The document presents the limit test procedure for arsenic. It describes how to prepare a solution from the test substance and generate arsine gas by adding potassium iodide and zinc. The gas passes through a piece of mercuric bromide paper, where any arsenic will form a yellow stain. This test stain is compared to a standard stain produced from a solution with a known amount of arsenic. If the test stain matches the standard stain from a 1mL solution, then the substance contains 1 microgram of arsenic per gram. The test is performed at 40°C to achieve a steady evolution of gas over 40 minutes.
High pressure vessel_leakage_in_urea_plants (1)Prem Baboo
In urea plant ammonium carbamate solution is very corrosive; all metals have corrosion problems with ammonium carbamate and the corrosion problems increase with temperature, a ten degree Celsius rise in temperature doubles the corrosion rate to the point where the duplex steel is no longer acceptable. The material plays a very important role in Urea plants. The space between the reactor liner and the shell is most often empty and employs various methods of detecting a leak ranging from conductivity measurements. Vacuum leak detection system, pressure leak detection system etc. Titanium, SS316L (urea grade), 2 RE-69 etc.) Over the years that can resist ammonium carbamate corrosion. Materials plays very important role in any industry. Selection of material is vital at design stage itself ,Wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In the latest plants specialty duplex materials are used for liner. The actual reactor has been constructed using a variety of materials, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Reactor, Stripper, Carbamate condenser etc. How to detect leakage and troubleshooting during detection and attending the leakages.
The document discusses gas cooler design considerations for CO2 refrigeration systems. It describes how using smaller diameter copper tubes of 5mm allows for more compact gas cooler designs that can withstand higher pressures of up to 130 bar. This reduces the internal volume and refrigerant charge compared to traditional designs. Case studies show how CO2 gas coolers using 5mm tubes can achieve equal or higher capacity compared to R404A designs, using fewer fans and a more compact footprint. The technology allows for more efficient gas cooler designs well-suited for transcritical CO2 refrigeration applications.
High pressure vessel leakage in urea plantsPrem Baboo
In urea plant ammonium carbamate solution is very corrosive; all metals have corrosion problems with ammonium carbamate and the corrosion problems increase with temperature, a ten degree Celsius rise in temperature doubles the corrosion rate to the point where the duplex steel is no longer acceptable. The material plays a very important role in Urea plants. The space between the reactor liner and the shell is most often empty and employs various methods of detecting a leak ranging from conductivity measurements. Vacuum leak detection system, pressure leak detection system etc. Titanium, SS316L (urea grade), 2 RE-69 etc.) Over the years that can resist ammonium carbamate corrosion. Materials plays very important role in any industry. Selection of material is vital at design stage itself ,Wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In the latest plants specialty duplex materials are used for liner. The actual reactor has been constructed using a variety of materials, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Reactor, Stripper, Carbamate condenser etc. How to detect leakage and troubleshooting during detection and attending the leakages.
FEEMSSD presentation on shell and tube heat exchanger75 .pptxAdarshPandey510683
The document describes the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger. It discusses the components of a shell and tube heat exchanger including the shell, tubes, tube bundle, tubesheet, expansion joint, flanges, gaskets, nozzles, and baffles. It also outlines the objectives of designing a shell and tube heat exchanger for an industry application. The thermal design process involves selecting fluids for the tube and shell sides based on properties, calculating the heat transfer area, tube dimensions, and other parameters. The results of the design case study showed that using recommended design ranges from literature led to an optimal design that met design specifications.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document contains 20 problems related to heat exchanger and pump design. Problem 1 asks to discuss recirculation ratio calculations in vertical thermosyphon reboilers. Problem 2 asks to discuss process design of thermosyphon reboilers. Problem 3 asks to discuss design of kettle type reboilers.
BE Chemical Engineering Design Project Production Of Propylene Oxidepatrickconneran
The document summarizes the design of a plant to produce 100,000 tonnes per year of 99.8% propylene oxide. It describes the selection of the cumene hydroperoxide process and provides details on the design of the key equipment, including oxidation, epoxidation, and distillation reactors and columns. It also discusses cost estimates, environmental impact assessments, hazard and operability studies, and the proposed site layout.
The document presents the limit test procedure for arsenic. It describes how to prepare a solution from the test substance and generate arsine gas by adding potassium iodide and zinc. The gas passes through a piece of mercuric bromide paper, where any arsenic will form a yellow stain. This test stain is compared to a standard stain produced from a solution with a known amount of arsenic. If the test stain matches the standard stain from a 1mL solution, then the substance contains 1 microgram of arsenic per gram. The test is performed at 40°C to achieve a steady evolution of gas over 40 minutes.
High pressure vessel_leakage_in_urea_plants (1)Prem Baboo
In urea plant ammonium carbamate solution is very corrosive; all metals have corrosion problems with ammonium carbamate and the corrosion problems increase with temperature, a ten degree Celsius rise in temperature doubles the corrosion rate to the point where the duplex steel is no longer acceptable. The material plays a very important role in Urea plants. The space between the reactor liner and the shell is most often empty and employs various methods of detecting a leak ranging from conductivity measurements. Vacuum leak detection system, pressure leak detection system etc. Titanium, SS316L (urea grade), 2 RE-69 etc.) Over the years that can resist ammonium carbamate corrosion. Materials plays very important role in any industry. Selection of material is vital at design stage itself ,Wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In the latest plants specialty duplex materials are used for liner. The actual reactor has been constructed using a variety of materials, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Reactor, Stripper, Carbamate condenser etc. How to detect leakage and troubleshooting during detection and attending the leakages.
The document discusses gas cooler design considerations for CO2 refrigeration systems. It describes how using smaller diameter copper tubes of 5mm allows for more compact gas cooler designs that can withstand higher pressures of up to 130 bar. This reduces the internal volume and refrigerant charge compared to traditional designs. Case studies show how CO2 gas coolers using 5mm tubes can achieve equal or higher capacity compared to R404A designs, using fewer fans and a more compact footprint. The technology allows for more efficient gas cooler designs well-suited for transcritical CO2 refrigeration applications.
High pressure vessel leakage in urea plantsPrem Baboo
In urea plant ammonium carbamate solution is very corrosive; all metals have corrosion problems with ammonium carbamate and the corrosion problems increase with temperature, a ten degree Celsius rise in temperature doubles the corrosion rate to the point where the duplex steel is no longer acceptable. The material plays a very important role in Urea plants. The space between the reactor liner and the shell is most often empty and employs various methods of detecting a leak ranging from conductivity measurements. Vacuum leak detection system, pressure leak detection system etc. Titanium, SS316L (urea grade), 2 RE-69 etc.) Over the years that can resist ammonium carbamate corrosion. Materials plays very important role in any industry. Selection of material is vital at design stage itself ,Wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In the latest plants specialty duplex materials are used for liner. The actual reactor has been constructed using a variety of materials, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Zirconium, Vessel inside a protective liner. This paper intended study of number of leakage in the HP loop vessels, e.g. Reactor, Stripper, Carbamate condenser etc. How to detect leakage and troubleshooting during detection and attending the leakages.
FEEMSSD presentation on shell and tube heat exchanger75 .pptxAdarshPandey510683
The document describes the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger. It discusses the components of a shell and tube heat exchanger including the shell, tubes, tube bundle, tubesheet, expansion joint, flanges, gaskets, nozzles, and baffles. It also outlines the objectives of designing a shell and tube heat exchanger for an industry application. The thermal design process involves selecting fluids for the tube and shell sides based on properties, calculating the heat transfer area, tube dimensions, and other parameters. The results of the design case study showed that using recommended design ranges from literature led to an optimal design that met design specifications.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document contains 20 problems related to heat exchanger and pump design. Problem 1 asks to discuss recirculation ratio calculations in vertical thermosyphon reboilers. Problem 2 asks to discuss process design of thermosyphon reboilers. Problem 3 asks to discuss design of kettle type reboilers.
BE Chemical Engineering Design Project Production Of Propylene Oxidepatrickconneran
The document summarizes the design of a plant to produce 100,000 tonnes per year of 99.8% propylene oxide. It describes the selection of the cumene hydroperoxide process and provides details on the design of the key equipment, including oxidation, epoxidation, and distillation reactors and columns. It also discusses cost estimates, environmental impact assessments, hazard and operability studies, and the proposed site layout.
- The document discusses methods for estimating the costs of major chemical plant equipment such as condensers, columns, heat exchangers, and reactors. It provides examples of calculating equipment costs based on size, material, pressure, and cost constants from tables.
- Total capital investment is estimated considering equipment purchase costs, physical plant costs, fixed capital investment, working capital, and indirect costs. Examples are provided to estimate total costs for process plants and expansion projects.
- Cost indices can be used to adjust older cost estimates to current year dollar values.
The document provides details of a design project for a 20 ton per day plant to process plastic waste into acetic acid and bioethanol. It includes a process flow diagram and descriptions of key equipment such as a shell and tube heat exchanger, distillation column, fixed bed gasifier, and secondary bioreactor. Equipment are designed according to relevant codes and include specifications for materials, dimensions, pressures, temperatures and other process parameters.
Study on the Analysis of Chromite Refractory Brick from Mwe Taung Chromite Oreijtsrd
This research paper is the preliminary study of testing the feasibility of chromite ore to produce refractory. Chromite ore was taken from Mwe Taung, in Chin State, Myanmar. Chromite ore contains iron oxide, alumina, magnesia, lime, chromic oxide and silica. The prepared chromite has been extensively used for high temperature metallurgical reactions. The chemical analysis of chromite ore was done to know the composition. Composition expresses the percentage of oxide component which can able to determine whether the refractory is acidic, basic or neutral. The chromite ore studied in this research is neutral refractory. The experiment of chromite refractory brick production was carried out first, the chromite powder are reduced to 50 mesh, 100 mesh and 200 mesh through sieving and then, mixed with magnesium chloride as binder, applied to 400 tons pressure, heated at drying temperature 200°C for twenty four hours and at firing temperature 1580°C for fifty two hours to produce chromite refractory brick. Analysis of locally available chromite refractory brick produced is tested. The standard properties such as cold crushing strength, apparent specific gravity, apparent porosity, bulk density and water absorption. Dar Nei Sung "Study on the Analysis of Chromite Refractory Brick from Mwe Taung Chromite Ore" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26765.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mineral-and-metallurgical-engineering/26765/study-on-the-analysis-of-chromite-refractory-brick-from-mwe-taung-chromite-ore/dar-nei-sung
1) Aluminum alloy 6061 chips were recycled through solid-state recycling involving hot extrusion followed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) without remelting.
2) The extruded rods were ECAP processed at room temperature up to different numbers of passes.
3) The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated for variations in extrusion temperature and number of ECAP passes. Grain refinement and higher strength properties were observed with increasing ECAP passes.
Vacuum degassing is commonly used in steel production to remove gases like hydrogen and nitrogen from liquid steel. It works by exposing the steel to vacuum conditions, which allows the gases to be readily removed. Specifically, vacuum degassing lowers the levels of dissolved gases to parts per million and improves the quality of the final cast product by preventing cracking defects. It is a critical process that improves both productivity and quality in continuous steel casting.
D1 (B2) Jan Suchorzewski - Combined carbonation-frost resistance of sustainab...Svenska Betongföreningen
The document summarizes research on developing sustainable high-performance concrete with very high slag content for use in wave energy converter hulls. Testing showed that concrete mixes with cement contents as low as 100 kg/m3 and slag replacements over 50% achieved compressive strengths over 100 MPa and frost resistance classified as "very good" even after carbonation. However, one mix (HPC200) showed increased frost scaling after carbonation, requiring further testing. Microscopy revealed microcracking in the carbonated layer for this mix. Overall, the research demonstrates that high-slag concrete can perform well in Nordic climates if evaluated using combined carbonation and frost testing.
The document describes the process for producing primary brine. Rock salt is added to saturators along with water and depleted brine to increase the brine concentration. The brine then flows through settling pits to remove insoluble impurities, and calcium chloride pits to remove sulfate impurities. It then flows through reactors where barium carbonate, caustic soda, and soda ash are added to remove additional sulfate, magnesium, and calcium impurities. The brine is stored in tanks and filtered before being heated in a plate and frame heat exchanger, where the temperature is increased and remaining impurities are reduced.
ORGANIC COATINGS FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS IN UNDERGROUND CHAM...Adriana de Araujo
Underground electrical transformers are frequently submitted to a very aggressive environment because of the stagnated water of underground chambers which is heated and contaminated. In Brazil, carbon steel structures of underground transformers are usually protected with coal tar epoxy paints in order to ensure their reliability. However, the use of this type of paints is being strongly restricted because coal tar contains complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which contain many toxic and potentially carcinogenic substances. Aiming at replacing coal tar based paints by an environmentally friendly one; several paints were selected in the local market and submitted to performance tests in order to compare them with coal tar based paint. In addition, anodes were evaluated to study the application of galvanic cathodic protection in areas of metal exposure due to coating flaws. This paper presents and discusses the obtained results.
