Lecture for Business Systems Analysis.
Explores some aspects of organization theory and bounded rationality as these have been applied over the 17+ year history of a major shipbuilding contract in the context of a large defense engineering and project management enterprise. Cases include
(1) proving to the Client that contractual operational availability targets were met over 10 ship-years in service,
(2) analyzing and designing a system to capture, manage, and deliver to both crew and a relationally based computerized management system all technical data and procedural knowledge required to maintain the ships through a 27 year life-span,
(3) understanding how the company failed through its failure to complete a smaller, simpler shipbuilding project following on from the successful and profitable completion of the much larger and more complex project
DoDi 5000.02 And Resource Informed Army ModernizationWilliam Bajusz
An overview of the relationship between DoD 5000.02 and Resource-Informed Army Modernization. Specifically addresses Reset, Brigade Combat Team Modernization, and Ground Combat Vehicle planning. Emphasizes the importance of product support and technology insertion.
For Business Plan Preparation in the Fall 2011 semester of my MBA program, we put together a business plan for a product called the X-Lint. The X-Lint improves the efficiency of a clothes dryer and can help a user save time drying clothes and cut their electric bill.
Unfortunately, some of the font did not translate in the upload. I used Chunk Five Roman... available from Font Squirrel.
The document discusses Akavent waste water drainage systems. The key principle is balancing pressures in the system to keep them close to atmospheric pressure and prevent blowing out of water traps. Special fittings called Akavents are used at each level where branches enter the main stack to maintain an open air path and avoid pressure surges. Akavents collect water and connect branch air to the stack's air core through a vent hole. They also slow water flow to prevent plug formation and ensure annular flow is maintained.
This document summarizes the history of mining and development activities around the Huerta de Las Pilas Lagoon in Algeciras, Spain. It discusses three periods of mineral extraction in the 1980s and 2000s that impacted the lagoon. Local citizens groups protested subsequent attempts to urbanize the area, arguing the projects lacked proper environmental oversight and threatened the local aquifer, wetlands, and migratory bird populations. They appealed to various Spanish and European authorities and commissions to protect the lagoon but faced resistance from developers and a lack of meaningful response from officials.
DoDi 5000.02 And Resource Informed Army ModernizationWilliam Bajusz
An overview of the relationship between DoD 5000.02 and Resource-Informed Army Modernization. Specifically addresses Reset, Brigade Combat Team Modernization, and Ground Combat Vehicle planning. Emphasizes the importance of product support and technology insertion.
For Business Plan Preparation in the Fall 2011 semester of my MBA program, we put together a business plan for a product called the X-Lint. The X-Lint improves the efficiency of a clothes dryer and can help a user save time drying clothes and cut their electric bill.
Unfortunately, some of the font did not translate in the upload. I used Chunk Five Roman... available from Font Squirrel.
The document discusses Akavent waste water drainage systems. The key principle is balancing pressures in the system to keep them close to atmospheric pressure and prevent blowing out of water traps. Special fittings called Akavents are used at each level where branches enter the main stack to maintain an open air path and avoid pressure surges. Akavents collect water and connect branch air to the stack's air core through a vent hole. They also slow water flow to prevent plug formation and ensure annular flow is maintained.
This document summarizes the history of mining and development activities around the Huerta de Las Pilas Lagoon in Algeciras, Spain. It discusses three periods of mineral extraction in the 1980s and 2000s that impacted the lagoon. Local citizens groups protested subsequent attempts to urbanize the area, arguing the projects lacked proper environmental oversight and threatened the local aquifer, wetlands, and migratory bird populations. They appealed to various Spanish and European authorities and commissions to protect the lagoon but faced resistance from developers and a lack of meaningful response from officials.
Yorkshire Stone is a one-stop shop for stone and tile products for kitchens, bathrooms, fireplaces, and outdoor spaces on Long Island, New York. Their designers work with customers to define their project ideas. Yorkshire Stone prides itself on quality products, huge selection, great prices, expert installation, and top customer service. They also serve commercial clients with experience in new construction, renovation, and restoration projects.
This document provides guidance on using social media and creating effective web content. It discusses managing multiple social media platforms, dealing with online conflicts, and having clear social media policies. It offers tips for writing concise web content, using headings and lists to break up text, designing for easy scanning, and conveying credibility. Building online community is discussed along with examples of Catholic organizations using social media to change the world.
The Peruvian National Document of Identity (DNI) is the only official identity card issued to Peruvian citizens and older minors. It is required for voting and is the main form of identification. According to Peruvian law, citizens between 18 and 70 years old have the right and obligation to vote in elections. At age 17, Peruvians must obtain their DNI, which requires presenting an original birth certificate at offices of the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC).
The document introduces several people and provides brief details about their daily habits and routines. It then explains how to use the present simple tense to describe habitual actions, providing examples for first person, third person, negative forms, and for "he/she/it". It concludes by thanking the reader.
The document discusses the importance of family in the Catholic faith. It provides Catholic teaching on family as a sign of the Trinity and discusses how God reveals himself as a parent and fellow Christians as brothers and sisters. It then summarizes research showing that married-parent families provide the best environment for child well-being and discusses current threats to family life. Finally, it provides recommendations for making parishes more family-friendly, including family-sensitive leadership, catechetical programs, youth ministry, and outreach to families with particular needs.
Avvio presentation to dit students cathal brugha street, Dublin.
The presentation was aimed at giving student an insight into the world of digital in hospitality. We set the scene by giving student a baseline of what's happening now and insight into what is likely to happen in the future.
Some useful statistics and tips are listed to help students make the most of each of the social media platforms.
For more information or questions email michelle.conaghan@avvio.com
The students, Georgia and Juliette, conducted an experiment to determine the experimental probabilities of different colored M&Ms in individual packages and compared them to the theoretical probabilities. Georgia found differences between 1-6% when comparing her results to the theoretical probabilities, with only yellow being the same. Juliette also found differences between her results and the theoretical probabilities. The document discusses analyzing the similarities and differences between the theoretical and experimental probabilities and which may be more accurate, as well as ways to improve the experiment.
A poor boy who was selling clothes door-to-door to pay for his education was hungry and asked a woman for food. She brought him a large glass of milk instead of just water. Years later, when the woman fell gravely ill, the doctor who was called in to help, Doctor Howard Kelly, recognized her as the woman who had shown him kindness in the past. Although she survived, when she received the bill for her treatment, Doctor Kelly had written "Paid in full with a glass of milk" on it, showing how one small act of kindness can come back to help someone in the future.
Akkreditierungsagenturen - Traumtänzer oder strategische PartnerDr. Ingo Dahm
Jeder deutsche Studiengang wird akkreditiert. Ist dies strategisch und personalpolitisch sinnvoll? Und welche Rolle könnten Agenturen spielen, wenn sie sich perfekt positionieren?
ITS Telecom is a business communications provider headquartered in Simi Valley, California. It has been established since 1990 and is registered as a CLEC in California. ITS Telecom provides businesses with technology solutions like internet access, phone systems, web conferencing, and toll free numbers to improve communications. It aims to be an affordable partner that allows businesses to focus on their core operations.
istSOS: an extended Sensor Observation Service implementation for Environment...Massimiliano Cannata
Strengthening data production and the use of better data in
policymaking and monitoring are becoming increasingly recognized as fundamental means for development.
istSOS with its extending feature supports sensor data collection and distribution following defined standards. istSOS contribute to the solution of sociatal challanges.
This document provides an overview of the Unix/Linux command line for developers. It begins with a short history of Unix and its creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. It then covers various Unix/Linux commands and tools such as cron, terminals, shells, navigation/listing files and directories, processes, job control, finding files, downloading files, and customizing the command line interface. It credits Wikimedia for the images used.
