Capital cost estimate classifications, Chemical industry. Turnover ratio.
Total product are manufacturing cost and general expenses. product costs are calculated on:
daily basis, unit-of-product basis, or, annual basis
1) PZEM Energy developed a stochastic fundamental model using a merit order stack curve approach to provide consistent power price forecasts and analysis for short, mid, and long-term horizons.
2) The model considers various inputs like weather, fuel prices, power plant specifications, outages, demand patterns, and renewable energy capacity in over 1,000 simulations to generate short-term forecasts.
3) PZEM uses a single, unified model across different applications like trading support, asset optimization, hedging, evaluation, and pricing, with updates to respond to changes in inputs like weather, fuels, or cross-border constraints.
Cash flow, cash flow diagram and industry. Cost estimation is required to provide reliable decisions.Price fluctuations, company policies, governmental regulations
This presentation gives an idea on 3 topics. cvp analysis, operating leverage and also the estimation of cost functions. hope the readers can make the best use of it.
This document discusses load forecasting methods for deregulated electricity markets. It covers the importance of load forecasting, types of forecasting like long-term and short-term, and factors that influence loads such as weather, time of day, and customer class. Mathematical methods for load forecasting include regression models, similar day approaches, and neural networks. The author's research group has developed statistical learning models for long-term forecasting 2-3 years ahead and short-term forecasting 48 hours ahead. Their long-term model uses weather and time variables to forecast annual peak demand, while their short-term model provides load pocket forecasts up to 48 hours in advance.
Trend analysis and time Series Analysis Amna Kouser
Trend analysis uses historical data to predict future movements in stocks. It assumes past performance can indicate future performance when accounting for sector trends, market conditions, and competition. Trend analysis calculates percentage changes over periods of two years or more to identify trends and make short-term, intermediate, and long-term projections. Financial analysts use trend analysis to assess a company's financial health and future performance by examining past performance and current conditions.
1) PZEM Energy developed a stochastic fundamental model using a merit order stack curve approach to provide consistent power price forecasts and analysis for short, mid, and long-term horizons.
2) The model considers various inputs like weather, fuel prices, power plant specifications, outages, demand patterns, and renewable energy capacity in over 1,000 simulations to generate short-term forecasts.
3) PZEM uses a single, unified model across different applications like trading support, asset optimization, hedging, evaluation, and pricing, with updates to respond to changes in inputs like weather, fuels, or cross-border constraints.
Cash flow, cash flow diagram and industry. Cost estimation is required to provide reliable decisions.Price fluctuations, company policies, governmental regulations
This presentation gives an idea on 3 topics. cvp analysis, operating leverage and also the estimation of cost functions. hope the readers can make the best use of it.
This document discusses load forecasting methods for deregulated electricity markets. It covers the importance of load forecasting, types of forecasting like long-term and short-term, and factors that influence loads such as weather, time of day, and customer class. Mathematical methods for load forecasting include regression models, similar day approaches, and neural networks. The author's research group has developed statistical learning models for long-term forecasting 2-3 years ahead and short-term forecasting 48 hours ahead. Their long-term model uses weather and time variables to forecast annual peak demand, while their short-term model provides load pocket forecasts up to 48 hours in advance.
Trend analysis and time Series Analysis Amna Kouser
Trend analysis uses historical data to predict future movements in stocks. It assumes past performance can indicate future performance when accounting for sector trends, market conditions, and competition. Trend analysis calculates percentage changes over periods of two years or more to identify trends and make short-term, intermediate, and long-term projections. Financial analysts use trend analysis to assess a company's financial health and future performance by examining past performance and current conditions.
Cost Indices, change in cost over time. Cost indexes are maintained in areas such as construction, chemical and mechanical industries. Lang’s method , Hand method.
This document discusses operational readiness challenges that can lead to value leakage during the ramp-up phase of new capital projects. It notes that up to 30% of anticipated early project benefits can be lost due to issues like startup delays, equipment failures, skill deficiencies, and other factors. It also points out that actual long-term operations and maintenance costs are typically 1-2% higher than expected. The document examines why these issues persist due to cultural and organizational divisions between construction and operations teams that prioritize different goals. Improving operational readiness practices can help reduce risks and costs.
