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2023-24 Teams Presentation How to use references (1).pptx
- 1. How to use references Please turn off your microphone and camera options. This reduction of energy and bandwidth will permit a smoother broadcast. You can use the Chat function to ask any questions. This session will be recorded. Please sign the attendance sheet available at: https://forms.office.com/r/QXaQhPPpF4
- 2. Learning outcomes By the end of this workshop you should be able to: • Incorporate references into your writing • Identify the advantages and disadvantages of different styles of in- text citation • Identify how to develop your skills at paraphrasing
- 3. This workshop is: • Practical • Non-discipline specific • Examples given are the Teesside University Harvard style ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • It will NOT show you how to create references for your reference list • Please refer to the online referencing tutorial to learn how to create references http://libguides.tees.ac.uk/referencing
- 4. What is referencing? Identifying and listing all the sources you have referred to in your assignment. There are 2 parts to this: 1. Citing in the text Godwin (2019, p. 15) 2. Creating a list of references at the end of your assignment based on the works you have cited in the text your assignment Godwin, J. (2019) Planning your essay. 3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- 5. What is plagiarism? “Taking and using another person’s thoughts, writings or inventions as your own without acknowledging or citing the source of the ideas and expressions” (Pears and Shields, 2022, p. 268)
- 6. How to avoid plagiarism 1. Keep accurate records of the sources you have used 2. Judge when a reference is needed 3. Cite and reference properly 4. Paraphrase - don't just copy. In your writing, describe other people's ideas or results (using references) and their importance to your argument, rather than simply copying what you've read Workshop link to New session
- 7. A comparative study on properties built within the last twenty years and older houses, clearly illustrated the financial and environmental benefits of investing time and money in improving home insulation. A recent survey and video underlined that as much as a third of the heat generated in homes is lost through the walls or the roof as a result of poor insulation. Exercise 1: Where are citations needed in this paragraph?
- 8. A comparative study conducted by Bowman and Jenkins (2021), on properties built within the last twenty years and older houses, clearly illustrated the financial and environmental benefits of investing time and money in improving home insulation. A recent survey (Thermascan, 2021) and video (Norman, 2021) underlined that as much as a third of the heat generated in homes is lost through the walls or the roof as a result of poor insulation. Exercise 1: answer
- 9. • Emphasises the information • Positive: can help your assignment to flow • Negative: references can sometimes appear too far away from the point • Please ensure that your reference appears at the end of a sentence not just the end of the paragraph (Norman, 2021) • Emphasises the author • Positive: good for introducing reference early in a paragraph • Negative: can reduce the impact of your points • Negative: can become repetitive • Please ensure that you use the correct verb for your viewpoint Norman (2021) argued
- 11. Exercise 2a – what’s wrong with this? • According to (Smith, 2018), there is no strong evidence …
- 12. Exercise 2a – answer • X According to (Smith, 2018), there is no strong evidence … • According to Smith (2018), there is no strong evidence …
- 13. Exercise 2b – what’s wrong with this? • According to Smith, 2015, there is little evidence …
- 14. Exercise 2b – answer • X According to Smith, 2015, there is little evidence … • According to Smith (2015), there is little evidence …
- 15. Exercise 2c – what’s wrong with this? • Fred Smith (2017) argued that there was little evidence …
- 16. Exercise 2c – answer • X Fred Smith (2017) argued that there was little evidence … • Smith (2017) argued that there was little evidence …
- 17. What is paraphrasing? “When you paraphrase, you express someone else’s writing in your own words, usually to achieve greater clarity. This is an alternative way of referring to an author’s ideas or arguments without using direct quotations from their text” • (Pears and Shields, 2022, p. 30)
- 18. Why paraphrase? • Demonstrates to your lecturer that you understand the material • Allows you to summarise • Saves words • Improves the flow of your assignment • Allows you to reword the evidence so that it fits in with the case you’re making • Preferable to long quotations
- 19. Students invest a great deal of time, energy and money in their education so success at university or at college is usually very important to them. There are many different versions of what that success would look like. from Cottrell, S. (2019) Study skills handbook. 5th edn. London: Red Globe Press, p. 11. Exercise 3: Read the following paragraph:
- 20. How good is this attempt at paraphrasing? Example 1 Paraphrased: Students spend a lot of money on their university courses so they need to do well, which means they are keen to make sure they obtain a good degree. Original: Students invest a great deal of time, energy and money in their education so success at university or at college is usually very important to them. There are many different versions of what that success would look like.
- 21. How good is this attempt at paraphrasing? Example 2 Paraphrased: Students spend a great deal of time, energy and money in their university education, so success is usually very important, but there are many versions of what success looks like. Original: Students invest a great deal of time, energy and money in their education so success at university or at college is usually very important to them. There are many different versions of what that success would look like.
- 22. How good is this attempt at paraphrasing? Example 3 Paraphrased: Students advance many hours, vigour and currency in their universities so success is habitually very imperative to them. However, there are many altered styles of what that success would bear a resemblance to. Original: Students invest a great deal of time, energy and money in their education so success at university or at college is usually very important to them. There are many different versions of what that success would look like.
- 23. How good is this attempt at paraphrasing? Example 4 Paraphrased: Students want to succeed at university, to justify all the effort and expense that they have spent on their education. But they do not all view what it means to succeed in the same way. Original: Students invest a great deal of time, energy and money in their education so success at university or at college is usually very important to them. There are many different versions of what that success would look like.
- 24. How to paraphrase: method 1 Understand Hide Write Check Do you understand all the terms in the sentence or paragraph? Use a dictionary to look them up. Hide: put the book or article away so you’re not looking at it. Write a summary from your own understanding. Check against the original to make sure your version uses different words.
- 25. How to paraphrase: method 2 Use a combination of techniques • Synonyms or similar terms • Swapping the order • Cause/effect • Reason/consequences • Lists • Opposites • Replacing with a related word
- 26. Exercise 4: Have a go at paraphrasing this paragraph: As a student, only part of your week and year will be formally timetabled. You are responsible for organising most of your study time for yourself. Adapted from Cottrell, S. (2019) Study skills handbook. 5th edn. London: Red Globe Press, p. 123.
- 27. Our answer As a student, only part of your week and year will be formally timetabled. You are responsible for organising most of your study time for yourself. Students need to work independently for most of the week, as timetabled classes will take up less than half of the time. This is just one possible answer Original Our answer
- 28. In summary Paraphrasing shows more skill than using direct quotes Make sure your reference is in the correct format and position in your sentence Be mindful of the verb you choose when introducing a reference
- 29. • Practise - the more you do it the easier it gets • Check LibGuides http://libguides.tees.ac.uk/learning_hub • Use ‘Cite them right’ https://www.citethemrightonline.com • Help is available - ask your Academic Librarian, email libraryhelp@tees.ac.uk • Academic writing tutorials: http://libguides.tees.ac.uk/tutorials/literature Further help
- 30. Other relevant workshops • How to Reference… • Academic Writing • Structuring Your Assignment • How to Avoid Plagiarism
- 31. References Cottrell, S. (2019) Study skills handbook. 5th edn. London: Red Globe Press. Godfrey, J. (2019) Planning your essay. 3rd edn. London: Macmillan Education. Godfrey, J. (2022) Writing for university. 3rd edn. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 12th edn. London: Bloomsbury. University of Manchester (2022) Academic phrasebank. Available at: http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 2 September 2022).
- 32. We really value your feedback Thank you for attending this workshop Please fill in the feedback form available at: https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/P976MNN
- 33. Any questions?
- 34. Thank you for participating – the session has ended.
Editor's Notes
- This session will be starting in 10 / 5 / minutes Welcome Who we are - My colleague …. will be moderating this session If you have any questions please use the chat or raise your hand. I will be stopping at points throughout the session to see if there are any questions. Format of session: slides and exercises
- Tutor 1 This workshop explains why you need to reference and how to effectively use references and citations in your academic work. These are the learning outcomes for the session.
- Practical – there are some exercises for you to try to put into practice some citation and paraphrasing skills. The majority of courses use the Harvard referencing style. There are many versions of the Harvard referencing style. The version used at Teesside University is based on the advice given in the ‘Cite them right’ referencing guide, and the examples given in this document follow this version. The principles that are explained in this document will apply regardless of which referencing style you have been asked to use. To find out which referencing style your School or course uses open the ‘Which referencing style’ tab on the Referencing LibGuide This document does not show you how to create references To learn how to do that take a look at the Referencing tutorial on the Referencing LibGuide or refer to the How to Reference (Teesside University-Harvard Style) helpsheet.
- Referencing is a two part process Part one is the citation (often referred to as an ‘in-text citation’). Citations are a short way to uniquely identify a published work, identifying in your assignment where you have used the work of other people (the source) by either using direct quotes or paraphrasing. The citation should include the last name of the person, or the name of the company/organisation (e.g. BBC), followed by the year of publication and page number. Include a page number if you are directly quoting from the text or have used concepts/ideas from a specific page . The citation is usually added close to the text in your assignment that is referring to the source. Part two of the process is the Reference list, which is an A-Z list in author order, of all the sources that you have provided citations for in your assignment. An example of a Reference list can be seen under the ‘Reference list’ tab in the Referencing LibGuide INSERT URL This workshop focuses on how to cite correctly (part one).
- Plagiarism is taken very seriously, and is classed as ‘Academic Misconduct’ for which the university has regulations. If you are found guilty of plagiarism there are various penalties, for example you may have to resubmit the assessment and it will be capped at the relevant pass mark (usually 40%). We saw a final year student who had copied and pasted in her dissertation – she was given chance to re-submit but was capped at 40%. Up to then, she said she’d been working at a 2.1 This quote is from the referencing guide ‘Cite them right’. Plagiarism basically means using information in your assignment that has been created by someone else, and not stating who has created it and where you found it. Plagiarism isn’t restricted to just using information from books and journals. It covers information from websites, images (photographs, illustrations, tables, graphs etc), equations and programming codes and much more. Anything which is someone else’s work or idea MUST be referenced otherwise you can be accused of plagiarism. Examples of plagiarism The inclusion in your essay of a sentence or phrase (or more) from another person's work without the use of quotation marks and referencing the sources The paraphrasing of another person's work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without referencing the source Summarising someone else’s work without referencing it. The use of ideas or images from another persons work without referencing the source.
- Record accurately the details of the books/journals/websites you’ve used (including page numbers) You need to include a reference whenever you include ideas that aren’t known to everyone. Unless it’s something like ‘London is the capital of England’, you need to have references to support all views. Make sure you insert in-text citations and a reference list Learn how to paraphrase
- Actual references are below, tho if the recent survey and video were from the same source they would only require a single citation 1: Comparative study by Bowman and Jenkins (2021) 2: Recent survey by Thermascan (2021) 3: Video by Norman (2021) Text adapted from Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 12th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. P.25 Bold added for emphasis to show intext citations on this slide – not used in your work. As you can see, there are two styles of in-text citation here Comes at the end - where everything is in brackets, not part of the sentence - (Thermascan, 2021), and Where the author is part of the sentence, but the date is in brackets - Bowman and Jenkins (2021). There aren’t page numbers here as one is a video which wouldn’t have page numbers and the others are referring generally to studies rather than information on specific pages.
- Actual references are below, tho if the recent survey and video were from the same source they would only require a single citation 1: Comparative study by Bowman and Jenkins (2021) 2: Recent survey by Thermascan (2022) 3: Video by Norman (2021) Text adapted from Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 12th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bold added for emphasis to show intext citations on this slide – not used in your work. As you can see, there are two styles of in-text citation here Comes at the end - where everything is in brackets, not part of the sentence - (Thermascan, 2021), and Where the author is part of the sentence, but the date is in brackets - Bowman and Jenkins (2021). There aren’t page numbers here as one is a video which wouldn’t have page numbers and the others are referring generally to studies rather than information on specific pages.
- There are advantages and disadvantages to both approaches to in-text citations (read)
- The verb you choose can indicate how much you agree with the viewpoint of the author. Vary your verbs to show these points – it will help with developing your case or argument in your assignment. If something is generally accepted, don’t use a verb like ‘argue’ or ‘claim’. Academic Phrasebank Mention that Academic Phrasebank can provide more guidance
- Paraphrasing is the preferred way of referring to an author’s ideas or arguments - without using direct quotations from their text It means putting someone’s writing into your own words. *You must ensure that you do not change the original meaning and you must still cite and reference your source of information*
- See slide for main advantages of paraphrasing
- Not good because it misrepresents the meaning of the original – which doesn’t say they want to get a good degree – says that success is different for different people.
- Not good at all – plagiarism? -too close to original – only couple of words changed. Note that key phrase ‘great deal of time, energy and money’ which has remained unchanged.
- Not good. Heavy reliance on synonym on Word has led to sentences which don’t make sense. Not plagiarised but not easy to understand, so would not get good feedback for academic writing style.
- OK. Note that first sentence has been swapped round so it starts with students wanting to succeed then talks about effort made. Different versions changed to not all the same Synonyms – time, energy and money changed to effort and expense Swapping the order – want to succeed moved to the start of the sentence Opposites - Different versions changed to not all the same Related word – success/succeed
- Give link to paraphrasing handout. This is one method for paraphrasing – based on using your own understanding
- If method 1 doesn’t work for you, this is a more systematic approach. These are different techniques that you can use – more details in the handout – you’ll need to use several together to change it sufficiently. If we look back at the answers from the previous exercise – ask if they can pick out where these techniques have been used in example 3: Synonyms – time, energy and money changed to effort and expense Swapping the order – want to succeed moved to the start of the sentence Opposites - Different versions changed to not all the same Related word – success/succeed
- Our answer – swapped two sentences around so timetabling in second sentence. As a student – changed to students (related) Synonyms – ‘work independently’ instead of ‘organising most of your study time yourself’ – took whole phrase and changed it. ‘Only part’ – to ‘less than half’.
- Here are the three main points from todays workshop Paraphrasing shows more skill and understanding than simply copying and pasting quotations. We looked at the advantages and disadvantages of how to add a reference to you sentence. Either using the author/s within you writing or using the more passive methods of the full citation in brackets a the end of the sentence. You can enhance your writing through your choice of verb when introducing your reference, to show your positive, negative or neutral stance.
- Remember the style guide – cite them right - is on our website – demo where to find if they’re not sure