using geogrid reinforcement in the subgrade and base course, and placing geogrids and concrete on embankment slopes for stability.
This document discusses various methods for correlating and classifying soil swelling potential based on index properties, mineral composition, stress history, and other factors. It provides equations from numerous studies that relate swelling to plasticity index, clay content, dry density, void ratio, cation exchange capacity, and more. Classification charts are presented from several sources that categorize swelling potential as low, medium, or high based on correlations with parameters like plasticity index and activity.
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Description
Determine the unit weight of natural soil in place.
Stages
Determination of sand filling the cone
Determination bulk unit weight of sand
Determination bulk unit weight of natural soil
Procedure
Determining the weight of sand filling the cone
Sand passing through a 600µ sieve and retained over 300µ sieve is used.
Pouring cylinder attached over pouring cone is placed over level ground and completely filled with sand and weighed
The weight of sand + cylinder before pouring =푤_1
Now place the cylinder on the glass plate and open the shutter allow the sand to run out. Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. This is the weight of sand filling pouring cone.
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring on the glass =푤_2
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒=푤_1−푤_2
Determination of bulk unit weight of sand
Determine the volume of the calibrated container (V)
Filled the pouring cylinder with weight 푤_1 again. Now placed over calibrating container and open the shutter, permit the sand to run into calibrating cylinder. When no further movement of sand is seen, close the shutter. Remove the pouring cylinder and weigh it.
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring into calibrated cylinder =푤_3
The weight of sand filling calibrated cylinder (푤_푐푐 )=푤_1−(푤_푐표푛푒+푤_3 ")"
Determination of bulk unit weight of natural soil
Exposed about 45 cm square area of the soil and trim it down to a level surface.
Keep the metal tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth.
The weight of excavated soil =푤^′
Remove the tray, and placed the sand pouring cylinder over the hole, the cylinder should have sand of weight 푤_1.
Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no movement of the sand seen.
Remove the cylinder and weigh the sand pouring cylinder.
The weight of sand +cylinder after pouring into hole =푤_4
The weight of sand in the hole 〖(푤〗_ℎ표푙푒)=푤_1−(푤_4+푤_푐표푛푒)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
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Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Durability of Reinforced Concrete – A major player in Environmental Sustainab...Olukayode Alao
The document discusses the sustainability and durability of reinforced concrete structures. It outlines several deterioration mechanisms for reinforced concrete and emphasizes the need for durable design and quality construction practices to develop sustainable concrete structures. The document also highlights that increasing the service life of reinforced concrete structures can significantly reduce cement usage and carbon emissions through substituting or removing Portland cement.
Experimental Study on ‘Manufacture of Black Cotton Soil Bricks’
Black cotton soil bricks, High compressive Strength Bricks, Low cost Bricks,
Black cotton soil
Rise husk
Coal powder
Salt
Black cotton soil bricks with addition of Rise husk Coal powder Salt
Stabilization of Lithomargic Soil by Using Different AdditivesIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing lithomargic soil by adding different additives. The objectives were to study changes in geotechnical properties of lithomargic clay after adding silica fume, glass powder, and quicklime powder. Experiments were conducted to determine properties of lithomargic soil. Properties were studied after blending soil with additives and compared to untreated soil. Tests showed dry density increased and optimum moisture content decreased with increasing additive content. Unconfined compressive strength and CBR values initially increased up to 10% additive content before decreasing, with 10% found to be the optimal amount. The stabilized soil showed improved strength characteristics and potential for use in construction.
There are several techniques for improving the mechanical properties of soil, including densification, reinforcement, and stabilization methods. Densification techniques like vibro-compaction, vibro-flotation, dynamic compaction, and blasting work to compact soil particles into a denser configuration, increasing strength and stiffness. Reinforcement techniques include installing discrete inclusions like compaction piles to reinforce weak soils. Stabilization techniques chemically alter the soil, such as jet grouting which mixes soil with cement grout under high pressure to form columns of treated soil.
This document discusses using plastic bottle strips to stabilize soil. Unstable expansive soils like black cotton soil cause problems for foundations due to swelling, shrinkage, and unequal settlement. Soil stabilization is done to improve strength and prevent erosion. Plastic is a good stabilizer as it is flexible, water resistant, and provides thermal resistance. Tests on lateritic soil mixed with plastic strips at 0.6% found increased CBR values and reduced settlement under loading compared to unmixed soil, demonstrating plastic's effectiveness as a stabilizer. Using waste plastic bottles in this way provides an economical solution while reducing plastic waste.
- Soils fail primarily in shear when the shear stress along a failure plane reaches the soil's shear strength.
- The shear strength of soils is governed by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, which consists of cohesive and frictional components that depend on effective stresses.
- Laboratory tests like direct shear and triaxial tests are used to measure the shear strength parameters (c, φ) of soils by simulating the in-situ stress conditions.
Soil stabilization techniques fall into two categories: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical stabilization alters the physical properties of soil particles through vibration or compaction. Chemical stabilization relies on chemical reactions between stabilizing materials like cement and minerals in the soil. Most stabilization is needed for soft soils in order to achieve good engineering properties, as clay soils respond well due to their large surface area while silty soils are sensitive to moisture changes.
Class 8 Triaxial Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
The document summarizes laboratory tests conducted on sand and clay soils, including triaxial compression tests and unconfined compression tests. It describes the test procedures, equipment used, and how to analyze the results to determine soil shear strength parameters. Specifically, it outlines how to conduct a consolidated drained triaxial test on sand under three confining pressures and an unconfined compression test on clay to measure the undrained shear strength. Graphs and calculations of stress, strain, and shear strength are presented.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a PE refresher course on geotechnical engineering. It covers soil classification methods including the USCS and AASHTO systems. It also discusses important soil properties like grain size, plasticity, compaction, permeability, consolidation, and shear strength. Applications covered include settlement analysis, slope stability, shallow and deep foundations, and retaining structures. Calculation of stresses, settlements, and determining appropriate soil parameters for analysis are also summarized.
The document discusses various methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and combined methods. Mechanical stabilization uses compaction to improve soil properties. Physical stabilization blends soils or adds admixtures like cement, lime, or bitumen. Chemical stabilization adds chemicals such as calcium chloride or sodium silicate. The key objectives are reducing voids, filling voids to lower permeability, and increasing bonding between grains. Proper soil selection, additive selection and mixing, compaction, and curing are important to the success of the various soil stabilization methods.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to modify the engineering properties of soils, including densification, consolidation, reinforcement, and chemical treatment. It provides details on specific techniques like vibroflotation, ground freezing, and soil nailing. Geosynthetics are also introduced as natural or artificial products used in geotechnical constructions to improve properties of soils.
The document summarizes key aspects of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) used for soil improvement. It discusses how PVDs work by shortening drainage paths in clay soils to accelerate consolidation from preloading. The document covers PVD installation methods, factors affecting their performance over time, advantages over sand drains, and applications such as embankment stabilization. It also reviews several studies on PVD performance in soft soil improvement projects.
Geo-polymer concrete is an alternative to traditional cement concrete that uses fly ash and an alkaline activator instead of cement. It offers benefits like lower CO2 emissions during production, higher compressive strength, and fire resistance. To produce geo-polymer concrete, fly ash is mixed with an alkaline solution and aggregates, and the mixture is cured at 60-90 degrees Celsius to form a hardened cement-like material through a polymerization process. Some applications of geo-polymer concrete include pre-cast construction elements and marine structures due to its strength and acid/salt resistance. While it provides environmental and performance advantages over cement, challenges include the cost of alkaline activators and difficulty of steam curing.
The document discusses various techniques for soil stabilization used in road construction. It defines soil stabilization as treating soil to maintain or improve its performance. Key techniques include mechanical stabilization by blending soils, and chemical stabilization by adding lime, cement or other chemicals. Mechanical methods improve strength through compaction and grading, while chemical additives cause reactions improving properties like strength and durability over time. The document provides details on various soil stabilization mixtures and their applications in road construction.
Applications of Vane Shear Test in Geotechnical soil investigationsAzdeen Najah
The document discusses the results of vane shear tests conducted on soil samples from a site for a proposed 40 km highway near a riverbank. The test results show undrained shear strengths (Cu) below 90 kPa, indicating the need for ground improvement. Recommendations include using geotextiles to separate weak subgrade soils from pavement layers, improving the subgrade quality through compaction or adding aggregates/additives, using geogrid reinforcement in the subgrade and base course, and placing geogrids and concrete on embankment slopes for stability.
