This document is a mini project report on designing an amphibious house. It includes sections on shallow foundations, combined footings, and the data required for footing design. The key points are: - It describes different types of shallow foundations including strip, spread, combined, and mat foundations. - Combined footings are used to support multiple adjacent columns and distribute loads evenly to minimize differential settlement. Types include slab, slab-beam, and strap-beam footings. - Design of combined footings requires data like column loads, center-to-center distances, soil bearing capacity, and concrete/steel grades. - The footing size is calculated to have uniform bearing pressure and location of resultant forces

1. Mini Project
D.Y.PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
KASABA BAWADA , KOLHAPUR-416006
2023- 24
CIVIL DEPARARTMENT
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr.K.R.PATIL SIR
PRESENTED BY
ROLL NO. : 65 , 66

2. D.Y.PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Certificate
This is to certify that Roll No 65, 66 . Of 5th Semester of Degree in
CIVIL ENGINEERING of Institute, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering
and Technology (Code: 0047) has completed the mini project work
satisfactorily in course Mini project for the academic year 2023-2024
as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: KOLHAPUR.
Date: / /2023

3. Mini Project Report
On
Amphibious House
Academic Year 2023-2024
Submitted by
Roll NO Name Of The Student Unique ID No
65 Suraj Prakash Shear DSE22125665
66 Sarvesh Bhagvan Patil DEC22115881

4. Foundation:-
• Foundation is the lowest partof structure which is in direct contact with soil and
transfers the load to the soil beneath.
• Footings transfer the vertical loads, horizontal loads, moments and other forces to the
soil.*
• Footing has to be designed to safely transmit the load of the structure on to a sufficient
area of the soil.
• If a soil is overstressed, it may lead to shear failure resulting in sliding of the soil along
a plane of rupture and thus result in collapse of the structure.

5. Shallow foundation :-
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers
structural load to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a
range of depths, as does a deep foundation. Customarily, a shallow foundation is
considered as such when the width of the entire foundation is greater than its depth.In
comparison to deep foundations, shallow foundations are less technical, thus making them
more economical and the most widely used for relatively light structures.
Different Types of Shallow Foundations :-
The different types of shallow foundation are:
• Strip footing
• Spread or isolated footing
• Combined footing Strap or cantilever footing
• Mat or raft Foundation

6. Combined Footing:-
• A Combined footing is used to support the load of two or more adjacent columns.
• To have uniform bearing pressure and to minimize differential settlement between
columns.
When Combined Footings provided:-
• When the columns are nearer to each other so that their isolated footings overlaps.
• when the bearing capacity of soil is lower and required more area under individual
footing.
• When one column is close to a property line or the Centre of gravity of column will not
coincide with footing or dimensions of one side of footing are restricted to some lower
value.

7. Types of Combined Footings :- On the basis of connectivity
• Slab type combined footing :-
It supports two or more column with bottom slab only.
• Slab-beam type combined footing :-
It supports two or more column with bottom slab and beam.
• Strap-beam type combined footing :-
Strap footings are normally used when one of the columns is subjected to
large eccentric loadings or when two columns are far apart, a strap is designed to
transfer eccentric moment between two columns.

8. Types of Combined Footings :- On the basis of shape
• Rectangular
If width of footing is restricted.
Load on adjacent column is same.
• Trapezoidal
Heavy load on one column near to property line adjacent column.
If length of footing is restricted,
Other Combined footings:-
Raft foundation is used when soil have low bearing capacity, large variation in
soil behaviour, Sloping ground, etc

9. Data required for Design :-
• Size of column (b X D)
• Load on each column (WA & WB)
• Center-to-center distance between two columns
• Safe bearing capacity of soil (q0)
• Grade of concrete (Fck)* Grade of steel (Fy
Size of the footing :-
• Area of footing is calculated as total working load on columns + self weight of
footing which is considered 10% of total load on columns / Safe bearing capacity
of soil.
• The size of the footing shall be determined to have uniform bearing pressure
under the footing so that differential settlement is minimized.
• The resultant of bearing pressures needs to coincide with the resultant of column
loads