Os transformadores elétricos subterrâneos estão frequentemente expostos à corrosão intensa decorrente da estagnação de água aquecida e contaminada das câmaras subterrâneas. No Brasil, as estruturas de aço-carbono do transformador subterrâneo são usualmente protegidas com pintura de epóxi alcatrão de hulha que contém substâncias tóxicas e potencialmente cancerígenas. Com o objetivo de substituir as tintas à base de alcatrão de hulha por tintas ecologicamente corretas, tintas disponíveis no mercado nacional foram selecionadas e submetidas a ensaios de desempenho para a sua comparação com a tinta de alcatrão de hulha. Além disso, anodos foram avaliados para o estudo da aplicação de proteção catódica galvânica do metal exposto em áreas de falhas do revestimento. Este artigo apresenta e discute os resultados obtidos.
ARAUJO, A.; PANOSSIAN, Z; ALMEIDA, N.L; MARTINS, M.C.; JUNIOR, S.D.A. Organic coatings for corrosion protection of transformers in underground chambers. In: NACE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPO, 2012, Salt Lake City, Proceedings... Salt Lake City: NACE 2012.
This document summarizes the design of a hydrometallurgical copper processing plant aimed at processing 15 tons of copper oxide ore per day. The plant utilizes a comminution circuit to grind the ore to an optimal size, followed by leaching to extract the copper. Solid-liquid separation then purifies the solution, which undergoes solvent extraction and electrowinning to produce copper cathodes. Laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations were used to design and size the equipment. The plant is estimated to recover over 80% of the copper at a capital cost of $1.5 million and produce around 583 tons of copper annually, making it a viable small-scale option. Recommendations include using design software and specialized engineers to
This document provides information about a PET bottle blowing plant with a capacity of 450 bottles per minute (BPM). It describes the bottle blowing process which involves heating the preform, stretching it with air pressure inside a mold to form the bottle shape. It orients the polymer chains for strength. The document also lists specifications for the preforms and blown PET bottles. Key details include intrinsic viscosity requirements, moisture limits, and methods for measuring bottle height, diameter, and material distribution.
Atroshchenko - Presence of residual Tin drops in Thermally diffused Nb3Snthinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Presence of Residual Tin drops on Thermally Diffused Nb3Sn (Atroschenko Konstantin - 10')
Speaker: Atroschenko Konstantin - INFN-LNL | Duration: 10 min.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and their application to the design of heat exchangers. It discusses the three main modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and introduces concepts like heat transfer coefficients. Design considerations for shell and tube heat exchangers are covered, including sizing standards, tube/shell geometry, baffling, and hydraulic performance. Methods for designing single-phase and multiphase exchangers are presented, such as Kern's method and Bell's method. The document concludes with brief discussions on condenser, reboiler, and air cooler design.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and heat exchanger design. It begins with definitions of the various heat transfer mechanisms - conduction, convection and radiation. It then discusses key concepts in heat exchanger design including overall heat transfer coefficients, sizing standards, thermal and hydraulic design methods, design of different heat exchanger types like condensers and reboilers, and mechanical design considerations. The document serves as a reference for fundamental heat transfer concepts and guidelines for designing common heat exchanger equipment.
The document describes three optimization problems related to heat transfer. The first problem involves determining the optimal thickness of insulation on a steam pipe given parameters like steam temperature, insulation conductivity, and insulation cost. The second problem involves determining the optimal cooling water flow rate and exit temperature for a condenser given parameters like vapor flow rate, heat of condensation, cooling water temperature and cost. The third problem involves determining the optimal exit temperature of cooling water and length of tubes in an air cooler given parameters like air flow rate, temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, cooling water cost and annual fixed charges.
The document discusses plans to improve the performance of the 114-C Methanator Feed/Effluent Exchanger at CNC, an ammonia plant. It is proposed to install a parallel exchanger to allow cleaning and maintenance while continuing production. Detailed specifications are provided for the existing exchanger, and preliminary designs and cost estimates are presented for installing a new parallel exchanger. The capital investment for a new exchanger is estimated to be $36.7 million TTD with a 12% interest loan. Significant long-term savings are expected by extending the lifespan of the exchangers from every 5-10 years to every 30 years.
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
PROPOSAL OF 1x30MVA SILICON METAL FURNACE PROJECTGuo ke
The document proposes a 15,000 ton per year silicon metal production project using one 30MVA silicon metal furnace. Key aspects of the project include a furnace design capable of producing 16,474 tons of silicon metal annually using raw materials like quartz, petroleum coke, and carbon electrodes. The furnace and associated systems would have equipment for material storage, charging, distribution, cooling, automation, dust removal and electrical power supply to support the annual production target.