Deep sec talk - Addressing the skills gapColin McLean
The document discusses the shortage of cybersecurity professionals and efforts to address this issue. It notes that while initiatives like competitions, boot camps and certifications help raise awareness, they are not enough to meet the substantial need for cybersecurity graduates in Europe and beyond. Universities and colleges need to produce more vocational cybersecurity graduates through specialized degree programs that combine both theoretical and practical skills over four years of study. Industry and government also need to work more closely with academia to ensure degree programs are tailored to meet real-world needs.
Este documento resume la clasificación, diversidad, características, comportamiento, reproducción, distribución e importancia del orden Erinaceomorpha. Pertenece al superorden Laurasiatheria y contiene dos subfamilias principales: Erinaceinae, que incluye erizos con espinas, y Galericinae, que incluye erizos rata con pelaje. El orden presenta 5 géneros y alrededor de 16 especies, siendo la mayoría de preocupación menor para su conservación.
421 672 Management Of Technological Enterprises(2008 Tutorial 1)William Hall
The document discusses the importance of knowledge management for technological enterprises and engineering organizations. It outlines how people, processes, and technology infrastructure are all needed to effectively manage organizational knowledge. It provides examples of what can go wrong when knowledge is not properly managed, such as cost overruns, schedule delays, and safety incidents. The Challenger disaster is discussed as an example where failures in managing critical engineering knowledge led to loss of life.
Soldiers Five event as an adaption of the Pecha Kucha Style!Five sponsor-speakers share details of their business/ organisation and speak for five minutes each. 20min general panel Q&A session with similar precision time limits with questions and answers.
Sponsor-speakers included:
- Mark Pezaro, Micreo
- Jeff Bugden, KoBold
- Tony Scott, QinetiQ
- Tyson Young, Zero Blink
- David McGovern, DAS Consulting
Big-A Agile methods enable an enterprise to develop software and systems rapidly in response to new requirements for products and services. Small-a agility is about flexibility in general, apparent in how individuals, workgroups and enterprises respond to new kinds of requirement. In both cases there is a separation between the ‘design-time’ within which a response can be developed and the ‘run-time’ within which it is deployed operationally. Requisite agility is this same general flexibility, but where no such separation is possible between design-time and run-time: the enterprise becomes entangled with the client’s context-of-use so that the response to new requirements has to happen in the client’s real time. Requiring the support of platform architectures, this entanglement creates a double challenge to the governance of an enterprise. It needs to be able to collaborate effectively across enterprise boundaries, but it also needs to develop the requisite agility at the level of the enterprise that enables it to respond in real time to new forms of demand.
Yorkshire Stone is a one-stop shop for stone and tile products for kitchens, bathrooms, fireplaces, and outdoor spaces on Long Island, New York. Their designers work with customers to define their project ideas. Yorkshire Stone prides itself on quality products, huge selection, great prices, expert installation, and top customer service. They also serve commercial clients with experience in new construction, renovation, and restoration projects.
This document provides guidance on using social media and creating effective web content. It discusses managing multiple social media platforms, dealing with online conflicts, and having clear social media policies. It offers tips for writing concise web content, using headings and lists to break up text, designing for easy scanning, and conveying credibility. Building online community is discussed along with examples of Catholic organizations using social media to change the world.
The Peruvian National Document of Identity (DNI) is the only official identity card issued to Peruvian citizens and older minors. It is required for voting and is the main form of identification. According to Peruvian law, citizens between 18 and 70 years old have the right and obligation to vote in elections. At age 17, Peruvians must obtain their DNI, which requires presenting an original birth certificate at offices of the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC).
The document introduces several people and provides brief details about their daily habits and routines. It then explains how to use the present simple tense to describe habitual actions, providing examples for first person, third person, negative forms, and for "he/she/it". It concludes by thanking the reader.
The document discusses the importance of family in the Catholic faith. It provides Catholic teaching on family as a sign of the Trinity and discusses how God reveals himself as a parent and fellow Christians as brothers and sisters. It then summarizes research showing that married-parent families provide the best environment for child well-being and discusses current threats to family life. Finally, it provides recommendations for making parishes more family-friendly, including family-sensitive leadership, catechetical programs, youth ministry, and outreach to families with particular needs.
Avvio presentation to dit students cathal brugha street, Dublin.
The presentation was aimed at giving student an insight into the world of digital in hospitality. We set the scene by giving student a baseline of what's happening now and insight into what is likely to happen in the future.
Some useful statistics and tips are listed to help students make the most of each of the social media platforms.
For more information or questions email michelle.conaghan@avvio.com
The students, Georgia and Juliette, conducted an experiment to determine the experimental probabilities of different colored M&Ms in individual packages and compared them to the theoretical probabilities. Georgia found differences between 1-6% when comparing her results to the theoretical probabilities, with only yellow being the same. Juliette also found differences between her results and the theoretical probabilities. The document discusses analyzing the similarities and differences between the theoretical and experimental probabilities and which may be more accurate, as well as ways to improve the experiment.
A poor boy who was selling clothes door-to-door to pay for his education was hungry and asked a woman for food. She brought him a large glass of milk instead of just water. Years later, when the woman fell gravely ill, the doctor who was called in to help, Doctor Howard Kelly, recognized her as the woman who had shown him kindness in the past. Although she survived, when she received the bill for her treatment, Doctor Kelly had written "Paid in full with a glass of milk" on it, showing how one small act of kindness can come back to help someone in the future.
Akkreditierungsagenturen - Traumtänzer oder strategische PartnerDr. Ingo Dahm
Jeder deutsche Studiengang wird akkreditiert. Ist dies strategisch und personalpolitisch sinnvoll? Und welche Rolle könnten Agenturen spielen, wenn sie sich perfekt positionieren?
ITS Telecom is a business communications provider headquartered in Simi Valley, California. It has been established since 1990 and is registered as a CLEC in California. ITS Telecom provides businesses with technology solutions like internet access, phone systems, web conferencing, and toll free numbers to improve communications. It aims to be an affordable partner that allows businesses to focus on their core operations.
istSOS: an extended Sensor Observation Service implementation for Environment...Massimiliano Cannata
Strengthening data production and the use of better data in
policymaking and monitoring are becoming increasingly recognized as fundamental means for development.
istSOS with its extending feature supports sensor data collection and distribution following defined standards. istSOS contribute to the solution of sociatal challanges.
This document provides an overview of the Unix/Linux command line for developers. It begins with a short history of Unix and its creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. It then covers various Unix/Linux commands and tools such as cron, terminals, shells, navigation/listing files and directories, processes, job control, finding files, downloading files, and customizing the command line interface. It credits Wikimedia for the images used.
Deep sec talk - Addressing the skills gapColin McLean
The document discusses the shortage of cybersecurity professionals and efforts to address this issue. It notes that while initiatives like competitions, boot camps and certifications help raise awareness, they are not enough to meet the substantial need for cybersecurity graduates in Europe and beyond. Universities and colleges need to produce more vocational cybersecurity graduates through specialized degree programs that combine both theoretical and practical skills over four years of study. Industry and government also need to work more closely with academia to ensure degree programs are tailored to meet real-world needs.
Este documento resume la clasificación, diversidad, características, comportamiento, reproducción, distribución e importancia del orden Erinaceomorpha. Pertenece al superorden Laurasiatheria y contiene dos subfamilias principales: Erinaceinae, que incluye erizos con espinas, y Galericinae, que incluye erizos rata con pelaje. El orden presenta 5 géneros y alrededor de 16 especies, siendo la mayoría de preocupación menor para su conservación.
421 672 Management Of Technological Enterprises(2008 Tutorial 1)William Hall
The document discusses the importance of knowledge management for technological enterprises and engineering organizations. It outlines how people, processes, and technology infrastructure are all needed to effectively manage organizational knowledge. It provides examples of what can go wrong when knowledge is not properly managed, such as cost overruns, schedule delays, and safety incidents. The Challenger disaster is discussed as an example where failures in managing critical engineering knowledge led to loss of life.
