The document is a project report submitted for a degree in mechanical engineering. It discusses recycling waste plastic material through heat treatment. The objectives are to study the effect of sulfuric acid treatment on zeolite catalyst characteristics and its use in waste polypropylene pyrolysis. It aims to optimize the process to produce liquid fuel from different plastics and characterize the fuel properties. The report also examines engine performance and emissions from the waste plastic fuel. It scopes thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastics like polypropylene, low density polyethylene, and polystyrene to produce liquid fuels using kaolin activated catalyst. The methodology involves pyrolyzing plastic waste at 200-350°C in a reactor to produce similar diesel-like
Waste plastic problem is an ever-increasing menace for global environment. Because of flexibility, durability and economy, a phenomenal rise is observed in the plastic consumer base. Throughout the world, research on waste plastic management is being carried out at war-footing. Plastics being non biodegradable get accumulated in the environment. If this problem is not addressed properly, it will lead to mountains of waste plastic. Being an official out sourcing agent for a leading industry in the country, we offer a state of art solution to this problem.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM)
constitutes one of the most crucial health and environmental
problems facing authorities in the Khartoum State (Sudan). The
analysis showed that Khartoum State produced around
1,040,250 tons of solid municipal waste annually 12.7% of it
plastic which is 132,112 tons. Studies say that the liquid (oil)
yield of thermal pyrolysis of plastic waste is between 80-90%.
Modification made by Aspen Hysys program for thermofuel
process to improve the efficiency of the process.
Waste plastic problem is an ever-increasing menace for global environment. Because of flexibility, durability and economy, a phenomenal rise is observed in the plastic consumer base. Throughout the world, research on waste plastic management is being carried out at war-footing. Plastics being non biodegradable get accumulated in the environment. If this problem is not addressed properly, it will lead to mountains of waste plastic. Being an official out sourcing agent for a leading industry in the country, we offer a state of art solution to this problem.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM)
constitutes one of the most crucial health and environmental
problems facing authorities in the Khartoum State (Sudan). The
analysis showed that Khartoum State produced around
1,040,250 tons of solid municipal waste annually 12.7% of it
plastic which is 132,112 tons. Studies say that the liquid (oil)
yield of thermal pyrolysis of plastic waste is between 80-90%.
Modification made by Aspen Hysys program for thermofuel
process to improve the efficiency of the process.
Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment. Over a 100million tones of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at overflowing bins and landfills. Though work has been done to make futuristic biodegradable plastics, there have not been many conclusive steps towards cleaning up the existing problem. Here, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels is explained as a viable solution for recycling of plastics. Thus two universal problems such as problems of waste plastic and problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. In this study, plastic wastes were used for the pyrolysis to get fuel oil that has the same physical properties as the fuels like petrol, diesel etc. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 300°C which is why a reactor was fabricated to provide the required temperature for the reaction. The waste plastics are subjected to depolymerisation, pyrolysis, thermal cracking and distillation to obtain different value added fuels such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel, lube oil etc. Converting waste plastics into fuel hold great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios.
waste pastic to fuel pyrolysis process-daxit akbariDAXIT AKBARI 🇮🇳
presentation on plastic pyrolysis process....best technology for waste minimization and converting waste into valuable products without ant environmental pollution.
PRODUCTION OF FUEL THROUGH WASTE PLASTIC AND POLYTHENE AND USED IN FOUR STROK...IAEME Publication
In this waste material of high density polythene and low density polythene is converted into recycled fuel by pouring in the close combustion chamber, then by heating the close combustion chamber in temperature range of 110 to 300 degree celsius for approximately 30 minute to 1 hour. Afterwards we observed that waste material is converted into fuel. Then this fuel is used in four stroke petrol engine and we observed that 8ml fuel run bike of 110 cc bajaj caliver for approx 2 minute. Also we calculate different properties of this fuel namely viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cloud point, or pour point .then we compare these properties of this fuel with petrol fuel. It give similar properties like petrol fuel.
