1) The document discusses summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. It provides an original text, a summary, and a paraphrase of the text and asks the reader to identify which is which. 2) A sample text is then provided about studying in a tertiary environment and three potential summaries are given. The best summary is identified as option B. 3) Instructions are given for an activity where participants summarize a short text about physical training and cardiac health and then compare summaries with a partner.

1. Summarising, Paraphrasing and Quoting
In pairs, discuss which of these is the original, the summary and the paraphrase. Why?
1. Better note taking by students will help to reduce the amount of quotations in their
work, which is often too high. She suggests that students should try, to write notes
in their own words rather than copying word for word from a source. This will then
lead to a lower level of quotation.
Singh, A. (2105) Academic Skills for Postgraduate Students. Liverpool: LJMU Press
2. Students should take just a few notes from sources without copying to help reduce
the amount of quotes in a research paper (Singh, 2015).
3. According to Singh (2015), in research papers students often quote excessively,
failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually
originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded
verbatim.
Summarising Activity 1
Read the following text.
Studying in a new environment is different and therefore can be stressful. Tertiary students
come from a variety of backgrounds and are studying for different purposes. Students may
have come straight from secondary school, they may be a ‘mature age’ student who has
decided to pursue another career, or they may be an international student who has just
arrived in the United Kingdom. For many students, whatever their background, tertiary
learning is different from their previous studies. Students may be worried about the amount
of reading required, or whether they will be able to study efficiently enough to get through
their exams. They may also worry about the tertiary learning expectations and
requirements.
Choose the best summary of the text out of these three options:

2. A) Students from different backgrounds, including secondary, mature age and
international, are concerned about the amount of reading required in tertiary
study.
B) Tertiary learning is often a new environment for students particularly
internationals as they are unsure of what is expected of them.
C) For many students, including those from diverse backgrounds, it is often
difficult to adapt to new tertiary learning environments. Managing workloads,
understanding expectations and how to study effectively for exams can be
extremely stressful.
Summarising Activity 2
Using the extract from an article by Chatard et al. (2015), write a brief summary of it.
Compare it with the person next to you:
Which key words did you use? Were they same as your partner’s? Have your summaries
expressed the same point?
Physical training has several cardiovascular benefits. However, in rare cases, intensive
exercise may be associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD). Such counterintuitive events
are widely publicized because of the public profile of these elite athletes and capture the
hearts of society as a nation. Moreover, because athletes are considered to represent the
healthiest segment of society, questions are raised among the general public regarding the
perceived risk of the competition. The community of sports physicians must respond to
these concerns by providing data on the actual prevalence of SCD among young (12–35
years) athletes, and where possible, make recommendations for its prevention.
Your summary:

3. Paraphrasing Activity
Read the original text and the two paraphrases of it.
Original text, from R. Adebyo (2017) Homelessness in the UK. Liverpool: LJMU Press
Because of the complexity of homelessness from a social policy and service delivery
perspective, there are a wide range of views on what constitutes homelessness. Definitions
of homelessness are culturally and historically contingent. They range from limited objective
measures which conflate homelessness with rooflessness to more subjective definitions
founded on culturally and historically determined ideas of ‘home’
Paraphrase 1
A multi-faceted concept, homelessness can be defined in a variety of ways, according to
Adebeyo (2017), most simply as the basic lack of shelter. However, our understanding of
what constitutes a ‘home’ is also informed by our culture and history. This complexity
impacts the development of effective policy and services to address homelessness.
Paraphrase 2
Homelessness is complicated from both policy-making and service delivery points of view.
For this reason, there are many different opinions on what homelessness means.
Characterisations of homelessness are linked to culture and history. They encompass both
narrow objective views which define being homeless as being roofless, and more personal
definitions based on cultural and historical understandings of 'home' (Adebeyo, 2017).

4. Quoting activity 1
Look at the examples of students’ work using quotations. Should these be used? Why?
a) Grosjean (1984, p. 257) believes that ‘bilinguals range from being very
poor to being very competent translators’.
b) Logan (1999, p. 111) states that ‘the second world war ended in
1945’.
c) The survey showed that ‘82.7% of the interviewees were satisfied
with the product’ (Marchant, 2010, p. 20).
d) Using animal organs for transplantation is beneficial, as patients are
not forced to wait as long. A stated by Kline (2005, p.53), ‘advances in
genetic techniques mean that there is less chance of animal organs
being rejected by the human immune system’.
Quoting activity 2
Read the student’s work below, which quotes from Greenwood and Kelly. How would you
re-write this to avoid the quotation.
Original:
Greenwood and Kelly (2017) argue that ‘changes in educational practice will rely on shifts in
what teachers think and do, and that therefore teacher engagement with APDR at a local
level may require a high level of ongoing learning and development to embed into
pedagogical practice in the classroom.’
Your suggested re-write: