The document discusses using fly ash waste from coal power plants in rubber production. It aims to replace silica, an expensive raw material, with fly ash to reduce costs while maintaining rubber properties. The study mixes fly ash with silica and tests rubber dough at different ratios. Dough with 50% silica and 50% fly ash performed similarly to 100% silica dough, meeting standards. However, 100% fly ash dough had significantly lower strength and elongation, making it unsuitable. The study shows fly ash can partially replace silica to benefit the environment and industry through waste recycling in the circular economy.
Carbon Footprint is a measure of organization's Greenhouse Gases emmissions. Many organizations nowadays are conscious with their carbon footprint.
This consciousness led to the development of PAS 2050, a standard developed by the British Standards Institute to assess the lifecycle GHG emissions of goods and services.
The presentation delas with a comparison between plastic bags and plastic bags. I have taken into consideration the economic as well as environmental effects of the use of both. The tool used was life cycle assessment through softwares like CES and EIO-LCA.
Larsen, I., Backlund, A. 2003: Denmark - Ecological Sanitation - Sustainable ...Arne Backlund
The National Danish Environmental Protection Agency - Project M226-0057 Ecological Handling of Human Urine, Human Feces and Greywater in Allotment Gardens using Dry Diverting Toilets and Zero Discharge Willow Wastewater Evapotranspiration Systems.
Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment. Over a 100million tones of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at overflowing bins and landfills. Though work has been done to make futuristic biodegradable plastics, there have not been many conclusive steps towards cleaning up the existing problem. Here, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels is explained as a viable solution for recycling of plastics. Thus two universal problems such as problems of waste plastic and problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. In this study, plastic wastes were used for the pyrolysis to get fuel oil that has the same physical properties as the fuels like petrol, diesel etc. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 300°C which is why a reactor was fabricated to provide the required temperature for the reaction. The waste plastics are subjected to depolymerisation, pyrolysis, thermal cracking and distillation to obtain different value added fuels such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel, lube oil etc. Converting waste plastics into fuel hold great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios.
Carbon Footprint is a measure of organization's Greenhouse Gases emmissions. Many organizations nowadays are conscious with their carbon footprint.
This consciousness led to the development of PAS 2050, a standard developed by the British Standards Institute to assess the lifecycle GHG emissions of goods and services.
The presentation delas with a comparison between plastic bags and plastic bags. I have taken into consideration the economic as well as environmental effects of the use of both. The tool used was life cycle assessment through softwares like CES and EIO-LCA.
Larsen, I., Backlund, A. 2003: Denmark - Ecological Sanitation - Sustainable ...Arne Backlund
The National Danish Environmental Protection Agency - Project M226-0057 Ecological Handling of Human Urine, Human Feces and Greywater in Allotment Gardens using Dry Diverting Toilets and Zero Discharge Willow Wastewater Evapotranspiration Systems.
Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment. Over a 100million tones of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at overflowing bins and landfills. Though work has been done to make futuristic biodegradable plastics, there have not been many conclusive steps towards cleaning up the existing problem. Here, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels is explained as a viable solution for recycling of plastics. Thus two universal problems such as problems of waste plastic and problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. In this study, plastic wastes were used for the pyrolysis to get fuel oil that has the same physical properties as the fuels like petrol, diesel etc. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 300°C which is why a reactor was fabricated to provide the required temperature for the reaction. The waste plastics are subjected to depolymerisation, pyrolysis, thermal cracking and distillation to obtain different value added fuels such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel, lube oil etc. Converting waste plastics into fuel hold great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios.
A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product, and is expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). A carbon footprint accounts for all six Kyoto GHG emissions:
• carbon dioxide (CO2)
• methane (CH4)
• nitrous oxide (N2O)
• hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
There are different types of carbon footprint and this report focus only Organisational carbon footprint. (Figure 1.0) An organization’s carbon footprint is a measurement of their human activity based environmental damage, quantified by the amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 the organization emits. More specifically, the result is defined as equivalent “unit carbon dioxide”.
Carbon footprint analysis services include an assessment of an organization’s carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) assessment. All related activities that the company has are examined in detail. Activity based GHGs emission inventory is extracted and results are reported according to ISO 14064 standards.
By calculating carbon footprint, it can manage the energy consumption of an organization (renewable energy source), check conformance with current regulation, to prepare new regulations, take attention of institutional investors, to add a prestige to certain company and also enables them to participate in carbon credit activities.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BRIQUETTING MOLDEkwueme Henry
A project on biomass briquetting mold for conversion of biomass waste to briquetting.
Biomass briquettes are cooking fuels form from biomass for the reduction of the use of firewood in rural area mostly.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Reel Caribbean Energy is focused on supporting alternative, renewable energy projects throughout the Caribbean to help businesses and consumers reduce their carbon footprint...and their utility bills. Visit http://www.reelcaribbeanenergy.com for more details.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Between 2010 and 2019, the volume of plastic produced across the world increased by 100 million metric tons. Indeed, the variety of material characteristics, low cost and ease of plastic production has led the material to be used in a range of ways across many industries. From shopping bags to protective caps and electronic equipment, plastics have become one of the most widely used materials in the world.
Despite the advantages plastics can bring to consumers and manufacturers, the creation, use and disposal of the material has had a huge impact on the environment. From threatening marine life to changing soil composition and entering the human food chain, the dangers this material poses to the world’s health is widely recognised by consumers, governments, and the plastics industry itself.
So how are plastics manufacturers looking to improve the sustainability of their operations and is it possible to achieve environmentally friendly production?
Read more - https://www.essentracomponents.com/en-gb/news/news-articles/can-plastics-manufacturing-be-environmentally-friendly
A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product, and is expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). A carbon footprint accounts for all six Kyoto GHG emissions:
• carbon dioxide (CO2)
• methane (CH4)
• nitrous oxide (N2O)
• hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
There are different types of carbon footprint and this report focus only Organisational carbon footprint. (Figure 1.0) An organization’s carbon footprint is a measurement of their human activity based environmental damage, quantified by the amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 the organization emits. More specifically, the result is defined as equivalent “unit carbon dioxide”.
Carbon footprint analysis services include an assessment of an organization’s carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) assessment. All related activities that the company has are examined in detail. Activity based GHGs emission inventory is extracted and results are reported according to ISO 14064 standards.
By calculating carbon footprint, it can manage the energy consumption of an organization (renewable energy source), check conformance with current regulation, to prepare new regulations, take attention of institutional investors, to add a prestige to certain company and also enables them to participate in carbon credit activities.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BRIQUETTING MOLDEkwueme Henry
A project on biomass briquetting mold for conversion of biomass waste to briquetting.
Biomass briquettes are cooking fuels form from biomass for the reduction of the use of firewood in rural area mostly.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Reel Caribbean Energy is focused on supporting alternative, renewable energy projects throughout the Caribbean to help businesses and consumers reduce their carbon footprint...and their utility bills. Visit http://www.reelcaribbeanenergy.com for more details.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Between 2010 and 2019, the volume of plastic produced across the world increased by 100 million metric tons. Indeed, the variety of material characteristics, low cost and ease of plastic production has led the material to be used in a range of ways across many industries. From shopping bags to protective caps and electronic equipment, plastics have become one of the most widely used materials in the world.
Despite the advantages plastics can bring to consumers and manufacturers, the creation, use and disposal of the material has had a huge impact on the environment. From threatening marine life to changing soil composition and entering the human food chain, the dangers this material poses to the world’s health is widely recognised by consumers, governments, and the plastics industry itself.
So how are plastics manufacturers looking to improve the sustainability of their operations and is it possible to achieve environmentally friendly production?
Read more - https://www.essentracomponents.com/en-gb/news/news-articles/can-plastics-manufacturing-be-environmentally-friendly
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF SHREDDING CUM BRIQUETTING MACHINE REPORT Eshver chandra
The demand for energy is becoming a critical challenge for the world as the population continues to grow. This call for Sustainable energy production and supply such as renewable energy technologies. Renewable energy technologies are safe sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. So shredding machine is a key to make briquettes which will be used in industries as well as domestic purpose.
Abstract: The art of refining liquid hydrocarbons (crude oil) into diesel, gasoline, and fuel oils was commercially scaled decades ago. Unfortunately, refineries are technologically limited to accepting only a very narrow range of liquid hydrocarbons with very specific properties and minimal contaminates. Unrecyclable, hydrocarbon-based waste is a significant environmental problem increasing every year. According to the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2010Facts and Figures report, over 92% of waste plastic is not recycled and with a growth rate of approximately 8% per year, there exists a critical need for a viable and environmentally sound, general purpose hydrocarbon-based recycling process. Hydrocarbon streams that fall outside of accepted refinery standards have traditionally been land filled or melted into products of low value. Environmental concern and availability of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the search for alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. Conversion of waste to energy is one of the recent trends in minimizing not only the waste disposal but also could be used as an alternate fuel for internal combustion engines. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In this context, waste plastics are currently receiving renewed interest. In the present paper waste plastic pyrolysis oil, waste plastic pyrolysis oil of petrol grade and diesel grade and its blend with diesel and petrol respectively has been introduced as an alternative fuel. In this study, a review of research papers on various operating parameters have been prepared for better understanding of operating conditions and constrains for waste plastic pyrolysis oil of both grade fuel and its blends fuelled in compression and spark ignition engine.
Conversion of Waste Plastic to Fuel by Hitesh SharmaHitesh Sharma
Pyrolysis is a process which involves thermochemical decomposition of organic matter at high temperature (>370◦C) in the absence of oxygen. Products of this process are Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black, and Hydrocarbons. This review paper is focusing the most efficient and widely used method of converting plastics to fuels: ‘Pyrolysis’ and its effectiveness on resolving the both issues of waste plastic management and the requirement of a good alternative fuel for use.
Production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil and engine performance t...IRJEETJournal
Engine oil has become a very useful and versatile material with a wide range of application. In the past 60 years, the automotive and industry sector is developing on a large scale and there productivity is raising up exponentially. Parallel to the growth of these sectors the demand of engine oil and high viscous lubricants are increasing which leads to the problem of pollution worldwide due to its slow decomposing behavior and toxic impacts on environment.
Researches are going on to recycle the waste engine oil and produce diesel like fuels with different processes. This Research covers the production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil by doing pyrolysis and testing it in CI engine to check and compare the engine performance.
It is also seen that from 1 kg of waste high density engine oil, about 750ml of fuel can be produced. And, the produced fuel can be used for domestic purpose, in automotive field, and in industries also. This fuel produced by pyrolysis of waste engine oil is suitable to use in a diesel engine partially or completely.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
2. INTRODUCTION
Waste is an important resource in the chemical industry. Here in this
project, optimum material recovery (recycling) or energy recovery is
achieved by using wastes instead of important raw materials. In this
way, the input of primary raw materials is decreasing and resources are
protected. Fly ash is also used in the construction of cement, but even
so, more than 75% of it is not used but left to the nature. Therefore,
taking that into consideration, we aimed to use 30 cents worth of fly
ash which is thermal power plant waste instead of silica, which is one
of the raw materials of rubber for about 3 euros in order to use it in the
automotive industry
3. Our purpose in doing this is;
Fly ashes in thermal power plants are carried into the air during
combustion of coal and cause environmental pollution. Therefore, with
the principle of Industrial Revolution 4.0, we aim to gain those fly
ashes into the circular economy that the EU has also issued a call
recently,
Using fly ashes in the recyclable rubber industry to ensure that the
product obtained is also recyclable,
Minimising cost by using fly ash instead of silica (SiO2) contained in
the resin of the rubber,
By producing rubber having about the same properties as silica and
costing a very small amount compared to the cost of rubber made of
silica in order to create a great opportunity for the industry of our
country and contribute to the development of our country.
4. 1-Fly Ash
Fly ash is a waste product from coal-fired thermal power plants. Electricity in
Turkey is generated from coal-based thermal power plants and hydroelectric power
plants. There are currently 15 coal-fired thermal power plants operating in Turkey.
In thermal power plants where low-calorie lignite coals are burnt, as a result of
combustion of the powdered coal during the production of electricity results in ash
particles in the micron size. These ash particles are entrained by flue gases and are
trapped with the help of electro filters, thus preventing mixing in the atmosphere.
These ashes, which are industrial waste and can fly, are called fly ash.
5. In the thermal power plants where about half of the electricity energy in Turkey
is produced, 55 million tons / year of low calorific lignite coal is burned and as a
result, 15 million tons / year of fly ash is obtained from the flues according to the
data in 2003. According to 2000 data, fly ash use rate in Turkey is less than 1%.
New data concerning recent years cannot be obtained.
The accumulation or disposal of fly ash leads to significant environmental
pollution. Environmental problems caused by fly ashes include dusting, damaging
agricultural products, toxic material transport due to soil filtration, and radiation.
The above mentioned problems can be solved by making use of fly ashes in
various fields of use and bringing them to the economy of the country. The
construction industry is the most predominant one in the sectors where fly ash is
being made use of.
6. Features (2016 average for Seaş and Ilion)
Surface area: 3000 cm2/g
28 day strength: 24.6 MPa
2016 Seaş & Ilion density average: 2.60 gr/cm3
Amount of Production: Approximately 500,000 tons per year
7. 2-Recycling
Recycling is the process of reusing wastes that can be re-evaluated through various
processes. In other words, recyclable waste materials that are not used in any way are
recycled as raw materials through various recycling methods and they are included in
the manufacturing process again.
The purpose of recycling should be considered as reducing the amount of waste
garbage while preventing the unnecessary use of resources. Recycling and reuse of
materials such as iron, steel, copper, lead, paper, plastic, rubber, glass, and electronic
waste will prevent the depletion of natural resources. This situation will save to a great
extent for the energy used to meet the needs of countries. On the other hand, as
mentioned above, one of the purposes of recycling is the prevention of environmental
pollution to a great extent by reducing the amount of solid waste. Particularly for
countries where there is not enough space to regularly dispose of solid waste, a
reduction in the amount and volume of solid waste is a huge advantage.
8. 3-Circular economy
Circular economy is an industrial economy that is curative in terms of
its nature and purpose, and resources are managed in a cyclical manner.
The concept of circular economy both allows the society to benefit from
the resources at the maximum level and it also allows the society to adapt
resource consumption to the present and future needs. In this way the
demand for primary resources is optimized and in connection with this the
environmental impact and the use of energy are also alleviated.
In the circular economy, some material and energy flows are
interrelated and therefore require a holistic approach.
A remanufactured product serves a function at least as to be comparable
to the original product. It is obtained from an existing product which has
been upgraded in the same way by passing it through an industrial process
that has been standardized in accordance with the initial specifications.
The remanufactured product becomes a product which has been reused,
repaired, restructured, renewed, reprocessed or rectified.
9. 3.1. Reasons for the cyclical approach
Today's societies need to reconsider their production and
consumption in accordance with current trends. To meet the need for
natural resources in a sustainable way is one of the major challenges
in the global sense today. The number of middle class consumers are
expected to increase by three billion by 2030 and it will not only
affect consumption and production habits but it will also accelerate
the demand and the struggle for natural resources. The increase of
natural or political constraints in supply chains, fluctuations in
commodity prices and negative effects on the environment are the
main factors which stimulate economies follow new, durable and
economically sustainable models. In this context, companies and
consumers in Europe have attempted to reshape their own
production and consumption habits for a while
10. 3.2. Industry perspective
There are many reasons why companies in the EU are more cyclical.
Some of these reasons are as follows:
Cost savings: The efficient use of resources as indispensable for the
circular economy has formed the basis of most business decisions and
activities.
New business opportunities: In most cases, best practices have
benefited consumers and industry by allowing new business models to
move from linear models to cyclic models.
Environmental effects: The saying of "living better within the borders
of the planet" makes it clear that the circularity has a strong reason for
economy and environment. Of course, it means "using better" instead of
"using less".
11. 3.3. The cyclical economy approach of
companies in Europe
This section shows a concrete example of how the EU industry looks at
more cyclical economic models.
Recreate mechanical parts
An automobile manufacturer redesigns vehicle components such as
gearboxes to increase the rate of use and standardizes these components to
facilitate separation. Reproduction requires more work compared to
production. However, since no investment is required for machines, cutting
and manufacturing products, there is still a net profit and there is significantly
less waste and better material efficiency. Compared to products made from
scratch, 80% less energy, 88% less water and 92% fewer chemicals are used in
remanufactured products and 70% less waste occurs during production.
12. METHOD
Fly ashes were taken from Soma Thermal Power Plant Electricity Generation
Incorporation.
The formula of the rubber has been prepared using fly ashes in Erenli Kauçuk
Incorporation.
Three different prescriptions were prepared as shown in Table 1.1.
The doughs given in the prescriptions were mixed in the laboratory mixer. (Picture
1.1)
First the dough was turned into strip form on the shaft and then it was ready to be
processed.
13. First the dough was turned into
strip form on the shaft and then it
was ready to be processed.
In the processing of rubber
dough, a press machine was used.
(Picture 1.2)
All values were measured in the
measuring instruments in the
laboratory of Erenli Kauçuk
Incorporation.
Some comparisons were made
between the three different
doughs. (Picture 1.3)
At the same time, the dough was
extruded in an extrusion machine
and a rubber hose was obtained.
(Picture 1.4)
14. Picture 1.1 Laboratory mixer Picture 1.2 Press machine
Picture 1.3 Types of dough Picture 1.4 An extrusion machine
15. Results
The data we have collected in our study are indicated by serial numbers D536,
D537 and D538.
D536 (100% silica)
20. Elongation at Break (%)
Elongation at
Break
D536: 733.96
D537: 660.92
D538:462.08
21. The first attempted and last attempted temperatures in the extrusion machine
during extrusion:
EXTRUSION
MACHINE PARTS
FIRST
TEMPERATURE
LAST
TEMPERATURE
First part
30 °C 40 °C
Head
55 °C 85 °C
Body
60 °C 65 °C
Last part
60 °C 75 °C
Shaft
50 °C 60 °C
As seen in the table, the values of the dough prepared with 100% silica
showed similar values to the dough prepared with 50% silica and 50% ash.
There has been a little decrease in values, but this is an expected result.
The findings show that 50% silica and 50% ash can be used instead of
100% silica. But the dough prepared with 100% ash did not show suitable
values for the desired standards.
50% silica 50% ash is suitable for the standards that dough rubber should
have.
22. CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION
A significant reduction in the tensile, rupture and tear resistance
of the dough prepared with 100% ash has been experienced.
However, the values above European standards have been obtained
in the doughs prepared with 50% silica 50% ash.
The dough prepared with 100% ash did not have as much
binding effect as silica. This little binding effect makes it very
difficult to use dough prepared with 100% ash.
The products obtained can be used in air filter hose and various
rubber parts and they can be recycled.
23. RECOMMENDATIONS
As mentioned many times in the study we do, ash recycling will
provide us with lots of advantages.
First, it will create great opportunities for environmental pollution
reduction. This is also an important opportunity for the industry. In this
way, both the cost will be reduced and it will contribute to the circular
economy.
The evaluation of this opportunity in Turkey is of great importance. Our
wish is that this area should be supported either by state or private
institutions and contribute to the economy. We hope that necessary steps
will be taken and our country will be developed.
In this respect, our project undertakes important missions.
24. REFERENCES
PAGEV(20.08.2015), DÖNGÜSEL EKONOMİ: AVRUPA'DA STRATEJİK
KAYNAK POLİTİKASININ BAŞ FAKTÖRÜ,12.12.2016
https://www.pagev.org/upload/files/Hammadde%20Yeni%20Tebli%C4%9F
%20Bilg.%203/PAGEV%20D%C3%B6ng%C3%BCsel%20Ekonomi%20D
urum%20Raporu.pdf
Keiretsu Forum,(?) Döngüsel Ekonomi, Döngüsel Fikirler,12.12.2016
http://keiretsuforum.com.tr/dongusel-ekonomi-dongusel-fikirler.html
T.C.Bilim Kültür ve Sanayi Bakanlığı,(Nisan2016), Döngüsel Ekonomi
Hollanda Örneği,13.12.2016
https://anahtar.sanayi.gov.tr/tr/news/dongusel-ekonomi-hollanda-
ornegi/3277
ARUNTAŞ,H.,(Mart2006) THE POTENTIAL OF FLY ASH USAGE IN
CONSTRUCTION SECTOR,17.12.2016
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291957028_UCUCU_KULLERIN
_INSAAT_SEKTORUNDE_KULLANIM_POTANSIYELI_THE_POTENTIAL
_OF_FLY_ASH_USAGE_I N_CONSTRUCTION_SECTOR
TEZCAN,G.,(?),Çevre ve Enerji,20.12.2016
http://arsiv.mmo.org.tr/pdf/000007CD.pdf
Çevreonline,(?),Atık Geri Dönüşümü,20.12.2016
http://www.cevreonline.com/atik2/geri_donusum.htm
Bilkent Üniversitesi,Geri Dönüşüm,22.12.2016