Hello every one,
Here we attach our project report about processing of waste plastics and convert them in to useful form of energy.
here follows a video guide of our project on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hFbNdWyPDo
Originally, plastic is made from petroleum or natural
gas in a chemical process that combines smaller molecules into
a large chainlike molecule, often with other substances added
to give it particular qualities. Processes like gasification of
granulated plastic and catalytic pyrolysis can be used to
convert plastic, the long hydro-carbon chain back into smaller
hydra-carbon chains of naphtha, diesel, heavy diesel, kerosene
etc. These fuels can then be used anywhere from boiler fuel in
power generation to use in automobiles. This paper aims to
provide the best possible review of this much needed
conversion with the hope of visiting lowered fuel prices in the
near future by improvements in the design
Whenever word plastic comes to our mind the first thing that strikes is HARMFUL!
So here is a little presentation to show how to convert that harmful thing into something innovative :)
ENJOY
Converting Plastic to Useful Energy Resourcesijtsrd
In India the grown of population and industries are very rapid in urban area and therefore plastic waste problem is generated. The characteristics of plastic waste depend on factors such as lifestyle, climate, tradition, food, habits etc. The problem of plastic is that it cannot be disposed which is harmful for environment .The other problem of plastic is that when it is being manufactured toxic gases are released which then create problem such as global warming &pollution. Present study aims at some sort of new technology which can control toxic gases and convert plastic waste into useful energy resource. This technology will bring employment opportunities and it may generate big amount of income. Dhaval M Prajapati"Converting Plastic to Useful Energy Resources" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15861.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/15861/converting-plastic-to-useful-energy-resources/dhaval-m-prajapati
Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment. Over a 100million tones of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at overflowing bins and landfills. Though work has been done to make futuristic biodegradable plastics, there have not been many conclusive steps towards cleaning up the existing problem. Here, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels is explained as a viable solution for recycling of plastics. Thus two universal problems such as problems of waste plastic and problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. In this study, plastic wastes were used for the pyrolysis to get fuel oil that has the same physical properties as the fuels like petrol, diesel etc. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 300°C which is why a reactor was fabricated to provide the required temperature for the reaction. The waste plastics are subjected to depolymerisation, pyrolysis, thermal cracking and distillation to obtain different value added fuels such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel, lube oil etc. Converting waste plastics into fuel hold great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios.
waste pastic to fuel pyrolysis process-daxit akbariDAXIT AKBARI 🇮🇳
presentation on plastic pyrolysis process....best technology for waste minimization and converting waste into valuable products without ant environmental pollution.
PRODUCTION OF FUEL THROUGH WASTE PLASTIC AND POLYTHENE AND USED IN FOUR STROK...IAEME Publication
In this waste material of high density polythene and low density polythene is converted into recycled fuel by pouring in the close combustion chamber, then by heating the close combustion chamber in temperature range of 110 to 300 degree celsius for approximately 30 minute to 1 hour. Afterwards we observed that waste material is converted into fuel. Then this fuel is used in four stroke petrol engine and we observed that 8ml fuel run bike of 110 cc bajaj caliver for approx 2 minute. Also we calculate different properties of this fuel namely viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cloud point, or pour point .then we compare these properties of this fuel with petrol fuel. It give similar properties like petrol fuel.
Hello every one,
Here we attach our project report about processing of waste plastics and convert them in to useful form of energy.
here follows a video guide of our project on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hFbNdWyPDo
Originally, plastic is made from petroleum or natural
gas in a chemical process that combines smaller molecules into
a large chainlike molecule, often with other substances added
to give it particular qualities. Processes like gasification of
granulated plastic and catalytic pyrolysis can be used to
convert plastic, the long hydro-carbon chain back into smaller
hydra-carbon chains of naphtha, diesel, heavy diesel, kerosene
etc. These fuels can then be used anywhere from boiler fuel in
power generation to use in automobiles. This paper aims to
provide the best possible review of this much needed
conversion with the hope of visiting lowered fuel prices in the
near future by improvements in the design
Whenever word plastic comes to our mind the first thing that strikes is HARMFUL!