Heat Transfer in Heat Exchangers in Details.pdfKAhmedRehman
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and heat exchanger design. It discusses the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and related concepts like heat transfer coefficients. The document then covers design standards, sizing, and thermal/hydraulic design procedures for various heat exchanger equipment like shell and tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and air coolers. It also addresses mechanical design considerations for heat exchangers like determining design loadings, materials selection, and structural analysis.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and design considerations for heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and air coolers. It discusses the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and covers topics like heat transfer coefficients, temperature profiles, pressure drop calculations, and mechanical design standards. The document also describes design procedures for shell and tube heat exchangers using methods like Kern's method and Bell's method to determine heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops.
Taxes imposed on the earnings of organizations and individuals are income taxes. Marginal tax rate and flat tax rate. Marginal tax rates are harmful to the economy.
- The document discusses methods for estimating the costs of major chemical plant equipment such as condensers, columns, heat exchangers, and reactors. It provides examples of calculating equipment costs based on size, material, pressure, and cost constants from tables.
- Total capital investment is estimated considering equipment purchase costs, physical plant costs, fixed capital investment, working capital, and indirect costs. Examples are provided to estimate total costs for process plants and expansion projects.
- Cost indices can be used to adjust older cost estimates to current year dollar values.
The document provides details of a design project for a 20 ton per day plant to process plastic waste into acetic acid and bioethanol. It includes a process flow diagram and descriptions of key equipment such as a shell and tube heat exchanger, distillation column, fixed bed gasifier, and secondary bioreactor. Equipment are designed according to relevant codes and include specifications for materials, dimensions, pressures, temperatures and other process parameters.
Study on the Analysis of Chromite Refractory Brick from Mwe Taung Chromite Oreijtsrd
This research paper is the preliminary study of testing the feasibility of chromite ore to produce refractory. Chromite ore was taken from Mwe Taung, in Chin State, Myanmar. Chromite ore contains iron oxide, alumina, magnesia, lime, chromic oxide and silica. The prepared chromite has been extensively used for high temperature metallurgical reactions. The chemical analysis of chromite ore was done to know the composition. Composition expresses the percentage of oxide component which can able to determine whether the refractory is acidic, basic or neutral. The chromite ore studied in this research is neutral refractory. The experiment of chromite refractory brick production was carried out first, the chromite powder are reduced to 50 mesh, 100 mesh and 200 mesh through sieving and then, mixed with magnesium chloride as binder, applied to 400 tons pressure, heated at drying temperature 200°C for twenty four hours and at firing temperature 1580°C for fifty two hours to produce chromite refractory brick. Analysis of locally available chromite refractory brick produced is tested. The standard properties such as cold crushing strength, apparent specific gravity, apparent porosity, bulk density and water absorption. Dar Nei Sung "Study on the Analysis of Chromite Refractory Brick from Mwe Taung Chromite Ore" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26765.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mineral-and-metallurgical-engineering/26765/study-on-the-analysis-of-chromite-refractory-brick-from-mwe-taung-chromite-ore/dar-nei-sung
1) Aluminum alloy 6061 chips were recycled through solid-state recycling involving hot extrusion followed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) without remelting.
2) The extruded rods were ECAP processed at room temperature up to different numbers of passes.
3) The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated for variations in extrusion temperature and number of ECAP passes. Grain refinement and higher strength properties were observed with increasing ECAP passes.
Vacuum degassing is commonly used in steel production to remove gases like hydrogen and nitrogen from liquid steel. It works by exposing the steel to vacuum conditions, which allows the gases to be readily removed. Specifically, vacuum degassing lowers the levels of dissolved gases to parts per million and improves the quality of the final cast product by preventing cracking defects. It is a critical process that improves both productivity and quality in continuous steel casting.
D1 (B2) Jan Suchorzewski - Combined carbonation-frost resistance of sustainab...Svenska Betongföreningen
The document summarizes research on developing sustainable high-performance concrete with very high slag content for use in wave energy converter hulls. Testing showed that concrete mixes with cement contents as low as 100 kg/m3 and slag replacements over 50% achieved compressive strengths over 100 MPa and frost resistance classified as "very good" even after carbonation. However, one mix (HPC200) showed increased frost scaling after carbonation, requiring further testing. Microscopy revealed microcracking in the carbonated layer for this mix. Overall, the research demonstrates that high-slag concrete can perform well in Nordic climates if evaluated using combined carbonation and frost testing.
The document describes the process for producing primary brine. Rock salt is added to saturators along with water and depleted brine to increase the brine concentration. The brine then flows through settling pits to remove insoluble impurities, and calcium chloride pits to remove sulfate impurities. It then flows through reactors where barium carbonate, caustic soda, and soda ash are added to remove additional sulfate, magnesium, and calcium impurities. The brine is stored in tanks and filtered before being heated in a plate and frame heat exchanger, where the temperature is increased and remaining impurities are reduced.
ORGANIC COATINGS FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS IN UNDERGROUND CHAM...Adriana de Araujo
Underground electrical transformers are frequently submitted to a very aggressive environment because of the stagnated water of underground chambers which is heated and contaminated. In Brazil, carbon steel structures of underground transformers are usually protected with coal tar epoxy paints in order to ensure their reliability. However, the use of this type of paints is being strongly restricted because coal tar contains complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which contain many toxic and potentially carcinogenic substances. Aiming at replacing coal tar based paints by an environmentally friendly one; several paints were selected in the local market and submitted to performance tests in order to compare them with coal tar based paint. In addition, anodes were evaluated to study the application of galvanic cathodic protection in areas of metal exposure due to coating flaws. This paper presents and discusses the obtained results.
Os transformadores elétricos subterrâneos estão frequentemente expostos à corrosão intensa decorrente da estagnação de água aquecida e contaminada das câmaras subterrâneas. No Brasil, as estruturas de aço-carbono do transformador subterrâneo são usualmente protegidas com pintura de epóxi alcatrão de hulha que contém substâncias tóxicas e potencialmente cancerígenas. Com o objetivo de substituir as tintas à base de alcatrão de hulha por tintas ecologicamente corretas, tintas disponíveis no mercado nacional foram selecionadas e submetidas a ensaios de desempenho para a sua comparação com a tinta de alcatrão de hulha. Além disso, anodos foram avaliados para o estudo da aplicação de proteção catódica galvânica do metal exposto em áreas de falhas do revestimento. Este artigo apresenta e discute os resultados obtidos.
ARAUJO, A.; PANOSSIAN, Z; ALMEIDA, N.L; MARTINS, M.C.; JUNIOR, S.D.A. Organic coatings for corrosion protection of transformers in underground chambers. In: NACE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPO, 2012, Salt Lake City, Proceedings... Salt Lake City: NACE 2012.
This document summarizes the design of a hydrometallurgical copper processing plant aimed at processing 15 tons of copper oxide ore per day. The plant utilizes a comminution circuit to grind the ore to an optimal size, followed by leaching to extract the copper. Solid-liquid separation then purifies the solution, which undergoes solvent extraction and electrowinning to produce copper cathodes. Laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations were used to design and size the equipment. The plant is estimated to recover over 80% of the copper at a capital cost of $1.5 million and produce around 583 tons of copper annually, making it a viable small-scale option. Recommendations include using design software and specialized engineers to
This document provides information about a PET bottle blowing plant with a capacity of 450 bottles per minute (BPM). It describes the bottle blowing process which involves heating the preform, stretching it with air pressure inside a mold to form the bottle shape. It orients the polymer chains for strength. The document also lists specifications for the preforms and blown PET bottles. Key details include intrinsic viscosity requirements, moisture limits, and methods for measuring bottle height, diameter, and material distribution.
Atroshchenko - Presence of residual Tin drops in Thermally diffused Nb3Snthinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Presence of Residual Tin drops on Thermally Diffused Nb3Sn (Atroschenko Konstantin - 10')
Speaker: Atroschenko Konstantin - INFN-LNL | Duration: 10 min.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and their application to the design of heat exchangers. It discusses the three main modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and introduces concepts like heat transfer coefficients. Design considerations for shell and tube heat exchangers are covered, including sizing standards, tube/shell geometry, baffling, and hydraulic performance. Methods for designing single-phase and multiphase exchangers are presented, such as Kern's method and Bell's method. The document concludes with brief discussions on condenser, reboiler, and air cooler design.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and heat exchanger design. It begins with definitions of the various heat transfer mechanisms - conduction, convection and radiation. It then discusses key concepts in heat exchanger design including overall heat transfer coefficients, sizing standards, thermal and hydraulic design methods, design of different heat exchanger types like condensers and reboilers, and mechanical design considerations. The document serves as a reference for fundamental heat transfer concepts and guidelines for designing common heat exchanger equipment.
The document describes three optimization problems related to heat transfer. The first problem involves determining the optimal thickness of insulation on a steam pipe given parameters like steam temperature, insulation conductivity, and insulation cost. The second problem involves determining the optimal cooling water flow rate and exit temperature for a condenser given parameters like vapor flow rate, heat of condensation, cooling water temperature and cost. The third problem involves determining the optimal exit temperature of cooling water and length of tubes in an air cooler given parameters like air flow rate, temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, cooling water cost and annual fixed charges.
The document discusses plans to improve the performance of the 114-C Methanator Feed/Effluent Exchanger at CNC, an ammonia plant. It is proposed to install a parallel exchanger to allow cleaning and maintenance while continuing production. Detailed specifications are provided for the existing exchanger, and preliminary designs and cost estimates are presented for installing a new parallel exchanger. The capital investment for a new exchanger is estimated to be $36.7 million TTD with a 12% interest loan. Significant long-term savings are expected by extending the lifespan of the exchangers from every 5-10 years to every 30 years.
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
PROPOSAL OF 1x30MVA SILICON METAL FURNACE PROJECTGuo ke
The document proposes a 15,000 ton per year silicon metal production project using one 30MVA silicon metal furnace. Key aspects of the project include a furnace design capable of producing 16,474 tons of silicon metal annually using raw materials like quartz, petroleum coke, and carbon electrodes. The furnace and associated systems would have equipment for material storage, charging, distribution, cooling, automation, dust removal and electrical power supply to support the annual production target.
Heat Transfer in Heat Exchangers in Details.pdfKAhmedRehman
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and heat exchanger design. It discusses the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and related concepts like heat transfer coefficients. The document then covers design standards, sizing, and thermal/hydraulic design procedures for various heat exchanger equipment like shell and tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and air coolers. It also addresses mechanical design considerations for heat exchangers like determining design loadings, materials selection, and structural analysis.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and design considerations for heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and air coolers. It discusses the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and covers topics like heat transfer coefficients, temperature profiles, pressure drop calculations, and mechanical design standards. The document also describes design procedures for shell and tube heat exchangers using methods like Kern's method and Bell's method to determine heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops.
Taxes imposed on the earnings of organizations and individuals are income taxes. Marginal tax rate and flat tax rate. Marginal tax rates are harmful to the economy.
The money returned to the owners of capital for use of their capital.
Compound interest is the result of reinvesting interest, rather than paying it out.
Quotation of interest rates
This document discusses various methods for evaluating project profitability and investment decisions. It describes quantitative measures like return on investment, return on average investment, payback period, net present worth, and internal rate of return. It also discusses qualitative, intangible factors like employee morale, safety, corporate image, and management goals. The document provides definitions and limitations of different profitability measures. It categorizes project types and notes profitability is difficult to define but important for decision making and maximizing returns on investment.
Tax is a mandatory financial charge, Property taxes, Excise taxes, Income taxes. Capital-gains tax is levied on profits made from the sale of capital assets. Self-insurance is a risk management method
Operating labour, allow one extra man on days. It is unlikely
that one extra man per shift would be needed to operate
this small plant, and one extra per shift would give
a disproportionately high labour cost.
The document outlines various indirect costs associated with purchasing miscellaneous equipment, including design and engineering costs estimated at 20-30% of direct capital costs, contractor's fees of 5-10% of direct capital costs, and a contingency allowance of 5-10% for issues like labor disputes or weather. The total physical plant cost is the sum of direct costs and these indirect costs.
The document summarizes the components and cost factors involved in purchasing plate and packed towers for mass transfer equipment. The purchased cost can be divided into the shell cost, internals cost like trays and packing, and auxiliary costs. The purchased cost is calculated as the bare cost from figures multiplied by a material factor and pressure factor. Figures are provided showing examples of tray types and cross-sectional views of plate and packed towers.
basic information that should be supplied to a fabricator in order to obtain a price estimate or firm quotation on a proposed heat exchanger (Process Information, Mechanical Information)
Manufacturing costs per capital investment.Manufacturing costs are: Variable production costs, fixed charges, and plant-overhead.
Direct and indirect production cost. Plant overhead costs. Administrative costs. Distribution and marketing costs. Research and development costs
Capital cost estimate classifications, Chemical industry. Turnover ratio.
Total product are manufacturing cost and general expenses. product costs are calculated on:
daily basis, unit-of-product basis, or, annual basis
Cost Indices, change in cost over time. Cost indexes are maintained in areas such as construction, chemical and mechanical industries. Lang’s method , Hand method.
Capital needed to supply the necessary manufacturing and
plant facilities. Estimation of capital investment.
Order-of-magnitude estimates, 6-10th's rule, Price indices,
Cash flow, cash flow diagram and industry. Cost estimation is required to provide reliable decisions.Price fluctuations, company policies, governmental regulations
Time value of money is measured by interest rates. Money has time value because it can earn more over time through interest (earning power) and its purchasing power changes with inflation. The present value of a future amount can be calculated using the present value formula, which takes into account the discount rate and number of periods until receipt. As time passes, the value of assets invested in a project will change. Assets are items owned that have future economic benefit and are divided into tangible assets with physical form and intangible assets without physical form.
The document discusses engineering economics and its importance for chemical engineers. It provides three key objectives of engineering economics: 1) to assess the appropriateness of a given project, 2) to estimate its value, and 3) to justify it from an engineering standpoint. The document then analyzes several potential reaction processes for producing vinyl chloride and calculates the gross profit that could be made from each based on raw material and product prices. Reaction 3, which converts ethylene and chlorine into vinyl chloride and hydrogen chloride, is identified as the most profitable option.
The scientific method is a set of procedures used to develop explanations of natural phenomena and possibly to predict additional phenomena. For example,
The average temperature of seawater increases, the seawater will become less dense, its volume will increase, and sea level will rise even if no continental ice melts.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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5. Preliminary design work has been done on a process to recover a valuable product from an
effluent gas stream. The gas will be scrubbed with a solvent in a packed column; the
recovered product and solvent separated by distillation; and the solvent cooled and recycled.
The major items of equipment that will be required are detailed below.
1. Absorption column: diameter 1 m, vessel overall height 15 m, packed height 12 m, packing
25 mm ceramic intalox saddles, vessel carbon steel, operating pressure 5 bar.
2. Recovery column: diameter 1 m, vessel overall height 20 m, 35 sieve plates, vessel and
plates stainless steel, operating pressure 1 bar.
3. Reboiler: forced convection type, fixed tube sheets, area 18.6 m2, carbon steel shell,
stainless-steel tubes, operating pressure 1 bar.
Problem statement
6. 4. Condenser: fixed tube sheets, area 25.3 m2, carbon steel shell and tubes, operating
pressure 1 bar.
5. Recycle solvent cooler: U-tubes, area 10.1 m2, carbon steel shell and tubes, operating
pressure 5 bar.
6. Solvent and product storage tanks: cone roof, capacity 35 m3, carbon steel. Estimated
service requirements:
Steam 200 kg/h, Cooling water 5000 kg/h, Electrical power 100 kWh/d (360 MJ/d)
Estimated solvent loss 10 kg/d; price £400/t. Plant attainment 95 per cent.
Estimate the capital investment required for this project, and the annual operating
cost; date mid-2004
7. Solution
Absorption column:
diameter 1 m, vessel overall height 15 m, packed height 12 m, packing 25 mm ceramic
intalox saddles, vessel carbon steel, operating pressure 5 bar. Bare vessel cost (Figure 6.5a)
£ 21,000; material factor 1.0, pressure factor 1.1
Packing cost (Table 6.3) £840/m3
8. Recovery column:
Diameter 1 m, vessel overall height 20 m, 35 sieve plates, vessel and plates stainless steel,
operating pressure 1 bar.
Bare vessel cost (Figure 6.5a): £26,000; material factor 2.0, pressure factor 1.0
Cost of a plate from figure 6.7a : 200
9. Reboiler
Forced convection type, fixed tube sheets, area 18.6 m2, carbon steel shell, stainless-
steel tubes, operating pressure 1 bar.
Bare cost (Figure 6.3a) £11,000; type factor 0.8, pressure factor 1.0
Condenser
Fixed tube sheets, area 25.3 m2, carbon steel shell and tubes, operating pressure 1 bar.
Bare cost (Figure 6.3a) £8500; type factor 0.8, pressure factor 1.0
10. Recycle solvent cooler
U-tubes, area 10.1 m2, carbon steel shell and tubes, operating pressure 5 bar.
Bare cost (Figure 6.3a) £4300; type factor 0.85, pressure factor 1.0
Solvent storage tank
Cone roof, capacity 35 m3, carbon steel. Purchase cost (Table 6.2)
Product storage tank
Cone roof, capacity 35 m3, carbon steel.
13. Following books were used in preparation of notes
Blank, L., Tarquin. A. 2005. Engineering Economy. 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Eschenbach, T. G. 2003. Engineering Economy”, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press
Riggs, J. L., Bedworth, D. D., Randhawa, S. U. 1996. Engineering Economics”, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill.
Riggs, J. L., West. T. M. 1986. Essentials of Engineering Economics”, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Peter, M. S., Timmerhaus, K. D. 1991. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill.