This document summarizes common problems of the penis and prepuce in bulls, including phymosis, paraphymosis, balanophosthitis, penile fibropapillomatosis, and persistent penile frenulum. Phymosis is the inability to retract the prepuce and can be congenital or acquired. Paraphymosis occurs when the prepuce cannot be rolled back, causing congestion and inflammation. Balanophosthitis is an infection of the prepuce and penis caused by bacteria. Penile fibropapillomatosis is caused by papilloma virus, causing growths on the penis. Persistent penile frenulum causes deviation during erection

1. Common problems of penis and prepuce
in bull
1. Balanophosthitis
2. Phymosis
3. Paraphymosis
4. Eversion of prepuce
5. Pendulous prepuce
6. Neoplasia of penis and prepuce
7. Penile fibropappilpmatosis or warts
8. Cork screw penis
9. Persistent penile frenulum
10. Hair rings encircling the penis
11. Cutaneous habronemiasis

2. Phymosis
The inability to extrude the penis through the prepuce is
called phymosis
Etiology:
• Congenital causes: narrow prepuce, no opening of
prepuce, tumor in prepuce, closed orifice
• Acquired causes: injury, inflammation,oedematous
swelling or fibrosis after trauma,
posthitis,balanitis,irritaion or infection

3. Clinical findings
• Inability of the penis to protrude and unable to copulate
• Inability to urinate normally, urine can pass in drops
• Licks the area
• Edema of prepuce may occur in acquired phymosis
• The infected area may be ulcerated
Phymosis in a bull

4. Diagnosis:
Based on characteristics
clinical signs
Treatment and management
Only medical treatment is not enough.Need surgical
interaction to enlarge the prepucial orifice

5. Procedure of enlargement of orifice
• Animal is controlled
• Clipping,shaving is done and the operation site is
painted with tincture of iodine
• Local anaesthesia is done by using lidocaine HCl
• Triangular incision is made at upper edge of prepuce so
that the prepuce cover the penis
• Care should be taken not to expose the penis
• The skin,subcutaneous tissue and prepucial mucosa are
excised usually on the dorsal surface of the prepuce
• One must ensure that penis remain covered by prepuce

6. Continued
• Neoplasm must be excised and treated appropriately
• Bleeding vessels are ligated
• The skin plus mucosa should be sutured by interrupted
suture
• The penis is replaced into the prepuce
post operative management:
• Inj:Acipillin-10 mg/kg 12 hour interval for 5 days
• Inj: Histavet-10 ml vial
• Oint:Neobacrin 10 gm tube-apply locally on the operative
site

7. Paraphymosis
• Etiology
• Preputial edema: penile injury, preputial
trauma/lacerations and/or diseases that result in
ventral or generalized edema.
• Damage to the penile innervation: spinal cord injury
and/or a consequence of a penile laceration or
hematoma.
• Penile paralysis: paralysis of the penis,
consequence of priapism and/or use of
acepromazine/phenothiazine tranquilizer.

8. Clinical signs
• The exteriorized glans penis become congested and
discolored
• Bull frequently licks the exposed penis
• Inflammation and severe penile damage may occur
• Necrosis and urethral obstruction may occur
Paraphymosis affected
bull

9. Diagnosis
On the basis of clinical signs and history
Treatment and management:
1. A. Lubricant ,hyperosmolar solution and cold
application
B.The penis pushed caudally and prepuce is
drawn cranially
2.Any hair or foreign object constricting the penis should be
removed
3.In long standing cases partial penile amputation should
be done
Post operative care:
Antibiotic and antiinflammatory drugs

10. Balanophosthitis
Etiology:
• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
• Corynebacterium renale and Escherichia coli are the
causative agent of this disease
• Predisposing factors-high alkalinity of urine and high
intake of estrogen in pasture causing swelling and
congestion of prepuce
• High calcium and low phosphorus diet

11. Clinical signs
• Inflammation of prepuce,followed by development of
purulent lesion
• Pus and development myiasis may be present
• Pus and fibrous tissue adhesion may interphere with
urination and protrusion of penis
Diagnosis:
• Observing clinical signs
• History of licking of the prepuce
• On palpation penis reveal swollen and pain

12. Balanophosthitis in a bull
Treatment:
1.Irrigation of
prepuce and penis
with acriflavin 0.01%
or potassium
permanganate 0.01%
for 5-7 days
2.Parenteral
administration of
antibiotics

13. Penile Fibropapillomatosis
Etiology:
1.Fibropapilloma of the penis, caused by the bovine
papilloma virus.
2.Popillomas are most frequently seen in bulls between 1-3
years of age on the penis only.
Clinical signs:
1.Scant hemorrhage from the preputial cavity following
copulation is frequently the earliest sign of penile
fibropapillomatosis
2.The papillomas may occur single or as multiple growths
on the penis at the glans and free portion of the penis and
rarely occur on the prepuce

14. 3.The bull may refuse to breed
4.fibropapillomas may interfere
with complete retraction of the
penis, resulting in paraphymosis
Papillomatosis
affected bull

15. Diagnosis:
On the basis of characteristic clinical signs
Treatment and management:
Autogenous vaccine
Surgical excision
1.The animal should be controlled
2.Ring block anesthesia around the penis with 5-10 ml of 2%
Lidocaine HCl while the penis is held in extension.

16. 3.The penis is scrubbed and a gauze tourniquet
applied proximal to the surgical field.
4.The papillomas are excised by dissecting
through the moist skin at the base of the growth
with surgical scissors or scalpel and bleeders are
ligated
5.The skin is sutured with chromic gut
Post operative management
1.A topical antibiotics
2.The bull should be
reexamined for new growth in
three weeks

17. Persistent penile frenulum
Cause: failure of the preputial attachment to break
down during puberty
Signs: deviation of the penis with a visible
persistent frenulum once the penis is extruded.
Indirect signs include infertility in the bull
Persistent penile
frenulum in a bull

18. Diagnosis: stimulation to achieve penile extrusion,
upon which the penile deviation and persistent frenulum
can be seen
Treatment:
Surgical removal of the persistent penile frenulum