So here is a little presentation to show how to convert that harmful thing into something innovative :)
ENJOY
Converting Plastic to Useful Energy Resourcesijtsrd
In India the grown of population and industries are very rapid in urban area and therefore plastic waste problem is generated. The characteristics of plastic waste depend on factors such as lifestyle, climate, tradition, food, habits etc. The problem of plastic is that it cannot be disposed which is harmful for environment .The other problem of plastic is that when it is being manufactured toxic gases are released which then create problem such as global warming &pollution. Present study aims at some sort of new technology which can control toxic gases and convert plastic waste into useful energy resource. This technology will bring employment opportunities and it may generate big amount of income. Dhaval M Prajapati"Converting Plastic to Useful Energy Resources" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15861.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/15861/converting-plastic-to-useful-energy-resources/dhaval-m-prajapati
Abstract: The art of refining liquid hydrocarbons (crude oil) into diesel, gasoline, and fuel oils was commercially scaled decades ago. Unfortunately, refineries are technologically limited to accepting only a very narrow range of liquid hydrocarbons with very specific properties and minimal contaminates. Unrecyclable, hydrocarbon-based waste is a significant environmental problem increasing every year. According to the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2010Facts and Figures report, over 92% of waste plastic is not recycled and with a growth rate of approximately 8% per year, there exists a critical need for a viable and environmentally sound, general purpose hydrocarbon-based recycling process. Hydrocarbon streams that fall outside of accepted refinery standards have traditionally been land filled or melted into products of low value. Environmental concern and availability of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the search for alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. Conversion of waste to energy is one of the recent trends in minimizing not only the waste disposal but also could be used as an alternate fuel for internal combustion engines. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In this context, waste plastics are currently receiving renewed interest. In the present paper waste plastic pyrolysis oil, waste plastic pyrolysis oil of petrol grade and diesel grade and its blend with diesel and petrol respectively has been introduced as an alternative fuel. In this study, a review of research papers on various operating parameters have been prepared for better understanding of operating conditions and constrains for waste plastic pyrolysis oil of both grade fuel and its blends fuelled in compression and spark ignition engine.
In todays life the generation of plastic waste has become the serious issue. It causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding of mosquitos and if eaten by cattle and wild animals endangers their lives too, also it stops vegetation from growing and obstructs in drain and piping, etc. The consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused increase in depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas etc. About 13 percent of the municipal solid waste is caused by plastic. 32 million tons of plastic waste was deposited in 2011, which is 12.7 percent of total MSW. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide every year. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. The main aim of this project is to make useful product from waste thermocol i.e. adhesive. Kaushal Harsola | Gautam Shelar | Manjusha Donde | Faisal Shaikh"Adhesive from Petrol and Thermocol" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12760.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12760/adhesive-from-petrol-and-thermocol/kaushal-harsola
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
RECYCLING THE WASTE PLASTIC MATERIAL WITH THE HELP OF HEAT TREARTMENT
1. “RECYCLING THE WASTE PLASTIC MATERIAL WITH THE HELP OF
HEAT TREARTMENT”
A MINOR PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment for degree of Bachelor of Engineering
IN
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
BHOPAL (M.P)
Submittedby Under the guidance of
GAURAV KUMAR 0129ME141005 Mr. YOGESH TEMBHURNE
JAIDEEP KISHANPURI 0129ME141007 ASSOCIATE PROF.OF ME DEPARTMENT
AJEET RAJHBHAR 0129ME141003
ABHISHEK PRAJAPATI 0129ME141002
SHARAD SINGH VAIS 0129ME141020
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BHABHA ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHOPAL (M.P.)
2. BHABHA ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHOPAL (M.P.)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I here by declare that the work, which is being presented in this Minor Project
entitled “RECYCLING THE WASTE PLASTIC MATERIAL WITH THE HELP
OF HEAT TREARTMENT” in particular fulfillment of for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering is an authentic record of
work carried out by me.
The matter embodies in this dissertation has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree.
GAURAVKUMAR 0129ME141005,
JAIDEEP KISHANPURI 0129ME141007,
AJEET RAJHBHAR 0129ME141003,
ABHISHEKPRAJAPATI 0129ME141002,
SHARAD SINGH VAIS 0129ME141020,
4. INTRODUCTION:
Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and
reprocessing the material into useful products. Since the vast majority of plastic is
non-biodegradable, recycling is a part of global efforts to reduce plastic in the waste
stream, especially the approximately eight million metric tonnes of waste plastic
that enter the Earth's ocean every year. This helps to reduce the high rates of plastic
pollution.
Plastic recycling includes taking any type of plastic, sorting it into different
polymers and then chipping it and then melting it down into pellets. After this stage,
it can then be used to make items of any sort such as plastic chairs and tables. Soft
Plastics are also recycled such as polyethylene film and bags. This closed-loop
operation has taken place since the 1970s and has made the production of some
plastic products amongst the most efficient operations today
Compared with lucrative recycling of metal, and similar to the low value of glass,
plastic polymers recycling is often more challenging because of low density and
low value. There are also numerous technical hurdles to overcome when recycling
plastic.
A macro molecule interacts with its environment along its entire length, so total
energy involved in mixing it is largely due to the product side stoichiometry.
Heating alone is not enough to dissolve such a large molecule, so plastics must
often be of nearly identical composition to mix efficiently.
5. When different types of plastics are melted together, they tend to phase-separate,
like oil and water, and set in these layers. The phase boundaries cause structural
weakness in the resulting material, meaning that polymer blends are useful in only
limited applications. The two most widely manufactured
plastics, polypropylene and polyethylene behave this way, which limits their utility
for recycling. Recently, the use of block copolymers as "molecular stitches “or
"macromolecular welding flux" has been proposed to overcome the difficulties
associated with phase separation during recycling.
The quantity of post-consumer plastics recycled has increased every year since at
least 1990, but rates lag far behind those of other items, such as newspaper (about
80%) and corrugated fiberboard (about 70%).
Plastics are too valuable a resource to send to landfill at their end of life. Industry
wants these materials back to recycle whenever possible. When plastics cannot be
sustainably recycled such non-recyclable plastics provides a valuable energy
resource for advanced thermal process; contributing to energy security and
displacing virgin fossils fuels.
Waste is now a global problem, and one that must be addressed in order to solve the
world's resource and energy challenges. Plastics are made from limited resources
such as petroleum, and huge advances are being made in the development of
technologies to recycle plastic waste among other resources. Mechanical recycling
methods to make plastic products and feedstock recycling methods that use plastic
as a raw material in the chemical industry have been widely adopted, and awareness
has also grown recently of the importance of Thermal recycling as a means of using
plastics as an energy source to conserve petroleum resources. Japan is pursuing
measures to create a recycling-oriented society in order to achieve sustainable
development. Since the Basic Law for Promoting the Creation of a Recycling-
oriented Society was enacted in 2000, a number of recycling-related laws have been
enacted, come into force, been reviewed and amended. Based on this framework,
action to promote the "three Rs" - i.e. reduction and reuse as well as recycling of
waste - has been stepped up to ensure a more effective use of resources. Meanwhile,
the Ministry of the Environment continues to restrict final disposal sites and to
direct incineration plants and similar sites that can emit toxins such as dioxins. Now
that these are recognized as safe, the basic policy stated in the Waste Disposal Law
was amended in May 2005 to say that "first, emission of waste plastic should be
reduced, after which recycling should be promoted; any remaining waste plastic
6. should not go to landfill as it is suitable for use in thermal recovery". This means
that the former two basic categories of burnable and non-burnable waste are now
both classed as "burnable". Later on in May 2004, the Tokyo Metropolitan Waste
Management Council delivered a similar response, and finally as of 2008 Tokyo's
23 city wards have started a new sorted collection which aims to reduce plastic
waste landfill to zero by using plastics as a raw material or for incineration and
Thermal recycling by default. Then in June 2006 the Container and Packaging
Recycling Law was amended to give thermal recycling limited recognition as a
form of recycling plastic containers and packaging. The processing of waste plastics
has seen huge advances, not only becoming less burdensome on the environment
but also socially and economically effective and efficient. In this publication we
consider the question of waste from a number of angles and present the very latest
data on processing of waste plastic and its use as a raw material. Environmental and
waste issues are composed of a great number of factors, which makes a scientific,
multifaceted approach essential to their solution. The reader, we hope, will find that
"An Introduction to Plastic Recycling" throws light on waste problems and in
particular on the issue of plastic waste.
In my dissertation of fuel production through waste polythene and plastic with the
help of zeolite as a catalyst in that first of all i prepare a mild steel closed air tight
vessel having a lid on the top of it along with the hole which is attached by a long
galvanize steel pipe then i filled the container up ¾ of its height with the waste
plastic and polythene then by using external source of heater temperature of closed
chamber is arises up to 300o C-450o C from room temperature on which the
pyrolysis takes place which converts the waste plastic or polythene in useful fuel
whose texture ,odour colour, and all other properties like flash point ,fire point,
cloud point, pour point, viscosity, are almost near to the petrol .After that the
outcome fuel from a waste plastic or polythene is used as a normal fuel in a 100
CC bike and found the fuel gives more millage as compare to petrol about 6-8 km.