Soldiers Five event as an adaption of the Pecha Kucha Style!Five sponsor-speakers share details of their business/ organisation and speak for five minutes each. 20min general panel Q&A session with similar precision time limits with questions and answers.
Sponsor-speakers included:
- Mark Pezaro, Micreo
- Jeff Bugden, KoBold
- Tony Scott, QinetiQ
- Tyson Young, Zero Blink
- David McGovern, DAS Consulting
Big-A Agile methods enable an enterprise to develop software and systems rapidly in response to new requirements for products and services. Small-a agility is about flexibility in general, apparent in how individuals, workgroups and enterprises respond to new kinds of requirement. In both cases there is a separation between the ‘design-time’ within which a response can be developed and the ‘run-time’ within which it is deployed operationally. Requisite agility is this same general flexibility, but where no such separation is possible between design-time and run-time: the enterprise becomes entangled with the client’s context-of-use so that the response to new requirements has to happen in the client’s real time. Requiring the support of platform architectures, this entanglement creates a double challenge to the governance of an enterprise. It needs to be able to collaborate effectively across enterprise boundaries, but it also needs to develop the requisite agility at the level of the enterprise that enables it to respond in real time to new forms of demand.
This document discusses knowledge management in complex project environments. It begins by defining knowledge management and outlining the challenges it faces in project settings. Project environments are unique, temporary, involve many organizations, and have weak ties between actors. Complex projects add numerous interrelated elements, advanced technologies, changing objectives and increased risk. The document then examines how project leadership can improve knowledge initiatives through sharing culture, performance metrics, knowledge teams and collaborative technologies. Key mechanisms to enhance knowledge capture, sharing and transfer include live project knowledge capture, post-project reviews, feedback processes, documented meetings, coaching/mentoring, communities of practice and information exchange tools. Overall, the document analyzes the knowledge management challenges in complex projects and potential solutions.
This document summarizes the experience and qualifications of Paul Christian Campbell, including over 17 years of leadership experience in both government and commercial project management roles. It highlights his experience leading complex IT projects and systems engineering, as well as his skills in communication, team leadership, and mentoring.
Dana C. Weber has over 20 years of experience in quality assurance and auditing. She has held positions at R&D Technical, Inc., BP, and Oceaneering International, Inc. where she led quality assurance efforts on major subsea projects, performed supplier and internal audits, and helped develop and implement ISO-certified quality management systems. She has an education background in quality assurance and civil technology and holds certifications in quality management and as an ISO 9001 auditor.
Neches Full Cv, Nsf Cyber Infrastructure, June 2012RNeches
This document provides a full curriculum vitae for Robert Neches, including his education, technical interests, and professional history. It details that he currently serves as the Director of Advanced Engineering Initiatives at the US Department of Defense, and held previous positions at USC researching distributed systems, decision support, and information management. It provides details on his roles managing research programs and groups at DARPA and USC from 1982 to the present.
By leveraging an automated diagnostic system that is built upon a strong reliability engineering methodology, a drilling platform can make risk-informed decisions to maintain the inherent reliability of their critical equipment using a “cost avoidance” approach that results in lower overall life cycle costs. Used as part of a daily routine, operators and maintainers have access to real-time intelligence on the integrity of critical equipment allowing them to proactively allocate the often limited maintenance resources to targeted higher risk items resulting in reduced non-productive time (NPT), improved performance, greatly increased drilling safety and decreased inspection related costs.
Implementing an enterprise content management (ECM) system can provide benefits like increased efficiency and compliance, but also risks like underestimating costs and change management needs. A successful ECM implementation requires defining standards, tailored training, and buy-in across the organization. It's best to start with one business function and scale across the enterprise over time to manage risks. Upfront taxonomy and metadata development are also critical to ensuring content remains findable.
The document provides a summary of Douglas Droback's professional experience including over 20 years working in management roles focused on supply chain, logistics, and program management. It details his current role as an Integrated Logistics Certification Manager and highlights his extensive skills and qualifications in areas such as life cycle logistics, facility management, and expertise with various Navy and DoD databases and systems. The document also includes his educational background and references.
Philip King is an experienced management professional with over 20 years of experience in the US Army, including leadership roles in human resources, staff management, and operations management. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration and Lean Six Sigma Green Belt certification. King is passionate about quality, customer satisfaction, and empowering personnel. He has extensive experience in project management, logistics, contracting, and budgeting.
Knowledge Generation, Use and Management in Sustainable Infrastructure Engi...William Hall
Guest lecture slides for University of Melbourne course in sustainable engineering.
Covers the following topics:
Key frameworks of understanding for sustainability practice
o Tragedy of the commons
o Elinor Ostrom (Nobel Laureate) on models of governance
o Herbert Simon (Nobel Laureate) on
- Theoretical basis for decision support
- Theory of hierarchically complex systems
o Intersecting theories of organization and knowledge
Engineering for sustainability unavoidably involves understanding the social use of resources
o People, communities and their imperatives
o Social systems & infrastructure
o Knowledge & decision support
Topic 1 ― Sustainability and the “tragedy of the commons”
Infrastructure includes those components of the complex system of systems comprised of the environment and people responsible for mediating the material and energetic interactions of people, systems and their environment.
To successfully engineer infrastructure for sustainability you must understand the human components as well as the environmental components.
Topic 2 ― Theories of organization and knowledge
Physical theories are the basis for structural engineering.Theories of knowledge and organization are the basis for enterprise engineering. Knowledge has a physical basis.
Institute of Asset Management presentation on Critical Infrastructure Resilie...The Resilience Shift
This document summarizes a presentation given to the Institute of Asset Management Global Conference on building critical infrastructure resilience. It discusses that infrastructure needs to provide critical services under both ordinary and extraordinary circumstances. It outlines the Resilience Shift initiative which aims to adopt a socio-technical systems approach to infrastructure and make resilience concepts practical. There are three workstreams focusing on how to implement, value, and scale up resilience practices. The presentation argues that asset management should take a systems view, consider lifecycles and value chains, and explicitly include contingency planning and resilience analysis in decisions. However, decisions are not routinely made based on enhancing infrastructure system resilience.
Managing Quality through Records Management in Open and Distance Leaning Inst...theijes
An Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institution should use an effective and efficient records management system to maintain quality. ODL has become the most favoured mode of learning worldwide. This has resulted in the generation of a lot of records which need to be managed according to the theories and principles of records management. The purpose of this study therefore, was to assess the applicability of records management theories to ODL institutions in dealing with an increased amount of information resulting from an increased enrolment of students. The study suggests the strategies that can be employed by ODL institutions to safeguard their corporate memory. A qualitative descriptive survey in which the researchers sought the perceptions of selected key informants was used. Open-ended questionnaires and interviews were used to get views on how best records management theories could be applied. The perceptions of staff members indicated that records management could help in the preservation of institutional memory. They indicated there was need for identifying and developing a vital records protection program, in case of a disaster. The study recommended the need to redefine standards, procedures and guidelines for managing quality through the records management framework. Further research in this crucial area of records management is recommended
Socially Constructing Warships — Emergence, growth & senescence of a knowledg...William Hall
This presentation looks at the case study of Tenix Defence and the nature of a ship and its crew from biological points of view to understand how they functioned as autopoietic (i.e. "living") entities in their respective environments.
Mr. Freeman is an accomplished Program Manager with over 25 years of experience in areas such as identity management, strategic planning, solution architecture, and operations management. He holds an MBA and certifications in program management, acquisition, defense financial management, and enterprise architecture. His experience includes managing identity management programs at HPES and security threat assessment operations at TSA. He has also led consulting engagements focused on enterprise architecture, acquisition management, and business process improvement at agencies such as DLA, DISA, INS, and the Air Force.
This document discusses how Flow Consulting impacts private equity holdings. [1] Flow uses experienced consultants and a data-driven analytical approach to partner with clients. [2] It works to transfer knowledge and skills to clients to increase self-sufficiency. [3] Examples of Flow's work with various investment firms and companies are provided.
The document summarizes the key discussions and outcomes from a workshop focused on using direct digital manufacturing (DDM) of metallic components to enhance operational readiness and reduce costs for the US Navy. The workshop brought together experts from government, industry and academia. They identified technical challenges and potential approaches to address qualifications and certification; innovative structural design; and maintenance and repair using DDM. Near, mid and long term objectives and approaches were proposed to develop the necessary technologies and reduce barriers to implementing DDM for naval aviation.
Anthony Clay has over 18 years of experience in logistics analysis and supply chain management. He has held various logistics roles including logistics analyst, supply manager, and logistics supervisor. He has extensive experience managing inventory, analyzing supply and demand, and ensuring accurate forecasting. He is proficient in various logistics systems such as SAMS-E, LIW, and SARRS. He has a bachelor's degree in consumer financial services and various CompTIA certifications.
Similar to Supporting business decisions in the technological enterprise (20)
Failing to learn from Australia’s most successful defence projectWilliam Hall
Presents the history of the now defunct Australian defense contractor, Tenix Defence, as a case study in success and failure in managing large engineering projects.
Over its 20 year history, (2) Tenix successfully completed Australia's largest defense ($7 bn) project to build 10 ANZAC Frigates for Australia and New Zealand on-time, on-budget, for a healthy company profit against a stringently fixed price contract; and customers that are still happy with their ships and support 7 years after the last ship was delivered; and (2) failed so miserably on the next largish project to build 7 simpler ships for New Zealand that Tenix's owners decided to auction all of their defence assets. Also, in the 21st Century and despite the ANZAC success, the $8 bn Air Warfare Destroyer (AWD) project to build 3 ships is years behind schedule and billions over budget.
For more than 17 years of this history the author was a knowledge management systems analyst with access to most areas of company operations and thus able to observe sources of the successes and failures (including from the vantage point of Tenix's bid development for the AWD. The presentation shows that most successes and failures related to the ways in which Tenix managed their corporate and human knowledge, and attempts to infer some critical lessons that should be learned from this history.
Discussing the emergence of formal knowledge management systems in prehistoryWilliam Hall
Reviews Dr Lynne Kelly's new and revolutionary understanding of the roles of Neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge, Gobekli Tepe and Poverty Point in managing the large increases in knowledge cultures required to make the transition from mobile hunting and gathering to settled farming and urban life.
Dr Kelly's book "Knowledge and Power in Prehistoric Societies - Orality, Memory, and the Transmission of Culture", explains how the mnemonic technology known as the method of loci, as implemented in monumental architecture, helped people to index, rehearse, preserve and share large bodies of technical and customary survival knowledge knowledge in living memory. She also shows how the method of loci can be used in conjunction with portable devices to index large bodies of personal knowledge.
Mobile hunters and gathers are known to index their knowledge-laden stories against prominent features along traditional paths they follow through landscapes they traverse. Aboriginal Australians call these paths "song-lines". As hunters and gatherers became more sedentary they no longer had ready access to their traditional song-lines and devised more compact artificial landscapes they could use to order and rehearse the growing bodies of knowledge they needed to manage the complexities of urban life and agriculture.
Kelly's ideas are likely to revolutionize our understanding of prehistoric archaeology and anthropology.
Monkey Business — What apes and New World monkeys tell us about the origins o...William Hall
This document discusses how apes and New World monkeys can provide insights into the origins of human culture, technology, and knowledge management. It suggests that:
1) Environmental pressures like climate change forced early hominins out of forests onto the savanna, requiring new adaptations like cooperative hunting and tool use to survive.
2) Chimpanzees and bonobos demonstrate intelligent tool use and social cooperation, suggesting our last common ancestor had similar capacities.
3) Capuchin monkeys in some environments independently evolved sophisticated nut-cracking industries using stone hammers and anvils, showing convergent cognitive evolution.
4) Capuchins' problem-solving abilities and cultural transmission of tool
Life, Knowledge and Natural Selection ― How life (scientifically) designs its...William Hall
The document discusses major revolutions in how life stores and processes knowledge over time, from the emergence of the first living systems to modern technological advances. It outlines three key revolutions:
1) The emergence of genetic memory in DNA and RNA around 4 billion years ago, allowing life to store knowledge across generations.
2) The development of multicellular memory and neural networks in brains between 2-1.5 billion years ago, greatly increasing an organism's processing power.
3) The rise of cultural memory and knowledge sharing through language, writing, and communication starting around 5,000 years ago, enabling societies to collectively store and build upon knowledge over generations.
Evolutionary epistemology versus faith and justified true belief: Does scien...William Hall
This presentation explores the basis for scientific rationality by testing our claims about the world against nature as described by Karl Popper's evolutionary epistemology versus accepting claims based on justified true belief. The presentation is particularly concerned to show the philosophical problems with religious fundamentalism.
Coda: The sting in the tail - Meetup session 23William Hall
This is the last of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge". The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
A coda is a generally short and more or less independent passage added to the end of a composition so as to reinforce the sense of conclusion. Here I consider the question raised in the title of this Meetup series - what does the understanding of the roles of cognitive technologies developed in this book tell us about the future of humanity? I see three possible scenarios, only one of which is moderately benign.
Which of these will come to pass depends critically on how successful we are at understanding who we are and applying the tremendous body of knowledge we have assembled over our history.
Episode 5(7): Printing: "freedom" and the emergence of knowledge based autopo...William Hall
This is the 22nd of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge". The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
When I started this series I had not yet finished writing the final parts of Episode 5 or fully understood the importance of mnemonic technologies in the emergence of agriculture and industry. In my original schedule, I also underestimated the extent of material to be covered to explain the evolutionary origins of today and tomorrow's post-industrial humans. Thus, to properly conclude Episode 5 I have decided to skip the Cadenza section entirely.
The Cadenza was intended to explore how I applied many of the ideas about cognitive technologies presented in this series in my professional work as an engineering knowledge management systems analyst and designer for Tenix Defence that helped to ensure the successful completion of the $7 BN ANZAC Ship Project supplying 10 frigates to the Australian and New Zealand Navies. The project was unusual in that as part of the contract, besides constructing the ships, Tenix was required to provide a complete package of engineering technical data and knowledge regarding ship maintenance, logistics, and operations. What we did at Tenix is still state-of-the-art, but I do not need to tell the story here as the material I intended to present has already been covered quite thoroughly in the presentations referenced in Session 21.
Tonight, in lieu of presenting my Cadenza, I will finish Episode 5 by considering how the printing revolution again fundamentally changed the structure of society from a largely autocratic system to freer and more egalitarian systems. Mass printing and near universal literacy removed many controls over access to technical knowledge, enabling the Reformation and the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions. It also provided the basis for the emergence of individual entrepreneurs and knowledge based corporations as autopoietic systems.
Beginning with the spread of universal literacy with the Printing Revolution that also put the exponential growth and spread of knowledge into hyper drive, I then explore ideas relating to the inseparability of living knowledge and autopoiesis as discussed in the presentations for Sessions 13 and 14. The following papers provide the basis for these sessions and the discussion here:
Vines, R., Hall, W.P. 2011. Exploring the foundations of organizational knowledge. Kororoit Institute Working Papers No. 3: 1-39.
Hall, W.P. 2011. Physical basis for the emergence of autopoiesis, cognition and knowledge. Kororoit Institute Working Papers No.2: 1-39.
Hall, W.P., Else, S., Martin, C., Philp, W. 2011. Time-based frameworks for valuing knowledge: maintaining strategic knowledge. Kororoit Institute Working Papers No. 1: 1-28.
Episode 5(6): Writing and the rise of autocratic religions, states and empire...William Hall
This is the 21st of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge". The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
According to the original schedule published early in the year, this session was supposed to conclude Episide 5 with the topic "Rise of socio-technical organizations & cyborgs" covering writing, printing and the emergence of autopoietic organizations based on the use of technologies enabled by the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions. However, following on from researching the implications of Lynne Kelly's work on mnemonics as discussed in Session 20 and the transition from using formal mnemonic methods for managing cultural knowledge to using writing for managing this knowledge, I have found the topics far too complex to be covered in one session. Thus, tonight's session focuses primarily on the transition from mnemonics to writing, and how these profoundly different technologies have affected the cognitions and societal structures of the populations making the transition from the practice of mnemonics to writing.
Session 21- Cadenza was, originally intended to present my personal experiences as a documentation and knowledge management systems analyst and designer in implementing computer-based knowledge management technologies in the Australian engineering project management company, Tenix Defence primarily responsible for the $7 BN ANZAC Ship Project. However, given that I have already made two public presentations on this topic:
● Failing to learn from Australia’s most successful defence project. SIRF 2nd KM Roundtable 2015, South Melbourne, 26/5/2015 (http://www.orgs-evolution-knowledge.net/Index/Essays/Presentations/How%20not%20to%20learn%20lessons(web).pdf), and
● Socially Constructing Warships — Emergence, growth & senescence of a knowledge-intensive complex adaptive system. Melbourne Emergence Meetup, University of Melbourne, 11 June 2015 (http://www.orgs-evolution-knowledge.net/Index/Essays/Presentations/SociallyConstructingWarships(1).pdf)
I see no need to repeat that discussion here, and will devote the present Session 21 to the societal impacts of the printing and microelectronics revolutions that have had equally profound implications for the ever more rapidly changing processes of human cognition and complexity of human social systems.
Episode 5(5): Mnemonics and the rise of social complexity - Meetup session 20William Hall
This is the 20th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge". The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
It is probable that the rise of social complexity in the development of agricultural and industrial economies required a major revolution in the social capacity to accumulate and manage the transmission of "working" (i.e., technical) knowledge. There is interesting evidence assembled by the Australian science writer, Lynne Kelly, that this revolution was based initially on a technology (defined as the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area) based (1) on the construction and use of monumental theaters of the mind for effectively indexing objects of knowledge in living memory and (2) the practice within or around those theaters of particular social rituals for the accurate learning, maintenance, and transfer of those memory objects. This technology enabled initiates to store, manage, and accurately propagate a body of knowledge orders of magnitude larger than could be maintained by uninitiated.
For several thousands of years before the invention of counting tokens and symbolic and alphabetic scripts enabled knowledge to be objectified and stored by durable objects, such mnemonic technologies supported the emergence and maintenance of complex agricultural economies and specialized industries involved in the establishment of city states and state religions.
This session explains the circumstances of the Agricultural Revolution in the Neolithic and how mnemonic technologies extended the geospacial indexing and navigating capabilities that seem to be basic functions in the mammalian brain.
Episode 5(4): Apes become human with fire and language - Meetup session 19William Hall
The document discusses how early hominins like Homo erectus became human by controlling fire and developing language. It explores how using fire for cooking allowed for increased brain size and how maintaining fires required cognitive abilities like planning and cooperation. Early sites show evidence of fire use dating back 1.5 million years. The development of language around 150,000-200,000 years ago allowed for sharing knowledge culturally rather than just genetically. This helped drive further technological and cultural evolution in humans.
Episode 5(3): Where and how we started our path to now - Meetup session 18William Hall
1. Capuchin monkeys in the wild demonstrate sophisticated tool use, such as cracking nuts open with stone hammers and log anvils, which requires multiple step problem solving.
2. Their nut-cracking behavior shows transmission of technological knowledge across generations, as young monkeys learn the process.
3. Capuchins' tool use intelligence suggests that under the right evolutionary pressures, such as those early hominins faced as the African Eden deteriorated, it is possible for primates other than humans to develop advanced cognition and culture.
Episode 5(2): Genomics, our African genesis and family tree - Meetup session 17William Hall
This is the 17th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge". The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
The growing fossil record and detailed genomic evidence provides an increasingly detailed understanding of our ancestry and genealogy.
Fossils and lost tools recovered from the geological record give us hints as to what kinds of humans were present in particular geographic areas. Various forms of dating based on the decay rates of a variety of different radioactive elements together with geology and stratigraphy tell us when they were there. This record grows more detailed through time as more paleoanthropologists study more areas in more detail and as Moore's law speeds up the publication cycle.
Enabled by the application of Moore's law to automated gene sequencing technology, over the last 5 years the detail and volume of genomic evidence has doubled and redoubled several times over. We can now compare the exact sequence of nucleotides in every single gene in the entire genomes of individual people, apes, and even some of our extinct cousins who lived 50,000 years or more ago, and do this down to differences in single nucleotides (i.e., to identify single character differences between two texts that are about 3 billions of characters long - about 1.5 million pages of text). Comparing the genomes of these ancient deceased relatives tells us a lot about what happened as long as half a million years or more in the past.
From these kinds of evidence we now know a great deal more about our genealogical relationships than we did five years ago.
Episode 5(1): Introducing Episode 5, our ancient ancestors and their relative...William Hall
This is the 16th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge. The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
This presentation begins the last, largest and most complex episode in my fugue, where I explore from a biological rather than a technological point of view the emergence and evolution of humanity from a lineage of tool-using apes.
Some 4 million years one among several species of apes began to evolve the cultural capacity to share among themselves hyper-exponentially growing volumes of complex technical knowledge about the world. This knowledge gives us and our organizations the strategic power to control the entire biosphere of Planet Earth and the mineral and atmospheric resources supporting the biosphere.
Tonight's episode presents a step-by-step evolutionary hypothesis explaining how modern humans came to be and how the development of the cultural transmission of knowledge among groups led to the emergence of modern social and economic organizations.
Topics for this session of the Meetup include:
● Basic concepts of evolutionary and comparative biology
● A review of the material evidence about our ancestry and early evolution
I'll also say a bit about Homo naledi, described as a new species of human in a paper published this week (of September 13, 2015) by Lee Berger et al. The description, based on more than 1550 parts of more than 15 individuals found in a nearly inaccessible chamber of the Rising Star cave system near Johannesburg South Africa, is of a hominid species with a chimpanzee sized brain and a mosaic of features with resemblances to Australopithecus and early Homo. There is no dating evidence, but the features suggest this species may have been very close to the stock from which all Homo (humans) evolved.
Episode 4: 21st Century global brains and humano-technical cyborgs - Meetup s...William Hall
1) Technological convergence is merging human biology and cognition with various sensor, effector, cognitive, and communication technologies through interfaces like smart devices, implants, and neural links.
2) Moore's law is enabling more intimate human-computer interfaces like smart contact lenses, neural implants, and brain-computer interfaces that can control prosthetics.
3) Mapping the human brain's functional organization and simulating its processing through neuromorphic architectures allows cognitive convergence where brain activity can control external devices wirelessly through increasing bandwidth.
Interlude (2): Life and knowledge at higher levels of organization - Meetup s...William Hall
The document discusses different levels of organization in living systems and the emergence of autopoiesis and knowledge at each level. It covers:
1) The emergence of autopoietic cognition at the molecular level through self-regulation and feedback control embodied in molecular structure.
2) The codification of self-regulatory knowledge in self-replicating macromolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins.