This document discusses an introduction to energy management and conservation. It outlines key principles of energy management including reviewing historical energy use, conducting energy audits, improving operations and maintenance, installing more efficient equipment and processes, recovering and containing energy, substituting materials, applying material economy principles, and evaluating projects economically. Establishing management commitment, assigning an energy manager, and forming an energy management committee are identified as important initial steps to planning an effective energy management program.
Manufacture of a Biodegradable Detergent on Small ScaleCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper about developing an aggregate production plan for a small-scale detergent manufacturing company using a linear programming model. The model aims to minimize total costs over a 6-month planning horizon by determining optimal levels of production, inventory, workforce, overtime, and subcontracting while meeting fluctuating demand. The objective function and constraints consider costs of labor, inventory holding, shortages, hiring/firing, overtime, material, and subcontracting. The model is solved using a linear programming software package, providing the optimal production plan with values for decision variables each month to satisfy demand at minimum cost.
Life cycle assessment of construction materials using eio lcaeSAT Journals
Abstract
As per the growing demands of wireless communication there is enormous new technologies participating to make sophisticated environment for an end user. In a recent survey of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) it was found that the number of mobile phone subscribers has exceeds seven billion subscriptions at the end of 2014 using more than 10 to 15 internet utility apps which is more than the entire population of planet. To serve this increasing number and size of wireless communication system the German physicist – Harald Haas proposed a “Li–Fi technology” which he calls “Data through illumination” or “D-Light”. Li-Fi is a new approach of VLC which has much more similar working of a OFC communication system providing data rates of ten’s of Gbps. In this technology data is interpreted by the LED’s ON/OFF concepts.
This paper gives a brief focus on Li-Fi technology, it’s working principal, some misconceptions about Li-Fi and related researches like Nobel Prize winning Blue Light emitting diode, Optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) receiver, etc.
Keywords: Li- Fi, VLC, Visible light communication, photo detector, optoelectronic integrated circuit, OEIC receiver, AP.
The document outlines a 6-step process for developing a portfolio-wide plan for deep energy retrofits across existing building portfolios:
1. Collect portfolio data and choose a building type to focus on.
2. Analyze building metrics and choose a subset with similar properties.
3. Use analysis techniques to choose a representative building model.
4. Use an on-site workshop to develop implementation options and determine technical potential.
5. Perform a building audit to inform energy modeling and life cycle cost analysis to determine the most cost-effective retrofit.
6. Use energy/cost analysis and capital planning to develop a portfolio-wide deep retrofit plan.
This document provides guidelines for connecting buildings to district cooling systems. It discusses the fundamentals of district cooling, including cooling sources, distribution systems, and the customer interface known as the energy transfer station (ETS). The ETS uses heat exchangers to connect the building's secondary cooling system indirectly to the district system's primary pipes. Key considerations for ETS design like heat exchanger sizing and controls are covered. The report also provides a step-by-step process for converting existing buildings to district cooling and examines case studies of completed conversions.
eni_Rossi Gianmarco - Energy Management System for the Optimization of the Up...Gianmarco Rossi
The document discusses developing an energy efficiency monitoring system for upstream oil and gas plants. It involves creating an energy system model using production data to estimate energy requirements and key performance indicators. Scenarios are developed like "business as usual" and "clean but not sparkling" to examine different strategies' impacts on energy intensity and emissions. The model shows potential savings from initiatives like compressor optimization, thermal energy recovery, and on-site electricity generation. Overall the analysis aims to finalize an innovative monitoring and optimization system to help achieve sustainability targets and reduce energy use.
IRJET- Study on Economic Sustainability of Industrial BuildingsIRJET Journal
This study compares the economic sustainability and construction duration of conventional steel buildings and pre-engineered steel buildings. A construction schedule was created for each building using Microsoft Project software. The results showed that pre-engineered buildings have a shorter construction duration of 89 days compared to 115 days for conventional steel buildings. Additionally, pre-engineered buildings were found to be more economically sustainable with a total construction cost of Rs. 17,60,076 compared to Rs. 26,15,215 for conventional steel buildings, a savings of 32.69%. This is because pre-engineered buildings eliminate on-site fabrication, have less steel usage, and require fewer resources during construction. Therefore, the study concludes that pre-engineered buildings prove
1) The document presents an optimization model for designing biogas infrastructure in Wisconsin using object-oriented programming in Julia. The model considers factors like costs, emissions, and trade-offs to determine optimal placement of dairy farm waste processing facilities.