This document discusses various methods for correlating and classifying soil swelling potential based on index properties, mineral composition, stress history, and other factors. It provides equations from numerous studies that relate swelling to plasticity index, clay content, dry density, void ratio, cation exchange capacity, and more. Classification charts are presented from several sources that categorize swelling potential as low, medium, or high based on correlations with parameters like plasticity index and activity.
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Description
Determine the unit weight of natural soil in place.
Stages
Determination of sand filling the cone
Determination bulk unit weight of sand
Determination bulk unit weight of natural soil
Procedure
Determining the weight of sand filling the cone
Sand passing through a 600µ sieve and retained over 300µ sieve is used.
Pouring cylinder attached over pouring cone is placed over level ground and completely filled with sand and weighed
The weight of sand + cylinder before pouring =푤_1
Now place the cylinder on the glass plate and open the shutter allow the sand to run out. Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. This is the weight of sand filling pouring cone.
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring on the glass =푤_2
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒=푤_1−푤_2
Determination of bulk unit weight of sand
Determine the volume of the calibrated container (V)
Filled the pouring cylinder with weight 푤_1 again. Now placed over calibrating container and open the shutter, permit the sand to run into calibrating cylinder. When no further movement of sand is seen, close the shutter. Remove the pouring cylinder and weigh it.
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring into calibrated cylinder =푤_3
The weight of sand filling calibrated cylinder (푤_푐푐 )=푤_1−(푤_푐표푛푒+푤_3 ")"
Determination of bulk unit weight of natural soil
Exposed about 45 cm square area of the soil and trim it down to a level surface.
Keep the metal tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth.
The weight of excavated soil =푤^′
Remove the tray, and placed the sand pouring cylinder over the hole, the cylinder should have sand of weight 푤_1.
Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no movement of the sand seen.
Remove the cylinder and weigh the sand pouring cylinder.
The weight of sand +cylinder after pouring into hole =푤_4
The weight of sand in the hole 〖(푤〗_ℎ표푙푒)=푤_1−(푤_4+푤_푐표푛푒)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Durability of Reinforced Concrete – A major player in Environmental Sustainab...Olukayode Alao
The document discusses the sustainability and durability of reinforced concrete structures. It outlines several deterioration mechanisms for reinforced concrete and emphasizes the need for durable design and quality construction practices to develop sustainable concrete structures. The document also highlights that increasing the service life of reinforced concrete structures can significantly reduce cement usage and carbon emissions through substituting or removing Portland cement.
Experimental Study on ‘Manufacture of Black Cotton Soil Bricks’
Black cotton soil bricks, High compressive Strength Bricks, Low cost Bricks,
Black cotton soil
Rise husk
Coal powder
Salt
Black cotton soil bricks with addition of Rise husk Coal powder Salt
Stabilization of Lithomargic Soil by Using Different AdditivesIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing lithomargic soil by adding different additives. The objectives were to study changes in geotechnical properties of lithomargic clay after adding silica fume, glass powder, and quicklime powder. Experiments were conducted to determine properties of lithomargic soil. Properties were studied after blending soil with additives and compared to untreated soil. Tests showed dry density increased and optimum moisture content decreased with increasing additive content. Unconfined compressive strength and CBR values initially increased up to 10% additive content before decreasing, with 10% found to be the optimal amount. The stabilized soil showed improved strength characteristics and potential for use in construction.
IRJET- Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Different StabilizersIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using different stabilizers like lime, bagasse ash, and demolished waste concrete. Black cotton soil is problematic for construction due to its high swelling and shrinkage properties. The study aimed to investigate using agricultural and industrial waste to stabilize the soil. Various properties of the untreated black cotton soil and soil mixed with 5% lime and varying percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) of bagasse ash and demolished concrete were tested. The results showed that the liquid limit, plastic limit, and moisture content decreased while the dry density and unconfined compressive strength increased with the addition of stabilizers. Demolished concrete was found to be more effective at improving properties compared to bagasse
Stabilisation of Pavement Subgrade Soil using Lime and Cement: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of lime and cement for stabilizing pavement subgrade soils. It discusses the mechanics and reactions involved when using lime and cement, including hydration, cation exchange, carbonation, and pozzolanic reactions. Lime is primarily used to stabilize clay soils with high plasticity, as it reduces plasticity index and shrink-swell characteristics. Cement is most effective on sandy and silty soils with low to medium plasticity. Both lime and cement improve the engineering properties of soils, reducing plasticity, increasing compaction, and improving strength.
IRJET- Analysing the Behaviour of Nanosilica Stabilized SoilIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the behavior of kaolinite soil stabilized with different percentages of nano silica additive. Tests were conducted to determine the compaction characteristics, Atterberg limits, and unconfined compressive strength of the soil-nano silica mixtures. The results showed that nano silica improved the geotechnical properties of the soil, with optimum improvement seen at 0.6% nano silica content.
Effect of Bentonite on Compaction Characteristics of SoilIRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of bentonite content on the compaction characteristics of soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil from Kadapa, India with different percentages of added bentonite content. The tests showed that liquid limit and plastic limit decreased with increasing bentonite content. Maximum dry density increased continuously from 1.4 g/cc to 1.98 g/cc with bentonite content increasing from 0% to 10%. Optimum moisture content initially decreased and then increased with bentonite content, ranging from 9.4% to 12.4%. In general, the study found that bentonite content increases the maximum dry density of soil and decreases the liquid limit and plastic limit.
Cost Effectiveness of Replacing Sand with Crushed Granite Fine (CGF) In the M...IOSR Journals
The economic gain of replacing sand with Crushed Granite Fines in the production of concrete was investigated. Compressive strength and slump tests were performed on fresh and hardened concrete using two nominal mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1½: 3 with the sand component being partially replaced with Crushed Granite Fines. Compressive strength values above 30 N/mm² and 35 N/mm² were obtained for nominal mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1½: 3 respectively when sand was partially replaced with 25 – 37.5% Crushed Granite Fines. Based on the economic analysis of the test results, replacement of sand with 25 – 37.5% Crushed Granite Fines is recommended for use in concrete production.
IRJET- Effect of Fly Ash and Nano Calcium Silicates in Clayey Soil Used as Cl...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a mixture of locally available clayey soil, fly ash, and nano calcium silicate as a potential landfill liner material. Laboratory tests were conducted to analyze the properties of the soil mixtures with varying percentages of fly ash (2-10%) and nano calcium silicate (0.2-1%). The results found that adding 6% fly ash produced the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soil. Additional tests determined that incorporating nano calcium silicate into the soil-fly ash mixture further improved strength characteristics by filling voids and promoting pozzolanic reactions. The study aims to develop an affordable landfill liner material using industrial and local waste products that meets specifications for low hydraulic conductivity and strength.
IRJET- Soil Stabilization by using Waste Material - Brick DustIRJET Journal
This document discusses using brick dust to stabilize black cotton soil for construction purposes. Black cotton soil is problematic for construction due to its high shrink-swell potential and low strength. The authors investigate using brick dust as an additive to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil. They describe the properties of the untreated black cotton soil and brick dust. Laboratory tests are conducted to determine if brick dust improves the strength and reduces the volume change of black cotton soil. The results indicate whether brick dust is effective at stabilizing black cotton soil for construction applications.
IRJET- An Experimental Analysis on the Influence of Copper Slag as Stabiliser...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental analysis of using copper slag as a stabilizer to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil. Black cotton soil is problematic for construction due to its expansive nature when wet and prone to shrinking when dry. The study mixes copper slag, a byproduct of copper smelting, with black cotton soil in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to test effects on soil properties. Tests conducted include liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, proctor compaction, grain size distribution, and California bearing ratio. Results will determine an optimized proportion of copper slag that improves the strength and stability of the black cotton soil.
IRJET- A Review on the Combined Effect of Lime, Flyash and Geosynthetic R...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on the combined effect of lime, fly ash, and geosynthetic reinforcement on soil. It summarizes several previous studies that investigated using lime and/or fly ash stabilization along with geotextiles or geomembranes to improve soil properties. The review found that soil strength increases with higher percentages of lime and fly ash. Geosynthetics reinforcement further improves unconfined compressive strength. Combining lime or fly ash with geotextiles can significantly enhance soil properties and reduce required subgrade thickness. Overall, the literature indicates traditional stabilizers like lime and fly ash, when used together with geosynthetics, can effectively improve soft soils for construction applications.
This document summarizes various physical soil improvement techniques including grouting, soil cement, heating, and freezing. Grouting involves injecting adhesives into soil to fill voids and increase strength. Types of grouting include penetration, compaction, and jet grouting. Soil cement mixes cement with soil to increase strength, stiffness, and durability. Heating soil to 300-1000°C changes its properties, making it harder. Freezing soil by refrigeration causes water to expand and bond particles, temporarily increasing strength for excavation support. The document provides details on each technique's process and applications.
Study on the development and behavior of green geopolymer bricksIRJET Journal
The document presents a study on the development and properties of geopolymer bricks made with industrial wastes. Various materials including fly ash, GGBS, sand and alkaline activators were used to prepare geopolymer bricks with different mix proportions. The properties of the bricks such as compressive strength, water absorption and density were experimentally determined. The results showed that the geopolymer brick with 40% GGBS and 30% fly ash achieved the highest compressive strength of 17.58 MPa, which is over 2 times that of traditional fly ash bricks. Additionally, the geopolymer bricks exhibited lower water absorption and higher density compared to conventional fly ash bricks. The study concludes that geopolymer bricks can be a sustainable
Stabilizing Slopes using Wastes from IndustriesIRJET Journal
The document discusses stabilizing slopes using industrial wastes. It analyzes a slope using GeoStudio software and stabilizes the soil through additive stabilization with wastes like ground granulated blast furnace slag, glass powder, and hypo sludge. Tests found these wastes increased the soil's maximum dry density, cohesion, and factor of safety against slope failure. Specifically, adding 10% blast furnace slag yielded a maximum dry density of 19.8 kN/m3 and factor of safety of 1.05 under normal conditions.
Effect of pH and Curing Time Behaviour on Strength Properties of SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pH and curing time on the strength properties of soils. Laboratory experiments were conducted on clay soils from Telangana, India, mixing the soils with varying percentages of lime (1-7%) and allowing curing times of 7-45 days. The results showed that maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased with higher lime content and longer curing times. Unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus increased significantly with 7% lime and a 30 day curing time. Additional tests examined the effect of pH variations (3-9) of pore fluids on shear strength, finding that untreated and lime-treated soils exhibited higher cohesion and friction angles at pH levels of 3
IRJET- Effect of Nano Titanium Dioxide and M-Sand in Self Curing ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document presents research on developing self-curing concrete using nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) and manufactured sand (M-sand). Nano TiO2 and poly-ethylene glycol 600 (PEG 600) were used to improve the compressive strength of self-curing concrete. Concrete cubes were made by replacing cement with 0.5% and 1% nano TiO2 and adding 0.5-2.5% PEG 600. The highest compressive strength of 38.75 N/mm2 was achieved with 1% nano TiO2, 1% PEG 600, and M-sand, compared to conventional concrete cubes and other self-curing mixtures. The experimental results showed that all self-curing concrete cubes
IRJET- Stabilisation of Soft Soil using Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Sl...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the stabilization of soft soil using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and lime. GGBS is a byproduct of iron production that can be used to improve the geotechnical properties of soft soil through pozzolanic reactions. The study involved testing soft clay collected from India to determine its properties. GGBS and lime were then added to the soil in varying percentages and a series of tests were conducted, including Atterberg limits testing, standard Proctor compaction testing, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing, and California bearing ratio (CBR) testing. The results showed that adding GGBS and lime decreased the plasticity of the soil, increased the
IRJET - Experimental Investigation and Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil usi...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study investigating the stabilization of black cotton soil using micro silica and Renolith. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on black cotton soil samples with varying additions of micro silica (5-20% by weight) and Renolith (5-12.5% by weight). The results showed that the addition of micro silica and Renolith led to significant improvements in the engineering properties of the black cotton soil, including increased maximum dry density, decreased optimum moisture content, increased unconfined compressive strength, and increased California bearing ratio. The maximum improvements were observed with 15% micro silica and 12.5% Renolith addition. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of micro silica and
IRJET-Study on Strength and Durability Aspects of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders to replace cement. Various mix designs were tested with different ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the geopolymer concrete cubes increased with an increasing percentage of GGBS in the mix. The highest compressive strength of 66MPa was observed for a mix with a 60% fly ash and 40% GGBS ratio. Additionally, sorptivity tests found that geopolymer concrete has lower water absorption than traditional concrete, indicating better durability. The study demonstrates that geopolymer concrete
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A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
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3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. CONTENTS
SOIL STABILIZATION
CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF SOIL STABILIZATION
MODERN TECHNIQUES OF SOIL STABILIZATION
NANOTECHNOLOGY
MATERIAL
RESULT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
12/15/2018 2
3. SOIL STABILIZATION
Stabilization incorporates the various methods
employed for modifying the properties of a soil to
improve its engineering performance.
The most common application being in the
construction of road and airfield pavements.
Where the main objective is to increase the strength
or stability of soil.
It reduce the construction cost by making best use of
locally available materials.
12/15/2018 3
5. MECHANICAL STABILIZATION
• Mechanical Stabilization is the process of improving
the properties of the soil by changing its gradation.
• This process includes soil compaction and
densification by application of mechanical energy
• Using various sorts of rollers, rammers, vibration
techniques and sometime blasting.
• Mechanical stabilization is accomplished by mixing
or blending soils of two or more gradations to
obtain the required specification.
12/15/2018 5
6. LIME STABILIZATION
• Lime provides an economical way of soil
stabilization.
• The lime is added to the soil to improve its
properties is known as lime stabilization.
• Types of lime used are hydrated high calcium
lime, monohydrated dolomite lime, calcite
quick lime, dolomite lime.
• The quantity of lime is used in most soil
stabilizer is in the range of 5% to 10%.
12/15/2018 6
7. CEMENT STABILIZATION
• The soil particles bonding caused by hydration of
the cement particles.
• which grow into crystals that can interlock with one
another giving a high compressive strength.
• The amount of cement used is small but sufficient
to improve the engineering properties of the soil.
• Cement stabilized soils have the following
properties:
(a) Decreased cohesiveness (Plasticity)
(b) Decreased volume expansion or compressibility
(c) Increased strength.
12/15/2018 7
8. CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
• Chemical stabilization of soil comprises of changing
the physico-synthetic around and within clay
particles
• where by the earth obliges less water to fulfil the
static imbalance.
• Calcium chloride being hygroscopic and
deliquescent is used as a water retentive additive in
mechanically stabilized soil bases and surfacing.
12/15/2018 8
9. BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION
• It is an process by which a controlled amount
of bituminous material is thoroughly mixed
with an existing soil or aggregate material to
form a stable base or wearing surface.
• Bitumen increases the cohesion and load-
bearing capacity of the soil and renders it
resistant to the action of water.
• It accomplished by using asphalt cement,
asphalt cutback or asphalt emulsions.s
12/15/2018 9
10. THERMAL STABILIZATION
• Thermal change causes a marked improvement in
the properties of the soil.
• Thermal stabilization is done either by heating the
soil or by cooling it.
Heating: As the soil is heated, its water content
decreases.
Freezing: If the temperature is reduced to the
freezing point, the pore water freezes and the soil is
stabilized.
12/15/2018 10
11. ELECTRICAL STABILIZATION
• Electrical stabilization of clayey soils is done by a
process known as electro-osmosis.
• As a direct current (DC) is passed through a clayey
soil, pore water migrates to the negative electrode
(cathode).
• The strength of the soil is considerably increased
due to removal of water.
12/15/2018 11
12. MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL
STABILIZATION
Stabilization using Geo-synthetics, Geo-polymers
etc.
Stabilization using Nano Materials.
12/15/2018 12
13. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Science that revolves around the creation of a varied
collection of nano materials &nano particle along with
nano objects.
Nano material additives are used in soil improvement.
They improve the Maximum Dry Density, Atterberg’s
Limits, Compaction Characteristics and Unconfined
Compressive Strength of the soft soil.
12/15/2018 13
14. NANOMETER
A nanometer is a unit of spatial measurement.
That is 10⁻⁹ meter , or one billionth of a meter.
12/15/2018 14
15. NANO MATERIALS
A. Nano Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
B. Nano Copper Oxide (CuO)
C. Nano Clay
D. Nano Al₂O₃
E. Nano Fly ash
12/15/2018 15
17. TESTS CONDUCTED
Liquid limit
Plastic limit
Standard proctor test
Unconfined compressive strength
12/15/2018 17
18. A. STABILIZATION USING NANO MAGNESIUM
OXIDE
• The soil was then mixed with nano magnesium
oxide ranging between 0 to 1.0 % by dry weight of
soil.
• Consistency limits and unconfined compression
tests were conducted to study the change in basic
soil behaviour.
12/15/2018 18
19. • The results indicated that the plasticity index
exhibits significant reduction compared with
untreated soil.
• The reduction is in proportion with curing
time and Nano magnesium oxide surface
area (i.e. by using N-MgO) as well as the
doses of N-MgO.
• The unconfined compressive strength of
treated soil increased significantly over time
with increasing percentage of N-MgO.
12/15/2018 19
20. • The mechanical behaviour of treated soil
changed from ductile to brittle associated
with remarkable increase in Young's
modulus.
• The results also revealed that the stiffness
developed from soft and medium stiff in the
case of original soil to a very stiff soil
particularly for soil – N-MgO mixtures.
12/15/2018 20
22. Figure.1 shows the effect of nanomaterial
contents on the Atterberg limits.
The liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index
and linear shrinkage decreased as the
nanomaterial content increased.
Reductions in the plasticity indices are
indicators of soil improvement.
12/15/2018 22
25. 12/15/2018 25
The nanomaterials added to the soil, increased
both the maximum dry density and the optimum
water content.
An increase in the maximum dry density
indicates soil improvement in terms of soil
strength.
The factors that affect compaction included the
particle size and specific gravity of the soil and the
stabilizer.
27. Increasing the amounts of nanomaterials
induced an increase in the unconfined
compressive strength.
When nano clay is added the soil hardened
and improved strength compared with other
nanomaterial additives.
12/15/2018 27
29. B.STABILIZATION USING NANO CuO
The nano-copper powder which was used in the
experimental investigation for stabilizing the black
cotton soil.
The various geotechnical properties like liquid limit
and plastic limit, compaction characteristics,
unconfined compressive strength were determined.
The properties are Atterberg’s limit, compaction
characteristics and UCC.
12/15/2018 29
30. Fig.5 Variation of Atterberg’s Limit on
addition of Nano CuO
12/15/2018
KMCTCEW
30
31. The liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and
linear shrinkage decreased as the nanomaterial
content increased.
Reductions in the plasticity index are indicators of
soil improvement.
Addition of fine particles, such as nanomaterials to
soil, even at low doses, can enhance its properties.
12/15/2018 31
34. MDD increased with increase the dosages of
nanomaterials.
The increase in the maximum dry density is possibly
due to the particle densities of nanomaterials which
are greater than the particle density of natural soil.
The nanomaterials particles reduced the porosity by
filling the space between soil particles and bonded
the particles together.
12/15/2018 34
36. RESULTS BY ADDING NANO CuO
MATERIAL L.L (%) P.L
(%)
P.I
(%)
OMC
(%)
MDD
(KN/mᶾ)
UCC
(Kpa)
I F I F I F I F I F I F
NANO
COPPER
OXIDE
46 49 27 29 C C 21.5 26.2 14.4 14.7 40 270
12/15/2018 36
37. C. STABILIZATION USING NANOCLAY
The bentonite found in India is different from rest
of world due to chemical composition and higher
iron content which gives dark colour.
Due to very fine particle size, this shows extra-
ordinary swelling and bonding power.
This different make the bentonite useful in water
well and oil well drilling the special higher mud
yield.
Hence the bentonite clay is used as a soil stabilizing
admixture.
12/15/2018 37
40. The optimum water contents increased with
increase the nano clay contents.
In contrast, the optimum water content of soil
decreased along the contents of nanoclay.
The decrease in moisture content is related to the
tendency of nanoclay to absorb water from moist
soil.
Decrease in water content results in a decrease in
the volume of voids in soil matrix.
12/15/2018 40
42. The maximum dry density of soil is increased with
increase the dosages of nanoclay.
The nanomaterials particles reduced the porosity by
filling the space between soil particles and bonded
the particles together.
For soil sample the nanomaterials added to the soil
increased both the maximum dry density and omc.
12/15/2018 42
44. Increasing the amounts of nanoclay induced an
increase in the unconfined compressive strength.
The results indicate that the maximum shear
strength was obtained from soil treated with nano
clay.
Soil to which nano clay added showed hardening
and improved strength compared with soil
specimens that contained other nanomaterial
additives.
12/15/2018 44
45. RESULTS BY ADDING NANO CLAY
MATERI
AL
LL PL PI OMC MDD UCC
I F I F I F I F I F I F
NANO
CLAY
46 49 27 32 19 17 21.5 25.5 14.4 14.5 40 130
12/15/2018 45
46. D. STABILIZATION USING NANO Al₂O₃
The experiment carried out to determine the
characteristics of soil on addition of varying
percentage of Nano Al₂O3 (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%
and 2.0%).
Atterberg’s limits tests were done for varying
percentage of nano Al₂O₃
The swelling potential is determined from the
values of test results of plasticity index.
Compaction test were done for varying percentage
of nano materials.
12/15/2018 46
52. • The liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index
decreases with the increase in the percentage of
addition of and Nano Al₂O₃ in the soil.
• The swelling potential also decreases with the
increase in the percentage of addition of Nano
Al2O3 in the soil.
12/15/2018 52
53. RESULTS BY ADDING NANO Al₂O₃
MATERIAL L.L
(%)
P.L
(%)
P.I
(%)
OMC
(%)
MDD
(KN/mᶾ)
I F I F I F I F I F
NANO
Al₂O₃
70 20 31.9 16.8 38.06 9.14 14.2 14.28 1.604 1.74
12/15/2018 53
54. D. STABILIZATION USING NANO FLY ASH
The Fly ash is seen to be very rich in Silica (SiO2) of
about 62.7% and low Calcium oxide content (CaO)
of 0.905%.
The Fly ash was classified as Class ‘F’ Fly ash.
Oven dried fly ash was mixed to the soil in
increasing proportions by 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%
and 50% by dry weight of the soil.
12/15/2018 54
55. Further each sample was treated with nano
solution (nano material diluted in water) in four
different dilution ratios of (1:100), (1:225), (1:400)
and (1:600) by volume.
The laboratory tests included grain size sieve
analysis, modified proctor compaction tests,
modified California bearing ratio tests, liquid limit
(LL), plastic limit (PL) and falling head permeability
tests
12/15/2018 55
57. RESULTS BY ADDING NANO FLY ASH
The unsoaked as well as soaked CBR values increase
with the increase in fly ash content.
Soaked CBR values with the dilution ratios were
improved from 24.1% to 66.52% thereby improving
the value by 2.76 times.
12/15/2018 57
58. The liquid limit and plastic limit values drop down
to 1.69 times and 1.65 times respectively on
treating the soil with 30% fly ash.
On treating the soil further with nano solution in
four different dilutions of (1:100), (1:225), (1:400)
and (1:600) the LL, PL and PI values were observed
to be reduced consistently.
The value for sample reduces by 1.67 times when
treated with (1:100) dilution ratio.
12/15/2018 58
59. RESULTS
12/15/2018 59
• The nanomaterial content increased in the soil, the
values of liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity
index are decrease.
• The decrease in the plasticity index led to a
decrease in the swelling potential of the soil.
• The nanomaterials fill the tiny pores of the mineral
and allow less water to penetrate hence reduce the
swelling of the soil.
60. • The unconfined compressive strength increase with
the increase in the compaction effort and addition
of stabilizers.
• By the addition of stabilizers alters the properties
of the sample.
• The strength increases with increase in the
percentage of stabilizers
12/15/2018 60
61. • The addition of stabilizers alters the properties of the
sample. It was found that the strength increases with
increase in the percentage of stabilizers.
12/15/2018 61
62. CONCLUSION
Nano materials improve the properties os soil by
decreasing their Atterberg’s limits, increasing MDD
and UCC.
Addition of even small quantity of these materials
can stabilize a large quantity of soil because of their
large surface area.
Different nanostructures exhibit different
properties.
12/15/2018 62
63. Due to their smaller dimensions, nanoparticles
possess a very high specific surface and react more
actively with other particles in the soil matrix.
The existence of even a minute amount of these
nanoparticles can result in extraordinary effects on
the engineering properties soil.
This study found that nanoparticles influence the
strength, permeability, indices, and resistance
properties of soil.
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64. REFERENCES
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