3) Higher levels of autopoiesis and knowledge at the cellular level in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and then at the multicellular level in tissues, organs and organ systems.
Interlude (1): Autopoiesis & physics of life, cognition and knowledge - Meetu...William Hall
1) The document discusses concepts from physics such as dynamic systems, chaos theory, attractors, and thermodynamics and how they relate to the emergence of life and knowledge.
2) It defines autopoiesis as a self-regulating, self-sustaining system that is produced by its own network of productions. Autopoietic systems embody structural knowledge that allows them to survive perturbations.
3) Knowledge emerges through the iterative process of systems solving problems of survival via autopoiesis. Systems that can persist by solving new problems perpetuate successful solutions, while those that cannot disintegrate and lose their accumulated knowledge.
Episode 3(4): Wrapping up the Web and the history of cognitive technologies -...William Hall
This is the 12th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge. The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species. This presentation wraps up my discussion of the history of technologies used to enhance and extend human cognition. Because most of what I had planned for this talk has already been covered and/or discussed in the previous presentations, I thought that it would be much better to take the chance for a general review discussion of the main take-home messages to now, and to give a preview what remains to be covered in the second half of the series.
Episode 3(3): Birth & explosion of the World Wide Web - Meetup session11William Hall
This is the 11th of of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge. The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species. In presentation I show how a universally accessible library for the body of human knowledge emerged from what started as defense projects to interconnect various projects so they could share computer resources and to harden digital communications against nuclear warfare. Tonight's topics cover:
● ARPANET and the invention of addressable digital communications
● Vannevar Bush, Memex, and the revolutionary invention of hypertext
● Revolutionary tools for authoring, managing, and delivering hypertext
● Exponential growth of the web and web content
● Using the Web's automated cognition for assembling and retrieving relevant knowledge
Episode 3(2): Automating storage, management & retrieval of knowledge - Meetu...William Hall
This is the 10th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge. The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species. Here I show how preserving knowledge externally to the human mind extends cognitive processes beyond the single individual to social and automated systems. Information science covers the dissemination, indexing, management and retrieval of scholarly, scientific and technical knowledge. Topics include:
● Moving indexes and the whole library on-line
● Principles of indexing and semantic retrieval
● Increasing costs of publishing paper and managing physical libraries
● The research library is dead - long live the World Library of the knowledge society
Scientific knowledge growth cyclet
Episode 3(1): Cognitive tools for the individual - Meetup session 9William Hall
This is the 9th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge. The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species. Here I discuss how ersonal computers give individuals cognitive tools to convert thoughts into explicit electronically realized objects that can be independently stored, copied, communicated, retrieved, shared and even processed semantically:
● Word processors replace the paradigm of structured pigment on inert andponderous paper into durable but infinitely malleable electronic documents.
● Calculators and spreadsheets automate and give life to the structured patterns of numbers and symbols on paper.
● Databases extend and automate two dimensional tabular formats on paper into multiple dimensions
● The revolutionary differences between electronic documents and symbols and words on paper are still not fully understood by those who use them
● The paradigm of a structured document is even more revolutionary in that it enables external automation to understand syntax and semantics to cognitively process document content
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Supporting business decisions in the technological enterprise
1. William P. Hall, PhD
President
Kororoit Institute Proponents and Supporters
Assoc., Inc. - http://kororoit.org
Associate
EA Principals – http://eaprincipals.com
william-hall@bigpond.com
http://www.orgs-evolution-knowledge.net
Supporting business decisions in the
technological enterprise
Access my research papers from Google Citations
Presentation for
MGMT20005 Business Decision Analysis
4/30/2014
Attribution
CC BY
2. Overview
A bit of theory
– Organizations are complex living systems
– Understanding organizational imperatives
– Herbert Simon and the limits to rationality
Some practical experiences
– Tenix Defence – once a $ bn defence engineering project
management company now extinct
– Organizational imperative: successfully complete a $7 bn
contract to build 10 warships for two national navies
– Contract analysis
– Operational Availability Assessment
– Feeding a relational database with documents written by
fallible humans
2
3. My background
Physics / evolutionary biology (PhD Harvard, 1973)
1981-1989: tech communicator/doc manager (computer literacy,
software development, banking)
1990-2007: documentation and KM systems analyst/designer for
Tenix Defence/$ 7 BN ANZAC Ship Project
2001: research focus on knowledge-based organizations
2011: TOGAF9 Certified Enterprise Architect
Currently finishing a book project, Application Holy Wars or a
New Reformation - A fugue on the theory of knowledge
– Co-evolution & revolutions in human cognition and cognitive tools
– Theory of knowledge-based living systems (cells, organisms,
organizations)
– How did savanna apes become human and conquer the world
– What‟s next?
Humano-technical cyborgs
Sociotechnical enterprises3
4. A Peek at some theory
• Vines, R., Hall, W.P. 2011. Exploring the foundations of
organizational knowledge. Kororoit Institute Working Papers No.
3: 1-39.
• Hall, W.P., Else, S., Martin, C., Philp, W. 2011. Time-based
frameworks for valuing knowledge: maintaining strategic
knowledge. Kororoit Institute Working Papers No. 1: 1-28.
• Hall, W.P. 2011. Physical basis for the emergence of autopoiesis,
cognition and knowledge. Kororoit Institute Working Papers No.
2: 1-63.
5. What is an enterprise?
A coherently definable organized entity that may be:
– Public or private sector organizations
– Coherent military tactical unit
– Ship and its crew
Exhibits some or all characteristics of hierarchical complexity, reactivity,
adaptability, emergence, downward and upward causation, self-organization,
non-linear / chaotic responses
An organized, notionally bounded socio-technical system, addressing its
internal / external imperatives for success / survival (i.e., an “organic”
entity), comprised of
– People (participants in the organization from time to time)
– Processes (automated, documented, tacit routines, etc.)
– Infrastructure (ICT, physical plant, etc.)
– Defined by organizational knowledge (i.e., contributing to org.
structure/success)
Knowledge as a deliverable product (e.g., technical documentation)
Knowledge about and embodied in deliverable products
Knowledge about and embodied in organizational processes
and infrastructure
Members‟ personal knowledge relating to their organizational
roles
Organizational knowledge
Leave one of the
legs off, and the
stool will fall over
6. Enterprises are living,complex systems of systems
Systems address the enterprise‟s imperatives
– Systems are comprised of interacting processes supported by applications and
infrastructure and involve people as well as technology
– Knowledge determines how systems work
Enterprise architecture designs and develops frameworks and methodologies
for analyzing, understanding, and improving the systems structure
7. Working with living organizations
Imperatives: Living things have requisite
inputs they must satisfy to avoid
disintegration
– Living people work together to make living
organizations
– Living things that contain living components must
satisfy their components‟ imperatives for life
Possibilities: Capabilities inherent in the
organization
Constraints: The environment constrains
possible actions, both positively and
negatively
8. Enterprise management considerations
Focus on the situation of the enterprise
– External situation
Dynamic environment
– position relative to competitors
– changing factors
Strategic context: challenges & advantages (how to protect and
extend control over requisites for existence)
– Internal situation
Organizational structure (functional subdivisions, etc.)
Purpose, vision, values, mission
People profile
Organizational assets (tangible, intangible)
Product/service offerings
Stakeholders (internal/external)
Performance management/improvement system capabilities
– External must enable internal / Internal must satisfy
external
9. Enterprise management considerations
Focus on making and supporting decisions
– Provide the environment for effective decisions
Recognize the bounds of rationality: Manage delegation
– provide adequate time (no decision is worse than a bad decision!)
– make important knowledge reliable and readily retrievable
– establish responsibility and authority
Provide & manage appropriate organizational resources and
technologies to support decisions
– tacit and implicit personal knowledge
– valid and effective documentation and appropriate data
– effective training and decision procedures
– Audit and manage organizational performance (i.e., maintain
effective feedback for continuous improvement)
Measure
Analyze & review
Improve
10. Bounded rationality and limits to organisation:
Herbert Simon and Steve Else
Steven Else (2004) Organization Theory and the Transformation of
Large, Complex Organizations -- Donald H. Rumsfeld and the U.S.
Department of Defense, 2001-04, PhD Thesis, Denver University
– people are limited - 'bounded rationality' (H. Simon 1955, 1957)
– best decision the organisation can strive for is 'just good enough',
or 'satisficing' rather than optimising ; (K. Arrow 1974)
– Do your best and go on to the next (Amway sales training)
Some conclusions
– Overcentralization of decision making is a recipe for disaster
bounded rationality puts upper limit on observation
overloaded central decision maker loses touch with reality
– Orgs must delegate decisions to periphery as they grow
Need to balance between ability to observe and ability to make
effective decisions
The management style and management of knowledge both must
change as the organisation grows in order to maintain balance
12. 17 years in production
In service for 27 years
Integrated Logistic Support
Warranty
– 12 months for each ship
– 2 year latent defects period
10 ship years of Operational
Availability Assessment Period
– Ship to be available 80% of time
– Critical systems available 90% of time
– Develop system to prove to the Client
that thresholds have been met
8 ships RAN ( + 2 for RNZN)
2 Shore facilities (+1 for RNZN)
Design & systems integration
80% Australian & New Zealand
Industry Participation
Fixed price/schedule contract!
Support engineering
– Full fitouts & supply chain spares
– Crew training
– Operations manuals
– 2000+ maintenance procedures/ship
– Readable by relational database system!
The 17 year ANZAC Ship Project Contract
13. To survive enterprises must address imperatives in
their contexts
Enterprises are living entities
– Require cash flow & staff replacement
– Failure to satisfy imperatives leads to disintegration
No enterprise exists in isolation from its contexts
– What are its imperatives for continued existence?
– Organizational systems satisfying imperatives must track
continually changing contexts with observations, decisions
and actions
Tenix‟s primary imperatives
– Win contract(s)
– Deliver on contract(s)
– Satisfy customer(s)
– Comply with regulatory requirements
– Perform profitably13
14. 14
ANZAC Ship Project
What does an imperative look like?
10 ships must be accepted $A 7 Bn project value
Non acceptance = non-payment, project delay, liquidated damages +
reputational damage
Make a profit - Satisfy customers
15. Operational Availability
Recording and Reporting
System
• Hall, W.P. Beer, J., & McFie, K. 2002. Managing maintenance to
reduce life-cycle costs for a multi-national fleet of warships.
Proceedings. International Maintenance Management
Conference, 29-30 August, 2002, Gold Coast, Queensland
• Hall, W.P., Beer, J. & McCauley, B. 2002. Improving the quality
of fleet/facility support knowledge. Proceedings of the
Australian Conference for Knowledge Management & Intelligent
Decision Support, ACKMIDS 2002 Melbourne, Australia, 9-10
December 2002.
16. TE&V
Test, Evaluation, & Validation
Contract requirements:
– Each ship in service is available to meet operational requirements
80% of time and each of ~20 “critical” systems available 90% of
time.
– Contract requirement: prove to Client that contractor provided ship
design and integrated logistic support package has met these
requirements over first 10 years of operational experience
(“Operational Availability Recording and Reporting”)
4 years for Ship 1
3 years for Ship 2
2 years for Ship 3
1 year for Ship 4
Covers on-board, base & supply chain spares, maintenance
procedures (i.e., knowledge transfers via documentation &
training), initial fitout.
Contractor must bear all costs of correcting any/all shortfalls &
changes required to meet OA thresholds
16
17. CSARS: Class Systems Analysis And Reporting
Software
Tenix's TE&V role with OARRS
– Data collection completed 19 Oct 00
– ILS TE&V completion Dec 01
– Passed with complete customer satisfaction
Client wanted to extend our software tool for
analysing „actual‟ system & equipment
performance across entire fleet
Means of conducting:
– Reliability
– Availability
– Maintainability
– Sustainability
RAMS Analysis
19. Where does CSARS help?
Informed Decision Making
− Determine existing capability
− Prioritise tasks for maintenance
− Manage repairables and materiel support
− Determine effectiveness of support
− Prioritise systems for cost analysis
Continuous Improvement
− Data collection and reporting mechanisms
− Org, Intermed & Depot level planned maintenance
− Estimating required inventory for "surge" capacity
− Input to life-cycle costing tools
20. CSARS: What does it look like?
Hierarchy
Failed
threshold
Search engine
Calculation
results
Ship
Calculation
Calculation
thresholds
Hierarchy:
21. CSARS: What does it look like?
Calculation
results
Redundant
equipment Non-critical
equipment
Zoom
Drill-down
block
Failed
threshold
Print
Calculation
thresholds
Availability Block Diagram:
22. Engineering a knowledge
capture and transfer system
to support ships
• Hall, W.P. 2001. Writing and managing maintenance procedures
for a class of warships: A case for structured authoring and
content management. May 2001 issue of Technical
Communication, the professional journal of the Society for
Technical Communication.
• Hall, W.P., Richards, G., Sarelius, C., Kilpatrick, B. 2008.
Organisational management of project and technical knowledge
over fleet lifecycles. Australian Journal of Mechanical
Engineering. 5(2):81-95.
23. Support engineering and operating knowledge
Contractual responsibility to provide training
and documentation package as well as ships
(i.e., a complete knowledge base)
– Training facilities and simulators
– Crew training materials
– Complete operating manuals (captain and crew)
– Maintenance philosophy
– Maintenance procedures and documentation
Original concept – paper manuals
Cost neutral contract amendment
– Feed everything into computerized maintenance
management system23
24. Imperatives for delivering knowledge or using it in
an engineering/production environment
Customer end user's knowledge imperatives
– Correct
Correct information
Consistent across the fleet / product range
– Applicable/Effective
Applicable to the configuration of the individual product
Effective for the point in time re engineering changes, etc.
– Available
To who needs it, when and where it is needed
– Useable
Readily understandable by those needing it
Readily managed & processed in computer systems
Supplier's knowledge production and usage goals
– Fast
– High quality
– Low cost
25. Knowledge development lifecycle for a large project
Project A
Design Study
Review, edit, signoff
Negotiate
Review, agree, amend
Project A
Prime Contract
RFT and Bid
Review, edit, signoff
Project A
Bid Documents
RFQs
Bids
Negotiations
Project A
Subcontracts
Review,
agree,
amend
Project A
Procedures,
Design Docs
Review,
edit,
signoff
Project A
Support Documents
•20 - 50 year lifecycle
Project B
Design Study
Review, edit, signoff
Project B
Design Study
Review, edit, signoff
Project B
Design Study
Review, edit, signoff
Operational
experience
Negotiate
26. MRP / PRODUCTION MGMT
• MBOM
• Production planning
• Production schedule
• Procurement
• Warehousing
• Establish & release workorders HRM
Accounting
CS 2
Contract Requirements
Capability requirements Documentation requirements
PRODUCT MANAGEMENT
(structured designs )
MODELS:
• Component definitions
• Component hierarchies
-System
-Physical structural
-Availability
OBJECTS MANAGED
• Drawings
• Parts lists
• Configurations
• Component specifications
and attributes
DOCUMENT CONTENT
(structured documents )
MODELS:
• Element definitions
- Content
- Attributes
• Element hierarchies
• Element sequences
OUTPUT OBJECTS
• Contract/subcontract
documents
• Procedures/instructions
• Deliverable documents
• All other controlled
documents
COMMON REQUIREMENTS
• Config control / Change mgmt
-Develop/Author
-Release
-Applicability, Effectivity
• Workflow management
-Configuration changes
-Document changes
-Other business objects
• Track and control source data
Link element to component
Manage elements
LSAR databaseEBOMEBOM
Catalogue
Drawings
VAULT
Requirements
tracking
DOCUMENT PROD MGMT
• Author
• Production schedule
• Check out / check in
• Track and review
• Deliver
• Manage configuration & change
Project
Schedule
28. Tenix ANZAC’s measured improvements from KM
solution
Tenix‟s Ship 05 delivery challenge
– For safe maintenance “documents” must be understood by human
maintainers and computerized maintenance management system
– Document & engineering change management issues
– Client threat to not accept 05 if still dissatisfied
Structured authoring solution resolved the issue
– Condensed 8,000 procedures for 4 ships to class-set of less than 2,000
„structured documents‟ for 10 ships
Routines delivered for Ship 5 CUT 80%
Subsequent content deliveries CUT 95%
Keyboard time for one change CUT more than 50%
Change cycle time CUT from 1 year to days
$ 7 Billion 17+ year long project completed successfully
– Each ship delivered on time - every time
– For the stringently fixed price – no cost overruns!
– For a healthy company profit
– Today, the customers are still happy with the ships
The company failed and disintegrated on its next largish project
because it did not transfer its learning from the old project
29. Some businesses work hard
to be stupid
• Nousala, S., Miles, A., Kilpatrick, B., Hall, W.P. 2005. Building
knowledge sharing communities using team expertise access
maps (TEAM). Proceedings, KMAP05 Knowledge Management in
Asia Pacific Wellington, N.Z. 28-29 November 2005.
• Hall, W.P., Nousala, S., Kilpatrick B. 2009. One company – two
outcomes: knowledge integration vs corporate disintegration in
the absence of knowledge management. VINE: The journal of
information and knowledge management systems 39(3), 242-258.
30. Why is knowledge important to the enterprise?
Tech enterprises and products are knowledge
intensive
– to design
– to manufacture
– to operate
Processes and products are fallible!
Organisations are complex dynamic systems
– Difference between complex and complicated
Organisations have minds of their own (my research area)
Cannot be predicted, can only be constrained
– Depend on "system of systems" to manage knowledge
– System of systems components include
People
Processes
Infrastructure technology
31. KM systems in the high-tech enterprise
People
Process
Technology
infrastructure
Organizational knowledge
Leave one of the legs off, and the stool will fall over
32. Limits to knowledge and organisation
Rationality in making decisions (key part of OODA loop)
“A decision making effort that exhausts all potentially relevant
[knowledge] in order to make decisions in a transparently logical and
objective fashion.” (Else 2004)
Organisations and people have limited capability (subsystem laws)
– Bounded rationality (Simon 1957). Models of Man
Limits on decision making caused by limits on costs, human abilities,
time, technology, and availability of [knowledge].
Boundaryless Careers - Arthur & Rousseau (1996)
– People belonging to organisations are not owned by them
– People have careers outside of any one organisation
Limits of Organisation - Arrow (1974 - see Else 2004)
– As limited by bounded rationality of individual people
– As limited by organisational structure, governance, etc
33. Tenix: engineering project management org
Successfully completed $ 7 BN technologically complex and knowledge
intense ANZAC shipbuilding project
– 10 similar (but not identical!) ships for two customers
– Fixed price contract negotiated 17½ years previously
– Managed ~20 subcontracts worth more than $100 M ea
– Finished
On time
On budget (with escalation clauses to cover currency fluctuations, labor rates, raw
materials)
Happy customers
– Profitable “cash-cow” allowed company to acquire several new divisions
34. Tenix: Project Protector (RNZN)
$ 500 M fixed price follow-on project
– Three year project
– Build to “commercial” standards
– Seven ships constituting three different types for one customer
– Complete budget blow-out
– First ship delivered 6 months late, others farther behind schedule
Company owners auctioned company at “fire sale” price
– Multi-billion dollar order book
– Pre auction estimate was that company was worth $A 1 BN
– Sold in January 2008 for ~$A 775 M
– Cost to owners thus on the order of $A 225 M!
1 2 4
35. Background
Company/management characteristics
– Family owned
– Distributed work sites
– “Absentee” senior executives (different state from where work done)
– Deep line-management hierarchy
– Command and control philosophy – don‟t disagree with boss always knows best
– Execs & line managers didn‟t understand IT (i.e., pencil & paper people)
– Senior managers sacked for errors & “mistakes” with high turn-over (2-3 yr)
– Retrospective bonuses (Tenix value added)
Aspects of successful project
– Stable, conscientious work force – many with 10 and 20 year pins
– Long duration, with significant serial production facilitated org learning
– Costly problems in design and early production stages
Difficulties/delay getting IP and technical data for engineering and support
Engineering configuration management and change control
Difficulties delivering coherent technical data and documentation to client
– Cost-effective solutions found and built into processes and practices, but…
Executives did not direct and were probably unaware of solutions
Solutions requiring investment often suffered inordinate approval delays
Some critical solutions funded by subterfuge from current operating budgets
– Solutions + effective IT significantly reduced costs.
36. Background – cont.
Finishing the successful project
– Owners hired overseas “close-out” specialist as divisional EGM
His bonus based on added profit squeezed from old project
Line managers only knew smooth running serial production
Implemented strict time-costing to the half hour
All time required to be allocated to project line item cost code
Costly staff quickly made redundant when no longer needed for project
EGM approval required for “outsiders” to meet project staff
Morale became very poor
Follow-on project
– 3 year fixed-price project
– Assumed to be “commercial” work
– Limited opportunities for serial production
– Costing assumed existing efficiencies would transfer to Protector
with less technology & control
– Started before ANZAC Project finished
– New (cheaper) people were hired for Protector
Few had experience with naval or even defence projects
– A security fence was built between the projects
37. EPMO failed to recognize and transfer organisational
knowledge
Knowledge management expertise located in “rump” head office
– R&D manager, Chief Engineer, Snr Systems Engineer, KM analyst, 2 PhD
students as KM Interns
– Verbal support from GM Engineering who lacked enforcement power
– KM funding only for analyst salary (i.e., no budget, no travel)
– Advisory only (no power to implement anything)
As the new project was being negotiated
– New staff knew theory but lacked experience in naval engineering programs
– KM group developed prototyped methods identify, map and transfer critical
knowledge & lessons learned by ANZAC project
Prototype proved old hands would happily share experience and “war stories”
Analysis and prototype validated and published as a peer reviewed paper
– Three formal attempts to implement knowledge mapping/transfer program
Pre-negotiation stage – first prototype by KM analyst & Risk Manager - knocked
back by Production Manager
Early negotiations – proposal additionally supported by availability of PhD student to
manage interview & mapping process & systems engineer to develop software –
knocked back by line managers
Project mobilisation – proposal additionally adopted by Special Project Manager
responsible for IT implementation – same result.
Line management blocked access to both new hires and old hands as
“time wasting”
38. The importance of people and culture
Example: board spent $ M to implement corporate portal
– Hired outside contractor to select system
– Did not consult staff to understand what was needed
– Would not pay for additional modules to make it work
– Would not fund support staff
To develop processes
To develop taxonomies
To provide more than minimal training
Fundamental issues for the technology organisation
– Living knowledge is intangible and is produced and used by people
– Executive‟s bounded rationality
Understand some technology proposals and would pay to implement it
Did not understand people, or follow value arguments about people and
culture, and will not approve what they do not understand
– Finance and admin people, can identify the cost of everything but
cannot compute the value of knowledge developed by people and
processes.
Managing technological enterprises is mostly about managing
people and knowledge
Failing to understand manage people and organisational culture
can kill people & destroy organisations.