2) The model defines variables, constraints, objectives and stakeholders to generate solutions for minimizing costs and emissions. Solutions show reasonable placement of more processing facilities when stakeholders value emissions savings highly.
3) Future work will implement a more complex, stochastic multi-stakeholder formulation using the CVaR method to find a compromise solution over different stakeholders rather than a single "utopia point" solution. This will provide insights into how dissatisfactions change with the CVaR parameter.
The document discusses repair, overhaul and replacement policies for production systems that consider factors like equipment failures, downtime costs, and budget constraints. It proposes a model to minimize the expected life-cycle cost rate of a production system by determining optimal overhaul frequencies, replacement times, and repair times. A numerical example shows the model can estimate expected global costs under different budget levels and identify trade-offs between costs, times and frequencies. The model aims to help organizations assess maintenance policies and negotiate budgets over time in light of changing conditions.
Research identifying common issues affecting the effectiveness of Energy Recovery Ventilation in Minnesota buildings and developing a protocol to optimize their performance.
This document discusses approaches to construction cost estimation. It describes the major cost categories for a construction project, including capital costs like construction, land acquisition, and financing, as well as operation and maintenance costs over the facility's lifetime. It outlines several approaches to cost estimation, including using production functions relating inputs like labor and materials to outputs, statistical cost functions, estimating costs from a bill of quantities by assigning unit costs to project components, and allocating joint costs from existing accounts. An example is given comparing resource requirements and costs for different types of energy projects.
Decision Support System for Energy Saving Analysis in Manufacturing IndustryIJRES Journal
Nowadays the attempts to optimize energy efficiency and environmental impact are increasingly present in all activity areas and specifically in manufacturing industry. An innovative approach to achieve these optimizations lies in advanced combination of decision support technologies and Knowledge Management. A benchmarking energy saving tool (decision support tool) was carried out in four (4) different years, 2007 to 2010 in Niger mills limited, located in Calabar to generate energy intensity and energy intensity index of the period. The result obtained for energy intensity in 2007 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2008 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2009 was 2.40GJ/m3, and energy intensity for 2010 was 2.30GJ/m3. This result shows that for the period of these four years, that the energy consumed is in an average range of 2.30GJ/m3. That if the productivity increase as the result of increase in production, the energy intensity will increase to 2.40GJ/m3 or there about as the case maybe as a result of increase in production.
The document discusses various measures used to evaluate the profitability of projects, including return on investment (ROI), payback period (PBP), net present worth or value (NPV), and discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFRR). It provides definitions and examples of calculating each measure. ROI is defined as average annual profit divided by total capital investment. PBP is the time for cumulative cash flows to recover the fixed capital investment. NPV considers the time value of money by taking the present value of all after-tax cash flows. DCFRR is the interest rate that results in an NPV of 0.
IRJET- Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Residential BuildingIRJET Journal
This document discusses conducting a life cycle cost analysis of a residential building using the net present value method. It provides background on why life cycle cost analysis is important, as construction and maintenance costs over a building's lifetime are not typically considered. The methodology section outlines the steps to conduct an LCC analysis, including collecting cost data, applying relevant formulas to calculate total life cycle costs while discounting future costs. The document then applies this process to analyze costs over the lifetime of a specific 5-story residential building in India. It finds the total life cycle cost of this building using the net present value method is Rs. 86,22,64,309.
This document provides a summary of a natural gas conservation potential study conducted for Ontario. Key findings include:
- Significant cost-effective natural gas savings potential exists, with technical potential reducing consumption 35.1-46.1% by 2020-2030, and economic potential reducing consumption 24.5-26.5%
- Under an unconstrained budget, achievable potential could reduce consumption 7.1% by 2020 and 17.8% by 2030
- With a gradually increasing budget, semi-constrained achievable potential could reduce consumption 5.1% by 2020 and 12.4% by 2030
- Constrained to current budgets, achievable potential could reduce consumption 4.5% by 2020 and 9
Andrew Chant\'s CanWEA O & M Presentationmtingle
ORTECH Power provides operations and maintenance services for wind farms. This presentation discusses estimating operations and maintenance (O&M) costs after warranty expiration. It finds that planned maintenance can significantly reduce costs compared to reactive maintenance by catching issues early. Estimates show a facility with 50 turbines could save over $25 million over 20 years with planned maintenance. However, larger newer turbine models pose challenges due to limited operating experience. The presentation provides a framework for analyzing O&M costs and risks over a wind farm's lifetime.
Taxes imposed on the earnings of organizations and individuals are income taxes. Marginal tax rate and flat tax rate. Marginal tax rates are harmful to the economy.
Cost Indices, change in cost over time. Cost indexes are maintained in areas such as construction, chemical and mechanical industries. Lang’s method , Hand method.
This document discusses operational readiness challenges that can lead to value leakage during the ramp-up phase of new capital projects. It notes that up to 30% of anticipated early project benefits can be lost due to issues like startup delays, equipment failures, skill deficiencies, and other factors. It also points out that actual long-term operations and maintenance costs are typically 1-2% higher than expected. The document examines why these issues persist due to cultural and organizational divisions between construction and operations teams that prioritize different goals. Improving operational readiness practices can help reduce risks and costs.
This document discusses an introduction to energy management and conservation. It outlines key principles of energy management including reviewing historical energy use, conducting energy audits, improving operations and maintenance, installing more efficient equipment and processes, recovering and containing energy, substituting materials, applying material economy principles, and evaluating projects economically. Establishing management commitment, assigning an energy manager, and forming an energy management committee are identified as important initial steps to planning an effective energy management program.
Manufacture of a Biodegradable Detergent on Small ScaleCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper about developing an aggregate production plan for a small-scale detergent manufacturing company using a linear programming model. The model aims to minimize total costs over a 6-month planning horizon by determining optimal levels of production, inventory, workforce, overtime, and subcontracting while meeting fluctuating demand. The objective function and constraints consider costs of labor, inventory holding, shortages, hiring/firing, overtime, material, and subcontracting. The model is solved using a linear programming software package, providing the optimal production plan with values for decision variables each month to satisfy demand at minimum cost.
Life cycle assessment of construction materials using eio lcaeSAT Journals
Abstract
As per the growing demands of wireless communication there is enormous new technologies participating to make sophisticated environment for an end user. In a recent survey of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) it was found that the number of mobile phone subscribers has exceeds seven billion subscriptions at the end of 2014 using more than 10 to 15 internet utility apps which is more than the entire population of planet. To serve this increasing number and size of wireless communication system the German physicist – Harald Haas proposed a “Li–Fi technology” which he calls “Data through illumination” or “D-Light”. Li-Fi is a new approach of VLC which has much more similar working of a OFC communication system providing data rates of ten’s of Gbps. In this technology data is interpreted by the LED’s ON/OFF concepts.
This paper gives a brief focus on Li-Fi technology, it’s working principal, some misconceptions about Li-Fi and related researches like Nobel Prize winning Blue Light emitting diode, Optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) receiver, etc.
Keywords: Li- Fi, VLC, Visible light communication, photo detector, optoelectronic integrated circuit, OEIC receiver, AP.
The document outlines a 6-step process for developing a portfolio-wide plan for deep energy retrofits across existing building portfolios:
1. Collect portfolio data and choose a building type to focus on.
2. Analyze building metrics and choose a subset with similar properties.
3. Use analysis techniques to choose a representative building model.
4. Use an on-site workshop to develop implementation options and determine technical potential.
5. Perform a building audit to inform energy modeling and life cycle cost analysis to determine the most cost-effective retrofit.
6. Use energy/cost analysis and capital planning to develop a portfolio-wide deep retrofit plan.
This document provides guidelines for connecting buildings to district cooling systems. It discusses the fundamentals of district cooling, including cooling sources, distribution systems, and the customer interface known as the energy transfer station (ETS). The ETS uses heat exchangers to connect the building's secondary cooling system indirectly to the district system's primary pipes. Key considerations for ETS design like heat exchanger sizing and controls are covered. The report also provides a step-by-step process for converting existing buildings to district cooling and examines case studies of completed conversions.
eni_Rossi Gianmarco - Energy Management System for the Optimization of the Up...Gianmarco Rossi
The document discusses developing an energy efficiency monitoring system for upstream oil and gas plants. It involves creating an energy system model using production data to estimate energy requirements and key performance indicators. Scenarios are developed like "business as usual" and "clean but not sparkling" to examine different strategies' impacts on energy intensity and emissions. The model shows potential savings from initiatives like compressor optimization, thermal energy recovery, and on-site electricity generation. Overall the analysis aims to finalize an innovative monitoring and optimization system to help achieve sustainability targets and reduce energy use.
IRJET- Study on Economic Sustainability of Industrial BuildingsIRJET Journal
This study compares the economic sustainability and construction duration of conventional steel buildings and pre-engineered steel buildings. A construction schedule was created for each building using Microsoft Project software. The results showed that pre-engineered buildings have a shorter construction duration of 89 days compared to 115 days for conventional steel buildings. Additionally, pre-engineered buildings were found to be more economically sustainable with a total construction cost of Rs. 17,60,076 compared to Rs. 26,15,215 for conventional steel buildings, a savings of 32.69%. This is because pre-engineered buildings eliminate on-site fabrication, have less steel usage, and require fewer resources during construction. Therefore, the study concludes that pre-engineered buildings prove
1) The document presents an optimization model for designing biogas infrastructure in Wisconsin using object-oriented programming in Julia. The model considers factors like costs, emissions, and trade-offs to determine optimal placement of dairy farm waste processing facilities.
2) The model defines variables, constraints, objectives and stakeholders to generate solutions for minimizing costs and emissions. Solutions show reasonable placement of more processing facilities when stakeholders value emissions savings highly.
3) Future work will implement a more complex, stochastic multi-stakeholder formulation using the CVaR method to find a compromise solution over different stakeholders rather than a single "utopia point" solution. This will provide insights into how dissatisfactions change with the CVaR parameter.
The document discusses repair, overhaul and replacement policies for production systems that consider factors like equipment failures, downtime costs, and budget constraints. It proposes a model to minimize the expected life-cycle cost rate of a production system by determining optimal overhaul frequencies, replacement times, and repair times. A numerical example shows the model can estimate expected global costs under different budget levels and identify trade-offs between costs, times and frequencies. The model aims to help organizations assess maintenance policies and negotiate budgets over time in light of changing conditions.
Research identifying common issues affecting the effectiveness of Energy Recovery Ventilation in Minnesota buildings and developing a protocol to optimize their performance.
This document discusses approaches to construction cost estimation. It describes the major cost categories for a construction project, including capital costs like construction, land acquisition, and financing, as well as operation and maintenance costs over the facility's lifetime. It outlines several approaches to cost estimation, including using production functions relating inputs like labor and materials to outputs, statistical cost functions, estimating costs from a bill of quantities by assigning unit costs to project components, and allocating joint costs from existing accounts. An example is given comparing resource requirements and costs for different types of energy projects.
Decision Support System for Energy Saving Analysis in Manufacturing IndustryIJRES Journal
Nowadays the attempts to optimize energy efficiency and environmental impact are increasingly present in all activity areas and specifically in manufacturing industry. An innovative approach to achieve these optimizations lies in advanced combination of decision support technologies and Knowledge Management. A benchmarking energy saving tool (decision support tool) was carried out in four (4) different years, 2007 to 2010 in Niger mills limited, located in Calabar to generate energy intensity and energy intensity index of the period. The result obtained for energy intensity in 2007 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2008 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2009 was 2.40GJ/m3, and energy intensity for 2010 was 2.30GJ/m3. This result shows that for the period of these four years, that the energy consumed is in an average range of 2.30GJ/m3. That if the productivity increase as the result of increase in production, the energy intensity will increase to 2.40GJ/m3 or there about as the case maybe as a result of increase in production.
The document discusses various measures used to evaluate the profitability of projects, including return on investment (ROI), payback period (PBP), net present worth or value (NPV), and discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFRR). It provides definitions and examples of calculating each measure. ROI is defined as average annual profit divided by total capital investment. PBP is the time for cumulative cash flows to recover the fixed capital investment. NPV considers the time value of money by taking the present value of all after-tax cash flows. DCFRR is the interest rate that results in an NPV of 0.
IRJET- Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Residential BuildingIRJET Journal
This document discusses conducting a life cycle cost analysis of a residential building using the net present value method. It provides background on why life cycle cost analysis is important, as construction and maintenance costs over a building's lifetime are not typically considered. The methodology section outlines the steps to conduct an LCC analysis, including collecting cost data, applying relevant formulas to calculate total life cycle costs while discounting future costs. The document then applies this process to analyze costs over the lifetime of a specific 5-story residential building in India. It finds the total life cycle cost of this building using the net present value method is Rs. 86,22,64,309.
This document provides a summary of a natural gas conservation potential study conducted for Ontario. Key findings include:
- Significant cost-effective natural gas savings potential exists, with technical potential reducing consumption 35.1-46.1% by 2020-2030, and economic potential reducing consumption 24.5-26.5%
- Under an unconstrained budget, achievable potential could reduce consumption 7.1% by 2020 and 17.8% by 2030
- With a gradually increasing budget, semi-constrained achievable potential could reduce consumption 5.1% by 2020 and 12.4% by 2030
- Constrained to current budgets, achievable potential could reduce consumption 4.5% by 2020 and 9
Andrew Chant\'s CanWEA O & M Presentationmtingle
ORTECH Power provides operations and maintenance services for wind farms. This presentation discusses estimating operations and maintenance (O&M) costs after warranty expiration. It finds that planned maintenance can significantly reduce costs compared to reactive maintenance by catching issues early. Estimates show a facility with 50 turbines could save over $25 million over 20 years with planned maintenance. However, larger newer turbine models pose challenges due to limited operating experience. The presentation provides a framework for analyzing O&M costs and risks over a wind farm's lifetime.
Taxes imposed on the earnings of organizations and individuals are income taxes. Marginal tax rate and flat tax rate. Marginal tax rates are harmful to the economy.
The money returned to the owners of capital for use of their capital.
Compound interest is the result of reinvesting interest, rather than paying it out.
Quotation of interest rates
This document discusses various methods for evaluating project profitability and investment decisions. It describes quantitative measures like return on investment, return on average investment, payback period, net present worth, and internal rate of return. It also discusses qualitative, intangible factors like employee morale, safety, corporate image, and management goals. The document provides definitions and limitations of different profitability measures. It categorizes project types and notes profitability is difficult to define but important for decision making and maximizing returns on investment.
Tax is a mandatory financial charge, Property taxes, Excise taxes, Income taxes. Capital-gains tax is levied on profits made from the sale of capital assets. Self-insurance is a risk management method
Operating labour, allow one extra man on days. It is unlikely
that one extra man per shift would be needed to operate
this small plant, and one extra per shift would give
a disproportionately high labour cost.
The document outlines various indirect costs associated with purchasing miscellaneous equipment, including design and engineering costs estimated at 20-30% of direct capital costs, contractor's fees of 5-10% of direct capital costs, and a contingency allowance of 5-10% for issues like labor disputes or weather. The total physical plant cost is the sum of direct costs and these indirect costs.
The document summarizes the components and cost factors involved in purchasing plate and packed towers for mass transfer equipment. The purchased cost can be divided into the shell cost, internals cost like trays and packing, and auxiliary costs. The purchased cost is calculated as the bare cost from figures multiplied by a material factor and pressure factor. Figures are provided showing examples of tray types and cross-sectional views of plate and packed towers.
basic information that should be supplied to a fabricator in order to obtain a price estimate or firm quotation on a proposed heat exchanger (Process Information, Mechanical Information)
Manufacturing costs per capital investment.Manufacturing costs are: Variable production costs, fixed charges, and plant-overhead.
Direct and indirect production cost. Plant overhead costs. Administrative costs. Distribution and marketing costs. Research and development costs
Capital needed to supply the necessary manufacturing and
plant facilities. Estimation of capital investment.
Order-of-magnitude estimates, 6-10th's rule, Price indices,
Time value of money is measured by interest rates. Money has time value because it can earn more over time through interest (earning power) and its purchasing power changes with inflation. The present value of a future amount can be calculated using the present value formula, which takes into account the discount rate and number of periods until receipt. As time passes, the value of assets invested in a project will change. Assets are items owned that have future economic benefit and are divided into tangible assets with physical form and intangible assets without physical form.
The document discusses engineering economics and its importance for chemical engineers. It provides three key objectives of engineering economics: 1) to assess the appropriateness of a given project, 2) to estimate its value, and 3) to justify it from an engineering standpoint. The document then analyzes several potential reaction processes for producing vinyl chloride and calculates the gross profit that could be made from each based on raw material and product prices. Reaction 3, which converts ethylene and chlorine into vinyl chloride and hydrogen chloride, is identified as the most profitable option.
The scientific method is a set of procedures used to develop explanations of natural phenomena and possibly to predict additional phenomena. For example,
The average temperature of seawater increases, the seawater will become less dense, its volume will increase, and sea level will rise even if no continental ice melts.
The discovery of the electron. Thomson measured the charge-to-mass ratio of the particles within cathode rays and it was -1.76 x 10^8 coulombs per gram. The mass of an electron
9.10 x 10^(-28) g.
The dense nucleus contains over 99.9% of the mass of the atom, but it occupies very little of its volume.
The mole concept and chemical compounds.
Ethyl mercaptan, C2H6S, is added to natural gas to make gas leaks detectable.
The colorless, volatile liquid halothane has been used as a fire extinguisher and also as an inhalation anesthetic.
Dibutyl succinate is an insect repellent used against household ants and roaches.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
6. The turnover ratio is
the percentage of a mutual fund or other investment's holdings that have been replaced in a
given year, which varies by the type of mutual fund, its investment objective and/or the
portfolio manager's investing style.
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑇𝑂𝑅 =
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Turnover ratio
The TOR for ammonia plant is 0.65
7.
8. Problem Statement
Estimate the fixed capital
investment of a 75000 ton/yr
maleic anhydride plant using
the data for fixed investment
per per annual ton capacity
in the table
9. Maleic anhydride plant is $270 investment per annual
ton/ capacity
The fixed capital investment of a plant is 75000 ton/yr
X $ 270 /annual ton
= $20,300,000
11. Lang method
Battery limits encompasses the manufacturing area, all process equipment but excluding
provision of storage, utilities, administrative building, auxiliary facilities unless specified.
Usually it it excludes site preparation. Therefore, it may be applied to the extension of a plant
12. Hand method
Solve Problem 1 for the battery limit fixed capital investment by using Hand
method and contingency of 15%
13.
14. Total product cost is generally divided into the categories of manufacturing costs and
general expenses.
Manufacturing costs are also known as operating or production costs.
Total product costs are commonly calculated on one of three bases:
• daily basis,
• unit-of-product basis, or
• annual basis
The annual cost basis is the best choice for estimation of total cost because
1) the effect of seasonal variations is smoothed out,
2) plant on-stream time or equipment operating factor is considered,
3) it permits more-rapid calculation of operating costs at less than full capacity, and
4) it provides a convenient way of considering infrequently occurring but large expenses
such as annual turnaround costs in a refinery.
15. Following books were used in preparation of notes
Blank, L., Tarquin. A. 2005. Engineering Economy. 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Eschenbach, T. G. 2003. Engineering Economy”, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press
Riggs, J. L., Bedworth, D. D., Randhawa, S. U. 1996. Engineering Economics”, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill.
Riggs, J. L., West. T. M. 1986. Essentials of Engineering Economics”, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Peter, M. S., Timmerhaus, K. D. 1991. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 4th Edition,
McGraw-Hill.