Which increases the efficiency of the engine by 15-20%? & by using Taguchi
Technique I optimize the various parameters which affects the production of plastic
fuel .by using advance technique I found the catalyst is most affecting parameter
whose contribution is 75.25 % and second one is time12.93% and the least is time
whose contribution is 9.09%.
7. Plastic identification code
Seven groups of plastic polymers each with specific properties, are used worldwide
for packaging applications (see table below). Each group of plastic polymer can be
identified by its plastic identification code (PIC), usually a number or a letter
abbreviation. For instance, low-density polyethylene can be identified by the
number "4" or the letters "LDPE". The PIC appears inside a three-chasing-arrow
recycling symbol. The symbol is used to indicate whether the plastic can be
recycled into new products.
The PIC was introduced by the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., to provide a
uniform system for the identification of various polymer types and to help recycling
companies separate various plastics for reprocessing. Manufacturers of plastic
products are required to use PIC labels in some countries/regions and can
voluntarily mark their products with the PIC where there are no
requirements Consumers can identify the plastic types based on the codes usually
found at the base or at the side of the plastic products, including food/chemical
packaging and containers. The PIC is usually not present on packaging films, since
it is not practical to collect and recycle most of this type of waste.
Plastic
identificati
on code
Type of plastic
polymer
Properties
Common packaging
applications
Melting(°C)
and
transition
temperatur
e
Young's
modulus
(GPa)
Polyethylene
terephthalate(PET,
PETE)
Clarity,
strength,
toughness,
barrier to gas
and moisture.
Soft drink, water and salad
dressing bottles; peanut butter
and jam jars; small consumer
electronics
Tm =
250;]
Tg =
76
2–2.7
High-density
polyethylene(HDPE)
Stiffness,
strength,
toughness,
resistance to
moisture,
permeability
to gas
Water pipes, hula
hoop rings, five gallon buckets,
milk, juice and water bottles;
grocery bags, some
shampoo/toiletry bottles
Tm =
130; Tg = -
125
0.8
8. Polyvinyl
chloride(PVC)
Versatility,
ease of
blending,
strength,
toughness.
Blister packaging for non-food
items; cling films for non-food
use. May be used for food
packaging with the addition of
the plasticisers needed to make
natively rigid PVC flexible. Non-
packaging uses are electrical
cable insulation; rigid piping;
vinyl records.
Tm =
240; Tg =
85
2.4-4.1
Low-density
polyethylene(LDPE)
Ease of
processing,
strength,
toughness,
flexibility,
ease of
sealing,
barrier to
moisture
Frozen food bags; squeezable
bottles, e.g. honey, mustard;
cling films; flexible container lids
Tm =
120;]
Tg = -
125
0.17–0.28
Polypropylene(PP)
Strength,
toughness,
resistance to
heat,
chemicals,
grease and
oil, versatile,
barrier to
moisture.
Reusable microwaveable ware;
kitchenware; yogurt containers;
margarine tubs;
microwaveable disposable take-
away containers; disposable
cups; soft drink bottle caps;
plates.
Tm =
173; Tg = -
10]
1.5-2
Polystyrene(PS)
Versatility,
clarity, easily
formed
Egg cartons; packing peanuts;
disposable cups, plates, trays
and cutlery; disposable take-
away containers
Tm = 240
(only
isotactic);
Tg = 100
(atactic and
isotactic)
3-3.5
Other
(often polycarbonate
or ABS)
Dependent
on polymers
or
combination
of polymers
Beverage bottles; baby milk
bottles. Non-packaging uses for
polycarbonate: compact discs;
"unbreakable" glazing; electronic
apparatus housings; lenses
including sunglasses,
prescription glasses, automotive
headlamps, riot shields,
instrument panels.
Polycarbon
ate: Tg =
145; Tm =
225
Polycarbonat
e: 2.6;]
ABS
plastics: 2.3
9. Polymer
Polymer are the natural or synthetic molecules that are composed of a large number
of smaller monomers, which have reacted to form long chain. The most basic
polymers are made from the same monomers – the name of this substance is made by
adding prefix ‘Poly’ to the name of monomer.
Polymers can be classified into a number of ways which are described below.
Figure 1
Plastic materials are cannot be decomposed easily in a short period of time. These
plastic wastes can be classified as industrial and municipal according to their origins;
these groups have different qualities and properties. The level of waste plastic
continuous increase it is generating environmental problems worldwide.
classification of plastics includes high-density poly-ethylene, (High-Density
Polyethylene Milk, detergent & oil bottles, toys, containers used outside, parts and
plastic bags). low-density polyethylene (LDPE, Many plastic bags, shrink-wraps,
garment bags or containers)., polypropylene and polystyrene. Also, plastics are
classified by their chemical structure of the polymer's backbone and side chains.
Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones,
polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Poly Propylene. Refrigerated containers,
some bags, most bottle tops, some carpets, and some food wraps. There are two main
types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. These waste plastic
convert to useful oil and reduces the many problems increasing in world.
10. Objective of present work
The overall objective of the project is to study the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of
three types of waste plastics i.e. low density polyethylene, polypropylene, and
polystyrene in a closed container with an objective to optimize the liquid product
yield by changing different parameters such as temperature, catalyst and catalyst to
plastic ratio. The specific objectives of this study are:
• To study the effect of sulphuric acid treatment on the physicochemical
characteristics of Zeolite and its catalytic behavior in the waste polypropylene.
• To optimize the process experimentally for production of liquid fuel from
different waste plastics.
• To characterize the liquid fuel for its composition and fuel properties for its
suitability as fossil fuel substitute.
• To study the engine performance and emission analysis of waste plastic oil
obtained by the catalytic pyrolysis.
• To optimize the process variables of catalytic degradation of waste
polypropylene by Taguchi method.
11. SCOPE:
The work focused on the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics
[Polypropylene (PP), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), and Polystyrene(PS)] to
liquid fuel/chemicals using kaolin activated kaolin catalyst. The main objective was
to screen the catalyst and optimize the process to obtain suitable liquid fuel from
different waste plastics. Characterization of liquid fuel for its composition and fuel
properties for its Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery
suitability as fossil fuel substitute and study the engine performance and emission
analysis was other aspects of the work.
The aim of this dissertation is mainly to carry out study regarding to minimize the
plastic waste in the world. The world construction industry should implement several
methods to minimize the plastic waste material such as provide proper management
for the material, reuse and recycle method and so on. Therefore, all the solution
should be implementing in world in order to achieve the aims of this study. This
research is mainly focusing on the plastic wastes or polythene convert to the fuel and
also help in Swachha Baharat mission started by prime minister.
12. Methodology
Pyrolysis process for conversion of waste plastic into fuel
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the
word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys
"decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the
burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some
kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid
fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal
degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a
cylindrical reactor at temperature of 200ºC – 350ºC.Now a days plastics waste is
very harmful to our nature also fo human beings .plastic is not easily decomposable
its affect in fertilization ,atmosphere ,mainly affect on ozone layer so it is necessary
to recycle these waste plastic into useful things .so we recycle this waste plastic into
a useful fuel.
Taguchi Method - The method presented in this study is an experimental design
process called the Taguchi design method. Taguchi design, developed by Dr.Genichi
Taguchi, is a set of methodologies by which the inherent variability of materials and
manufacturing processes has been taken into account at the design stage. Although
similar to design of experiment (DOE), the Taguchi design only conducts the
balanced (orthogonal) experimental combinations, which makes the Taguchi design
even more effective than a fractional factorial design. By using the Taguchi
techniques, industries are able to greatly reduce product development cycle time for
both design and production, therefore reducing costs and increasing profit.
The objective of the parameter design is to optimize the settings of the process
parameter values for improving performance characteristics and to identify the
13. product parameter values under the optimal process parameter values. The parameter
design is the key step in the Taguchi method to achieving high quality without
increasing cost. The steps included in the Taguchi parameter design are: selecting the
proper orthogonal array (OA) according to the numbers of controllable factors
(parameters); running experiments based on the OA; analysing data; identifying the
optimum condition; and conducting confirmation runs with the optimal levels of all
the parameters.
Taguchi method the experimental procedure included experimental design by
Taguchi method, welding materials, welding equipment and welding procedure.
Taguchi method can study data with minimum experimental runs. In this paper, the
design of experiment work can be decided by this method.
Steps of Taguchi method are as follows:
1. Identification of main function, side effects and failure mode.
2. Identification of noise factor, testing condition and quality characteristics.
3. Identification of the main function to be optimized.
4. Identification the control factor and their levels.
5. Selection of orthogonal array and matrix experiment.
6. Conducting the matrix experiment.
7. Analysing the data, prediction of the optimum level and performance.
8. Performing the verification experiment and planning the future action.
14. Methods of Plastic Waste Disposal (and possible complications)
Today’s post aim to give a broad overview on the 4 main method of plastic
disposal. They are: Landfilling, Incineration, Recycling and Biodeg
radiation.
15. 1. Landfilling
To be frank, all plastics can be disposed in landfills. However, landfilling is
considered highly wasteful as it requires a vast amount of space and the chemical
constituents and energy contained in plastic is lost (wasted) in this disposal
route. In 2008, 29.2 million tons of plastic was disposed in landfills in the United
States. In countries where landfills are poorly managed, plastic wastes can be
easily blown into waterways or carried out to sea by flood water. In addition,
when plastics decompose in landfills, they may leak pollutants (phthalates and
bisphenol A) into the soil and surrounding environment.
2. Incineration
Plastics are derived from petroleum or natural gas, giving them a stored energy
value higher than any other material commonly found in the waste stream.
Incineration return some of the energy from plastic production. In fact, one
pound of plastic can generate as much energy as Wyoming coal and almost as
much energy as fuel oil.
However, plastic incineration tends to cause negative environment and health
effects as hazardous substances may be released into the atmosphere in the
process. For example, PVC and halogenated additives are mixed into plastic
waste and their incineration leads to release of dioxins and polychlorinated-
biphenyls into the environment.
16. 3. Recycling
Many plastics can be recycled. and the materials recovered can be given a
second-life. However, this method is not fully utilized, due to difficulties with
the collection and sorting of plastic waste. Many developing (and even some
developed countries) have poor waste management facilities which often result
in plastics (and other waste) being recklessly disposed into rivers and
waterbodies. Even though recycling is the most effective way to deal with plastic
waste, its effectiveness is highly depended on public awareness, economic
17. viability, and the implementation of public infrastructures to make recycling
more efficient (recycling bins, specialized waste collecting trucks).
4. Biodegradable Plastics
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that decompose by the action of living
organisms. Biodegradable plastics have the potential to solve a number of waste-
management issues, especially for disposable packaging that cannot be easily
separated from organic waste. However, biodegradable plastics are not without
controversy. Even though biodegradable plastics can be completely metabolizing
by organisms into carbon dioxide and water, there are allegations that Oxo-
Biodegradable plastics may release metals into the environment.
18. Conclusion:
There is so much information about recycling. But high quality education is a must
if the amount of recycling is to be increased. We must communicate one message if
people are to understand the seriousness of the problem. Everyone should
understand the subject thoroughly so that the only excuse can be a lack of interest.
The problem of contamination of recycling bins must be overcome.
Research is of vital importance and must continue. For example, the recycling of
films which are laminates of different plastics must continue to be investigated.
Together we must reduce, reuse and recycle. We can reduce by purchasing items
with the least amount of packaging and buying in bulk when appropriate. We can
reuse by avoiding disposable items. Finally we can recycle by using community
recycling programs and purchasing products made form recycled materials.
Never before has there been a time when environmental issues such as recycling
have been more relevant. We must stop refusing to look past today.
19. By using this fuel oil in 100 cc bike it increases efficiency of bike by 15 to 20% as
compared to petrol used in the bike. Engine fuel with waste plastic oil exhibits higher
thermal efficiency. By comparing the density of HDPE oil with petrol its gives
approximately same value. Also comparing the density of LDPE oil WITH diesel oil
its gives approximately same value. It could be concluded, that thermal pyrolysis of
plastic waste leads to the production of fuel oil, valuable resource recovery and
reduction of waste problem. Thermal pyrolysis of waste plastic waste has also
several advantages over other alternative recycling methods. It has been shown that
the conversion at lower temperature in the presence of catalyst into liquid is a
feasible process. Parameters with respect to percentage calibration is Catalyst,
temperature, time contribution indicates the relative power of a factor to reduce
variation. For a factor with a higher percent contribution, a small variation will have
a great influence on the performance. The percent contributions of the plastic fuel
parameters on the percentage calibration According to ANOVA this, catalyst was
found to be the major factor (75.24) affecting the percentage calibration, whereas
time was found to be the second factor (12.93 %), least one is temperature 9.09%.