The thermal power station by product "flyash" (which pollutes ecosystem and poses health problems) can be effectively used in geotechnical applications.

1. FLYASH INFLYASH IN
GEOTECHNICALGEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERINGENGINEERING
ByBy
NIRANJANNIRANJAN
S. L.N College of Engineering,S. L.N College of Engineering,
Raichur.Raichur.

2.  INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 FLY ASHFLY ASH
 PROBLEMS DUE TO FLY ASHPROBLEMS DUE TO FLY ASH
 GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OFGEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF
FLY ASHFLY ASH
 PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 ENGINEERING PROPERTIESENGINEERING PROPERTIES
 GEO ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONSGEO ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION.CONCLUSION.
This presentation includes:This presentation includes:

3. ENVIRONMENTAL GEO-TECH:ENVIRONMENTAL GEO-TECH:
Environmental Geotechnic is a field in which:Environmental Geotechnic is a field in which:
• InvestigatingInvestigating
• PlanningPlanning
• CharacterisationCharacterisation
• Foreseeing & forecastingForeseeing & forecasting
• Designing of engineering works toDesigning of engineering works to
protect the environment.protect the environment.
• Avoiding future environmental problemsAvoiding future environmental problems.

4. FLY ASH:FLY ASH:
 Flyash is a waste product fromFlyash is a waste product from
thermal power stations.thermal power stations.
 100 million tones of flyash is100 million tones of flyash is
produced as a by-productproduced as a by-product
annually in India alone.annually in India alone.
 The ash generated is disposedThe ash generated is disposed
off in the vicinity of the plantsoff in the vicinity of the plants
as a waste material coveringas a waste material covering
several thousand hectares ofseveral thousand hectares of
land.land.

5. PROBLEMS FACED DUE TO FLY ASH:PROBLEMS FACED DUE TO FLY ASH:
 Fly ash stored affects the ecology ofFly ash stored affects the ecology of
the land, water and air in the region.the land, water and air in the region.
 Fly ash causes ailments like allergicFly ash causes ailments like allergic
bronchitis, silicosis, and asthma.bronchitis, silicosis, and asthma.
 The World Bank has cautioned IndiaThe World Bank has cautioned India
that by 2015, disposal of fly ash wouldthat by 2015, disposal of fly ash would
require 1000 sq km, in its report onrequire 1000 sq km, in its report on
environmental issues in the powerenvironmental issues in the power
sector.sector.

6.  Fly ash contaminatesFly ash contaminates
• surface watersurface water
• underground water.underground water.
 Affects aquatic life.Affects aquatic life.
 Is harmful for plants.Is harmful for plants.
 Corrodes exposed metallic structures in itsCorrodes exposed metallic structures in its
vicinity.vicinity.
 Fineness is about 4000-8000 cmFineness is about 4000-8000 cm22
/g./g.
 Fly ash contains traces of heavy metals.Fly ash contains traces of heavy metals.
PROBLEMS FACED DUE TO FLY ASHPROBLEMS FACED DUE TO FLY ASH
CONTINUED….CONTINUED….

7. Geotechnical properties of fly ash:Geotechnical properties of fly ash:
 Chemical composition.Chemical composition.
 Specific gravity.Specific gravity.
 Grain size distribution.Grain size distribution.
 Atterberg limits.Atterberg limits.
 Engineering properties.Engineering properties.

8. CONSTITUENTSCONSTITUENTS PERCENTAGEPERCENTAGE
Silica (SioSilica (Sio22))
Alumina (AlAlumina (Al22OO33))
Iron oxide (FeIron oxide (Fe22OO33))
Calcium oxide (CaO)Calcium oxide (CaO)
Magnesium oxideMagnesium oxide
(MgO)(MgO)
Sulphur (SOSulphur (SO33))
Loss on IgnitionLoss on Ignition
49 - 6749 - 67
16 - 2916 - 29
4 - 104 - 10
1 - 41 - 4
0.2 - 20.2 - 2
0.1 - 20.1 - 2
0.4 - 0.60.4 - 0.6
Chemical compositionChemical composition:

9. Specific Gravity:Specific Gravity:
MATERIALMATERIAL SPECIFIC GRAVITYSPECIFIC GRAVITY
Bottom ashBottom ash
Fly ashFly ash
USAUSA
IndiaIndia
Pond ashPond ash
IndiaIndia
UKUK
PolandPoland
Soils
2.28-2.782.28-2.78
2.03-2.492.03-2.49
1.84-2.671.84-2.67
1.58-2.391.58-2.39
2.10-2.242.10-2.24
1.90-2.311.90-2.31
2.60-2.80

10. Grain Size DistributionGrain Size Distribution
MATERIALMATERIAL EFFECTIVEFFECTIV
E SIZEE SIZE
DD1010 (mm)(mm)
DD5050
(mm(mm))
UNIFORMUNIFORM
ITYITY
COEFFICICOEFFICI
ENTENT
COEFFICICOEFFICI
ENT OFENT OF
CURVATUCURVATU
RERE
Fly ashFly ash 0.0027-0.0027-
0.020.02
0.036-0.036-
0.20.2
13.3-10.013.3-10.0 2.16-2.16-
0.730.73
Pond ashPond ash 0.014-0.014-
0.0380.038
0.1-0.20.1-0.2 7.1-5.37.1-5.3 1.20-1.20-
0.950.95
BottomBottom
ashash
0.08-0.70.08-0.7 0.46-6.40.46-6.4 5.8-9.15.8-9.1 0.83-0.83-
1.031.03

11. Liquid LimitLiquid Limit
 Liquid limit is determined byLiquid limit is determined by
cone penetration method.cone penetration method.
 As per the Unified ClassificationAs per the Unified Classification
system, fly ash will fit into MLsystem, fly ash will fit into ML
group.group.
 It is non-plastic in nature.It is non-plastic in nature.

12. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES:ENGINEERING PROPERTIES:
• Permeability characteristicsPermeability characteristics
• Consolidation and compressibilityConsolidation and compressibility
characteristicscharacteristics
• Strength characteristics.Strength characteristics.
Shear strength parametersShear strength parameters
California Bearing RatioCalifornia Bearing Ratio

13. APPLICATIONS OF FLY ASHAPPLICATIONS OF FLY ASH
Geo-technical applicationsGeo-technical applications
• EmbankmentsEmbankments
• FillsFills
• Sub base and PavementsSub base and Pavements
• StabilizationStabilization

14. Okhla flyover approach embankment
 First geogrid reinforced fly ash approach
embankment constructed in the country
 Length of embankment – 59 m
 Height varied from 5.9 to 7.8 m
 Ash utilised – 2,700 cubic metre
 Opened to traffic in 1996
 Performance has been very good

15. 7.8 to7.8 to
5.9 m5.9 m
FacingFacing
panelspanels
FilterFilter
mediummedium GeogridsGeogrids
Reinforced foundation mattress of bottom ashReinforced foundation mattress of bottom ash
Okhla flyover approach embankmentOkhla flyover approach embankment

16. Okhla flyover approach embankmentOkhla flyover approach embankment
Erection of facing panelsErection of facing panels
Rolling of pond ashRolling of pond ash

17. Support provided to facingSupport provided to facing
panels during constructionpanels during construction
Laying of geogridsLaying of geogrids
Okhla flyover approach embankmentOkhla flyover approach embankment

18. Approach embankment for secondApproach embankment for second
Nizamuddin bridge at DelhiNizamuddin bridge at Delhi
– Length of embankment - 1.8 kmLength of embankment - 1.8 km
– Height varies from 6 to 9 mHeight varies from 6 to 9 m
– Ash utilised - 1,50,000 cubic metreAsh utilised - 1,50,000 cubic metre
– Embankment opened to traffic in 1998Embankment opened to traffic in 1998
– Instrumentation installed in the embankmentInstrumentation installed in the embankment
showed very good performanceshowed very good performance
– Approximate savings due to usage of fly ash isApproximate savings due to usage of fly ash is
about Rs.1.00 Croreabout Rs.1.00 Crore

19. Spreading of pond ashSpreading of pond ash
Compaction of pond ashCompaction of pond ash
Second Nizamuddin bridge approach embankmentSecond Nizamuddin bridge approach embankment

20. Stone pitching for slopeStone pitching for slope
protectionprotection
Traffic plying on theTraffic plying on the
embankmentembankment
Second Nizamuddin bridge approach embankmentSecond Nizamuddin bridge approach embankment

21. Stabilization of soil using fly ashStabilization of soil using fly ash
Stabilization:Stabilization:

22. Field construction using soil stabilized with fly ash:Field construction using soil stabilized with fly ash:
Village road to Nandawala, Haryana.Village road to Nandawala, Haryana.
Ghaziabad bye-pass joining SH and NH.Ghaziabad bye-pass joining SH and NH.
A village road section at Panipat, Haryana.A village road section at Panipat, Haryana.
Construction of base coarse for ContainerConstruction of base coarse for Container
Corporation of India’s container yards atCorporation of India’s container yards at
Ludiana, Punjab.Ludiana, Punjab.

23. FillsFills
• DMRC (Delhi Metro Rail Corporation) has used flyDMRC (Delhi Metro Rail Corporation) has used fly
ash for construction of railway embankments and landash for construction of railway embankments and land
filling.filling.
• The DMRC has usedThe DMRC has used 950 000 cubic metres950 000 cubic metres of flyof fly
ash for filling up land in the Shastri Park in Newash for filling up land in the Shastri Park in New
Delhi.Delhi.
Sub base and PavementsSub base and Pavements
Fly ash has been used as sub base and pavements in:Fly ash has been used as sub base and pavements in:
• Rural roads near Raichur, Karnataka.Rural roads near Raichur, Karnataka.
• Roads at Delhi, Calcutta, Dadri, Ramgundam andRoads at Delhi, Calcutta, Dadri, Ramgundam and
VishakapatnamVishakapatnam..

24. Demonstration road project
at Raichur
 Total length of the road – 1 km
 Five sections of 200 m each with different
pavement sections
 Pond ash has been used for replacing
moorum in sub-base course
 Stabilised pond ash used for replacing
part of WBM layer
 Performance of all the specifications is
good

25. Construction of rollerConstruction of roller
compacted concretecompacted concrete
pavementpavement
View of the demonstrationView of the demonstration
road stretch after three yearsroad stretch after three years
Demonstration road project using fly ash at RaichurDemonstration road project using fly ash at Raichur

26. CONCLUSIONS:CONCLUSIONS:
Fly ash is a by product obtain fromFly ash is a by product obtain from
thermal power stationsthermal power stations
Fly ash pollutes the ecosystem of theFly ash pollutes the ecosystem of the
area drastically.area drastically.
 Fly ash poses a lot of health problemsFly ash poses a lot of health problems
in the area.in the area.
The storage of fly ash is problematicThe storage of fly ash is problematic
and the safe disposal of fly ash isand the safe disposal of fly ash is
challenging.challenging.

27. The September 14, 1999 notificationThe September 14, 1999 notification
issued by MOEF makes mandatory use ofissued by MOEF makes mandatory use of
25% flyash within 50 Km radii of thermal25% flyash within 50 Km radii of thermal
power plants for manufacture of bricks,power plants for manufacture of bricks,
tiles etc.tiles etc.
The quantity of fly ash available is higherThe quantity of fly ash available is higher
than that being utilised.than that being utilised.
The maximum quantity of fly ash can beThe maximum quantity of fly ash can be
used in geotechnical application.used in geotechnical application.
Use of fly ash in various geotechnicalUse of fly ash in various geotechnical
applications in India is gaining momentumapplications in India is gaining momentum..

28. REFRENCES:REFRENCES:
National seminars presented in I I Sc, Bangalore.National seminars presented in I I Sc, Bangalore.
• ““Characterstics of flyash and its applications” by Narasimha RaoCharacterstics of flyash and its applications” by Narasimha Rao
(1999).(1999).
• ““Flyash as pesticides in agriculture” by Narayanaswamy P (1999)Flyash as pesticides in agriculture” by Narayanaswamy P (1999)
• ““Flyash utilisation in embankment with geogrids and anchorFlyash utilisation in embankment with geogrids and anchor
reinforcement” by Singh.R.B, Pallavi Khanna andreinforcement” by Singh.R.B, Pallavi Khanna and
Agarwall R.K.(1999)Agarwall R.K.(1999)
• ““Characterisation of flyash in cement based grouts” byCharacterisation of flyash in cement based grouts” by
Shorff A.V (1999)Shorff A.V (1999)
• ““Utilisation of flyash in construction of base course forUtilisation of flyash in construction of base course for
pavements” by Tike.G.K, Satender kumar, seehra S.S, andpavements” by Tike.G.K, Satender kumar, seehra S.S, and
sikdar P.K.(1999)sikdar P.K.(1999)
• ““Flyash-A multi facet resource material” by Vimal kumar,MukeshFlyash-A multi facet resource material” by Vimal kumar,Mukesh
Mathur, Chandi Nath Jah and Goutam Goswami.Mathur, Chandi Nath Jah and Goutam Goswami.
Presentation on “Flyash characterisation” by Sridharan A,(2000) inPresentation on “Flyash characterisation” by Sridharan A,(2000) in
S.J.C.E Mysore.S.J.C.E Mysore.

29. THANK YOU.THANK YOU.