Just some brief notes for Summary & Paraphrasing ^^

2. 1. Is an important skill
2. Includes the skills of rephrasing or restating
ideas
3. Needs one to use different words (often
synonyms) but at the same time retain the
ORIGINAL meaning of the sentence or text.
 Always about the same length as the
original
 May sometimes be longer.

3. 1. Read all the ideas until you FULLY
understand it.
2. Take note of IMPORTANT words.
3. Set the original aside, and write your
paraphrase on a note card.
4. Check your rendition with the original to
make sure that your version accurately
expresses ALL the essential information in a
new form.

4.  Include minor points/ repetitions/
unnecessary examples/ quotations/ idioms/
illustrations.
 OWN opinion
 Change technical terms
 Change the MEANING of the ORIGINAL text.

5. 1. Rephrase EACH Sentence, one after another.
2. Simplify and combine sentences.
3. Simplify the sentence structure :
 From active to passive
 From direct to reported speech
4. Change the words to their synonyms.
5. Change parts of speech
6. Change conjunctions

6.  Example :
 It is inherent in human nature to express
oneself.
 It is natural for people to express themselves.

7.  Example :
 Facebook(S) makes one(O) more accessible.
 One is more accessible with Facebook.

8.  Example :
 Kids belonging to the active-aggressive
category are extremely impulsive.
 Extreme impulsivity is characteristic of
children categorized as active-aggressive.

9.  Example :
 Although the lecturer has repeated the topic
several times, the students still find it difficult to
understand the concept.
 The students still find it hard to grasp the idea even
though their lecturer has explained it a few times.

10.  Approximately 30,000 students may be
assisted by the proposed “free lunch”
program.
About 30,000 students may be helped/ aided/
benefited/ supported by the suggested/
recommended/planned free lunch
programme.

11.  With the development of flash memory cards, the
market for portable music players jumped sharply.
 With the improvement/ progress/ expansion/ increase/
of flash memory cards, the demand/ sales of portable
music players soared/ increased drastically
 Although the coach’s strategy was a little dangerous,
the team was successful.
 Even though the coach’s plan was quite risky, the
team was successful.

12.  The expenditure needed to combat climate
change will require changes to the federal
government’s budget.
 The expenses/ cost/ money needed to fight
against climate change will require changes
to the federal government’s financial plan.

13.  Therefore, the effect was an increase in
student examination results.
 Hence, the consequence/ result was an
increase in students’ test scores/
performance.
 In addition, a strong typhoon is expected to
batter the coast over the next few days.
 Moreover, a strong hurricane is expected to
hit/ pummel the coast over the next few days

14.  The engineer must judge how much dynamite to
use according to the volume of material to be
removed from the tunnel.
 The engineer must evaluate/ review how much
dynamite to use depending on the amount of
material to be removed from the tunnel.
 Two of the students were expelled for violating
the school’s “no fighting” policy.
 Two of the students were terminated for going
against/ breaking the school’s no fighting rules
and regulation.

15.  My mother washes the floor every Saturday.
 The policewoman is delivering the food to an
orphanage.
 That tall man in the corner mailed our
package.
 The professor was helping a student when
the bell sounded.
 Millions of tourists have visited the Eiffel
Tower.

16.  Long and wordy: You have to give us your
decision by tomorrow.
 Better: You have to decide by tomorrow.
 Long and wordy: Researchers conducted an
investigation into the problem.
 Better: Researchers investigated the
problem.

17.  It is not enough just to change a FEW words.
 The entire sentence MUST be rewritten in:
a) As many new words as possible
b) In a whole new structure/ way of writing,
changing the way it is expressed yet
retaining/ keeping the ORIGINAL IDEAS ^^

18.  Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking
notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final
[research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact
transcribing of source materials while taking notes.
BAD…
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take
notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In
fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of
directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of
source material copied while taking notes. (some words are
changed, YET many are the same and the structure is exactly the
same)

19.  In research papers students often quote
excessively, failing to keep quoted material
down to a desirable level. Since the problem
usually originates during note taking, it is
essential to minimize the material recorded
verbatim (Lester 46-47).

20. Parents choose to marry off their daughters for a
number of reasons. Poor families may regard a young
girl as an economic burden and her marriage as a
necessary survival strategy for her family. They may
think that child marriage offers protection to their
daughter from the dangers of sexual assault, or more
generally, offers the care of a male guardian. Child
marriage may also be seen as a strategy to avoid girls
from becoming pregnant outside marriage.

21. There are several factors that could cause poverty
stricken parents to marry their daughter off at an
early age. First, they might view their daughters as
financial burdens and even strategize for the
marriage to bring some financial gain for the
family. However some hope that child marriages
can protect their daughters from sexual assaults as
they will be under the supervision of a husband.
Lastly, some feel that child marriages are effective
in curbing pregnancies out of wedlock.

22.  An extremely important skill to possess
 Is a concise statement of the most important
information in a text.
 It should describe ONLY most of the main
ideas. Details and repeated information
should be omitted.

23. The skills needed include :
1. Identifying relevant points
2. Distinguishing main ideas
3. Distinguishing supporting details
4. Paraphrasing.

24. 1. Find the most important information that tells what
the paragraph or group of paragraphs is about. Write
this into a topic sentence.
2. Find ALL main ideas and important supporting
details that support your topic sentence and show
how they are related.
3. Combine several main ideas into a single sentence.
4. Substitute a general term for lists of items or events.
5. Do not include trivial information or unimportant
details.
6. Do not repeat information.

25.  The main ideas
 The main supporting details.
• It does not contain :
• Specific details
• Minor points
• Examples

26. • Includes main points
• Includes supporting details
• Is well organized
• Is logical
• Should not include personal opinion

27. Managing time is as much about dropping
worthless activities as adding new ones. The idea
is to weed out activities that deliver little reward.
One tool for purging your schedule is a "not-to-do"
list. On this list include the notorious time-wasters
in your life tasks that are just as well left undone.
Examples are activities motivated only by
obligation, such as compulsively keeping up with
the latest fashion or television shows. Decide right
now to eliminate activities with a low payoff. When
you add a new activity to your schedule, consider
dropping a current one.
Summarized version :
To manage time more effectively, we need to weed out unimportant
activities (time wasters) by having a list of not to do activities as well
as dropping unbeneficial ones for better ones.

28. 1. Make sure you have an introductory statement/ topic
sentence.
2. Use transitional words to merge main points and
supporting details.
3. Signpost your main ideas, for ex: first,…then,…finally…
4. Write in the present tense unless you are summarising a
story (narrative).
5. Keep to the word limit. The tolerance level in terms of
word limit would be approximately 120 words.
6. Include the total number of words at the end of your
summary.

29.  After you have located ALL the MAIN IDEAS and their
most important supporting details:
SET THEM ASIDE
AND
PARAPHRASE
a summary is not a copy and paste or merely a
shorter version of the original text…it is a
compact and accurate version of the most
crucial information of the text that you have
rewritten in your own words.