Am 3. November 2015 fand die TransMit Bildungswerkstatt „Geflüchtete und Arbeitsmarkt – Wege in Ausbildung und Beruf“ in Halle statt. Als Teil der TransMit Themenreihe „Integration Geflüchteter durch Bildung“ lag der Fokus der Veranstaltung auf Integrationsangeboten in den Arbeitsmarkt. In ihrem Vortrag stellte Diana Nebe (Agentur für Arbeit, Regionaldirektion Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen) den Ablauf des Asylverfahrens und die daran beteiligten Akteure vor. http://tinyurl.com/z7j5xv5
Throughout Greek and Roman history, naval warfare played a prominent role. Gaining, exerting and contesting sea power was an important characteristic of many a conflict from the Archaic period right down to Late Antiquity; indeed, from the Persian to the Punic wars, contesting control of the sea was often at the very centre of the conflict. Yet despite its importance naval power in general and naval action in particular is extremely poorly understood, and already the most basic questions regarding an ancient naval action – what could and what did actually happen – remain to this day mostly unanswered.
22 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer diskutierten in Jena und Halle über Chancen und Stolpersteine auf dem Weg zum Bildungsleitbild in ihren Städten und Landkreisen. Wie konkret ein Leitbild inhaltlich ausgestaltet kann, zeigte der Vortrag von Dagmar Fischer und Sophie Heda, Mitarbeiterinnen im Bildungsbüro des Landkreises Elbe-Elster. http://tinyurl.com/gpljvx5
Am 3. November 2015 fand die TransMit Bildungswerkstatt „Geflüchtete und Arbeitsmarkt – Wege in Ausbildung und Beruf“ in Halle statt. Als Teil der TransMit Themenreihe „Integration Geflüchteter durch Bildung“ lag der Fokus der Veranstaltung auf Integrationsangeboten in den Arbeitsmarkt. In ihrem Vortrag stellte Diana Nebe (Agentur für Arbeit, Regionaldirektion Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen) den Ablauf des Asylverfahrens und die daran beteiligten Akteure vor. http://tinyurl.com/z7j5xv5
Throughout Greek and Roman history, naval warfare played a prominent role. Gaining, exerting and contesting sea power was an important characteristic of many a conflict from the Archaic period right down to Late Antiquity; indeed, from the Persian to the Punic wars, contesting control of the sea was often at the very centre of the conflict. Yet despite its importance naval power in general and naval action in particular is extremely poorly understood, and already the most basic questions regarding an ancient naval action – what could and what did actually happen – remain to this day mostly unanswered.
22 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer diskutierten in Jena und Halle über Chancen und Stolpersteine auf dem Weg zum Bildungsleitbild in ihren Städten und Landkreisen. Wie konkret ein Leitbild inhaltlich ausgestaltet kann, zeigte der Vortrag von Dagmar Fischer und Sophie Heda, Mitarbeiterinnen im Bildungsbüro des Landkreises Elbe-Elster. http://tinyurl.com/gpljvx5
GWT wird verwendet um moderne, komplexe Rich Internet Applications zu erstellen. Durch die Generierung von JavaScript aus Java Code können alle Vorteile von Java genützt und gleichzeitig die immer größer werdenden Anforderungen der Web-Benutzer in Bezug auf Style, Performance, Interaktion und Browser-Kompatibilität von Webseiten abgedeckt werden. In dem Vortrag wird GWT vorgestellt und auf dessen Einsatz in der Praxis eingegangen.
Modeling and qualitative analysis of malaria epidemiologyIOSR Journals
We develop and analyze a mathematical model on malaria dynamics using ordinary differential equations, in order to investigate the effect of certain parameters on the transmission and spread of the disease. We introduce dimensionless variables for time, fraction of infected human and fraction of infected mosquito and solve the resulting system of ordinary differential equations numerically. Equilibrium points are established and stability criteria analyzed. The results reveal that the parameters play a crucial role in the interaction between human and infected mosquito.
Video Encryption and Decryption with Authentication using Artificial Neural N...IOSR Journals
Abstract :Multimedia data security is becoming important with the continuous increase of digital
communications on internet. With the rapid development of various multimedia technologies, more and more
multimedia data are generated and transmitted in the medical, commercial, and military fields, which may
include some sensitive information which should not be accessed by or can only be partially exposed to the
general users. . The encryption algorithms developed to secure text data are not suitable for multimedia
application because of the large data size and real time constraint. Therefore, there is a great demand for
secured data storage and transmission techniques. Information security has traditionally been ensured with
data encryption and authentication techniques. The secrecy of communication is maintained by secret key
exchange. In effect the strength of the algorithm depends solely on the length of the key. The presented work
aims at secure video transmission using randomness in encryption algorithm, thereby creating more confusion
to obtain the original data. The security of the original cipher has been enhanced by addition of impurities to
misguide the cryptanalyst. Since the encryption process is one way function, the artificial neural networks are
best suited for this purpose as they possess features like high security, no distortion and its ability to perform for
non linear input-output characteristics, In the presented work the need for key exchange is also eliminated,
which is otherwise a perquisite for most of the algorithms used today. The proposed work finds its application in
medical imaging systems, military image database communication and confidential video conferencing, and
similar such application. The results are obtained through the use of MATLAB 7.14.0
Keywords: Artificial Neural networks, Back propagation algorithm, video encryption and decryption, cipher
and decipher
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
In the recent years, the rapid growths of population and industrialization levels have been
resulted in increased for demand of transportation. In addition, this growth increases the traffic loads
which cause several pavement distresses such as rutting. Several trials were made to control
pavement rutting by mix enhancement. These trials were already limited pavement rutting, but on the
other hand showed pavement cracking as a result of lower flexibility for the modified pavements.
This study aims at investigating the effect of crumb rubber on the characteristics of asphalt mixes. To
achieve this objective, crumb rubber with different percentages of fine aggregate (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
24 and 28%) were used to manufacture the investigated asphalt mixes. Marshall designs were used to
obtain the optimum asphalt contents and the corresponding characteristics of the investigated mixes.
Other mix characteristics including Marshall stiffness, loss of stability, tensile strength as well as
rutting resistance were measured for the investigated mixes. Loss of stability test, indirect tensile test
(ITT) and wheel tracking test (WTT) were conducted to measure these characteristics. Analyzing the
study results showed that, the use of crumb rubber has a noticeable effect on the characteristics of
asphalt mixes. It is noticed that, the use of rubber percent up to 16% by weight of fine aggregate
increases the pavement resistance to cracking and does not greatly affect the pavement resistance to
rutting.
Who knew that you can use the quarry by pass product to produce perfect sand. Am Cast ( Capital Equipment Division) matched superior mechanics with advanced electronics to solve the eternal sand dilemma. Feed waste get sand.
Utilization of mining waste as contruction aggregates -An overviewMrinmoy Chakraborty
This presentation is pertaining to Chittorgarh area of Rajasthan. There are are around 10 Limestone ( Cement Grade) mining leases currently working, with huge waste dumps of low grade limestone not fit for cement manufacture with current technology. This waste can be used for crushing into contraction aggregates and replace river sand with crushed rock fines.
GWT wird verwendet um moderne, komplexe Rich Internet Applications zu erstellen. Durch die Generierung von JavaScript aus Java Code können alle Vorteile von Java genützt und gleichzeitig die immer größer werdenden Anforderungen der Web-Benutzer in Bezug auf Style, Performance, Interaktion und Browser-Kompatibilität von Webseiten abgedeckt werden. In dem Vortrag wird GWT vorgestellt und auf dessen Einsatz in der Praxis eingegangen.
Modeling and qualitative analysis of malaria epidemiologyIOSR Journals
We develop and analyze a mathematical model on malaria dynamics using ordinary differential equations, in order to investigate the effect of certain parameters on the transmission and spread of the disease. We introduce dimensionless variables for time, fraction of infected human and fraction of infected mosquito and solve the resulting system of ordinary differential equations numerically. Equilibrium points are established and stability criteria analyzed. The results reveal that the parameters play a crucial role in the interaction between human and infected mosquito.
Video Encryption and Decryption with Authentication using Artificial Neural N...IOSR Journals
Abstract :Multimedia data security is becoming important with the continuous increase of digital
communications on internet. With the rapid development of various multimedia technologies, more and more
multimedia data are generated and transmitted in the medical, commercial, and military fields, which may
include some sensitive information which should not be accessed by or can only be partially exposed to the
general users. . The encryption algorithms developed to secure text data are not suitable for multimedia
application because of the large data size and real time constraint. Therefore, there is a great demand for
secured data storage and transmission techniques. Information security has traditionally been ensured with
data encryption and authentication techniques. The secrecy of communication is maintained by secret key
exchange. In effect the strength of the algorithm depends solely on the length of the key. The presented work
aims at secure video transmission using randomness in encryption algorithm, thereby creating more confusion
to obtain the original data. The security of the original cipher has been enhanced by addition of impurities to
misguide the cryptanalyst. Since the encryption process is one way function, the artificial neural networks are
best suited for this purpose as they possess features like high security, no distortion and its ability to perform for
non linear input-output characteristics, In the presented work the need for key exchange is also eliminated,
which is otherwise a perquisite for most of the algorithms used today. The proposed work finds its application in
medical imaging systems, military image database communication and confidential video conferencing, and
similar such application. The results are obtained through the use of MATLAB 7.14.0
Keywords: Artificial Neural networks, Back propagation algorithm, video encryption and decryption, cipher
and decipher
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
In the recent years, the rapid growths of population and industrialization levels have been
resulted in increased for demand of transportation. In addition, this growth increases the traffic loads
which cause several pavement distresses such as rutting. Several trials were made to control
pavement rutting by mix enhancement. These trials were already limited pavement rutting, but on the
other hand showed pavement cracking as a result of lower flexibility for the modified pavements.
This study aims at investigating the effect of crumb rubber on the characteristics of asphalt mixes. To
achieve this objective, crumb rubber with different percentages of fine aggregate (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
24 and 28%) were used to manufacture the investigated asphalt mixes. Marshall designs were used to
obtain the optimum asphalt contents and the corresponding characteristics of the investigated mixes.
Other mix characteristics including Marshall stiffness, loss of stability, tensile strength as well as
rutting resistance were measured for the investigated mixes. Loss of stability test, indirect tensile test
(ITT) and wheel tracking test (WTT) were conducted to measure these characteristics. Analyzing the
study results showed that, the use of crumb rubber has a noticeable effect on the characteristics of
asphalt mixes. It is noticed that, the use of rubber percent up to 16% by weight of fine aggregate
increases the pavement resistance to cracking and does not greatly affect the pavement resistance to
rutting.
Who knew that you can use the quarry by pass product to produce perfect sand. Am Cast ( Capital Equipment Division) matched superior mechanics with advanced electronics to solve the eternal sand dilemma. Feed waste get sand.
Utilization of mining waste as contruction aggregates -An overviewMrinmoy Chakraborty
This presentation is pertaining to Chittorgarh area of Rajasthan. There are are around 10 Limestone ( Cement Grade) mining leases currently working, with huge waste dumps of low grade limestone not fit for cement manufacture with current technology. This waste can be used for crushing into contraction aggregates and replace river sand with crushed rock fines.
Experimental Study on the Properties of Rice Husk Ash with A.A.A Portland Cementijtsrd
In the last decades, the use of residue in civil construction, especially in addition to concrete, has been subject of many researches due to reduce the environmental pollution factors, it may lead several improvements of the concrete properties. Myanmar is one of the largest rice producing countries and per capita rice consumption is higher than that in any other countries. Considering that 20 of the grain is husk, and 20 of the husk after combustion is converted into ash. In this study, the chemical composition and physical properties of A.A.A Portland cement are tested. The rice husk ash RHA is obtained from Shwebo. And then, the ingredients of mortar and concrete such as sand and aggregate are tested. In this study, Ayeyarwaddy rivers sand is used. According to the silica content, the replacement percentage of RHA is considered as 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 by weight of cement. Finally, the compressive and tensile strength of mortar, and compressive strength of concrete are tested with various percentages of RHA. The results were compared to control sample and the viability of adding RHA to concrete is verified. Nyein Nyein Thant | Tin Yadanar Kyaw "Experimental Study on the Properties of Rice Husk Ash with A.A.A Portland Cement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27824.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/27824/experimental-study-on-the-properties-of-rice-husk-ash-with-aaa-portland-cement/nyein-nyein-thant
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF THE SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE WITH ...IAEME Publication
This Research studies, In recent years, Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be considered as a concrete which has little resistance to flow so that it can be placed and compacted under its own weight with little or no vibration effort, yet possesses enough viscosity to be handled without segregation or bleeding. Several tests such as slump flow, V-funnel, L-box has carried out to determine optimum parameters for the self-compatibility of mixtures. In this article SCC plain and
SCC hybrid fibres has compared. The current study includes a practical program considers the effect of adding Nylon e-300 fibre and Nylon tuff fibre to structural behavior of self-compacting concrete such as compressive strength and flexural strength behavior represent by mix proportion-strength
curves.
Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of ConcreteIEI GSC
Presentation on Effect of Waste Foundry Sand on Durability Properties of Concrete by Tirth Doshi guided by Dr Urmil Dave & Prof Tejas Joshi at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Suitability of Umuahia Sand for Field Compaction Quality Control: A Mechanical Sieve Approach
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan- Feb. 2015), PP 71-76
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12127176 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
Suitability of Umuahia Sand for Field Compaction Quality
Control: A Mechanical Sieve Approach
Arinze, Emmanuel E.1
Department Of Civil Engineering Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture Umudike.
Abstract: The suitability of Umuahia sands as field compaction quality control is investigated in thi9s research
work. Seven samples were collected from seven different sites in Umuahia Nigeria. Samples NT-2 and ET-6
were collected form river bed, on the other hand other samples were collected from sand deposits. Mechanical
sieve analysis was carried out on each of the samples and their percentages passing and that Ottawa sand (the
standard material) were plotted on the same graph sheet against the particle sizes. The nature of graphs
obtained showed that none of the samples can be used as a replacement for Ottawa sand in field compaction
quality control.
Keywords: Umuahia sands, Ottawa sands, sieve analysis, Compaction, Quality control
I. Introduction
Compaction control for construction is always based on a requirement that the contractor meet a certain
percentage of maximum dry density, as obtained by some standard test procedure such as ASTM D698. To
ensure that the field compaction is standard with respect to documents, consultants embark on field compaction
quality control. This compaction quality control to check the maximum dry density (MDD) can be obtained
using any of the following methods: sand cone method, rubber balloon method and nuclear methods [3]
The sand cone device (ASTM D-1556) consists of a glass or plastic jar with a metal cone attached at
its top. The weight of the jar, the cone and the sand filling the jar is determined (W1). In the field, a small hole
is excavated in the area where the soil has been extracted from the hole (W2) is determined and the moisture
content of the excavated soil is known, the dry weight of the soil (W3) can be found as [1, 6]
W3 =
W2
1+
w (%)
100
)............................................................. 1.1
Where w = moisture content
After excavation of the hole, the cone with the sand-filled jar attached to it is inverted and placed over
the hole. Sand is allowed to flow out of the jar attached to it. It is inverted to flow out of the jar into the hole,
and the cone. Once the hole and the cone are filled, weight of the jar, the cone, and the remaining sand in the jar
are determined (W4). Therefore
W5= W1 - W4................................................................................... 1.2
Where W5 = weight of sand to fill the hole and cone.
The volume of the hole excavated can now be determined as
V =
W5−WC
d(sand )
.................................................................... 1.3
Where Wc=weight of sand to fill cone only
d(Sand) = dry unit weight of Ottawa sand used.
The values of Wc and d (sand) are determined form the ccalibration done in the laboratory. The dry
weight of compaction made in the field can now be determined as
d =
dry weig ht of the soil excavated
volume of hole
=
w3
v
..............................1.4 (M. D. Braja 2005)
In all available literature Ottawa sand is recommended for the field test detailed above. Moreover,
because of the non availability of Ottawa sand in this area, sands available are tested to ascertain if they can
replace the said sand in field compaction quality check.[5]
II. Ottawa Standard Sand
The Ottawa quartz sand consists of rounded grains of clear colourless quartz, which have diamond like
hardness and are pure silica (silicon dioxide Sio2) uncontaminated by clear, loam, iron compounds, or other
foreign substances.
2. Suitability Of Umuahia Sand For Field Compaction Quality Control: A Mechanical...
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12127176 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
It is a naturally occurring very homogenous, inorganic material formed because of geologic processes.
This sediment has a definite chemical composition (Sio2) and ordered atomic arrangement in its mineral. The
Ottawa sand should meet the grading requirements which are described in table 2.1 below
Table 2.1 Grading requirements of Ottawa sand.
Square mesh size (mm) Cumulative Passing (%)
4.750 -
2.000 -
1.180 -
0.600 96 – 100
0.425 65 – 75
0.150 20 – 30
0.075 0 – 4
III. Materials And Methods
The soil samples used for the test were collected from seven sites located at the central and Northern
parts of Abia state, Nigeria. The sand samples for laboratory Investigation and field test were collected from
Imo River (IR), Nkwoegwu town (NT), Ude mmiri (UM), Mfuru town (MT), Eme River (ER), Ecomurg Pit
(EP) and Onu-Imo River (OR). These samples were taken from different locations of Umuahia and respectively
designated by (IR-1), (NT-2) (UM-3), (MT -4), (ER-5) (EP-6), (OR-7) respectively.
The samples other than (NT-2) and (ET-6) were collected from the riverbed that crosses the town.
Whereas the samples (NT-2) and (ET-6) where collected from natural sand deposits. [2].
A sieve analysis was carried out on each of the samples according to BS 1377: part 2 1990.[4]
The results obtained were plotted alongside the particle size analysis results of Ottawa sand in figures 3.1 -3.7
below.
IV. Results And Discussion
Table 3.1 grain size analysis result of sample IR-1
Sieve size (mm) Weight retained
(g)
Percentage
retained (%)
Percentage
passing (%)
Cumulative passing
(%) – Ottawa sand
4.750 12 3 97 -
2.000 44 11 86 -
1.180 77 19.25 66.75 -
0.600 117 29.25 37.5 96-100
0.425 52 13 24.5 65-75
0.150 91 22.75 1.75 20-30
0.075 6 1.50 0.25 0-4
Pan 1 0.25 0 -
Fig 3.1 particle size distribution curve of sample IR-1 compared against Ottawa specification limit
6. Suitability Of Umuahia Sand For Field Compaction Quality Control: A Mechanical...
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12127176 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
Curves for all the samples were outside the minimum and maximum value of Ottawa sands.
V. Conclusion And Recommendation
From the results obtained, none of the sand samples can be used in-place of Ottawa sand in field
compaction quality control judging by mechanical sieve analysis approach. This serves a as a warning to local
contractors that use any type of sand available to them to carry out sand cone method and rubber balloon method
of field compaction quality control that required Ottawa sand their results that required Ottawa, that their results
are likely to be wrong. Where the standard material is no available it is recommended that the contractor should
use nuclear method which does not require Ottawa sand for its operation.
Reference
[1]. American society for testing and materials (2004). ASTM Standards, vol 04.08, west Conshokocken, PA.
[2]. Arinze E. E and Egbuna I. C “Suitability of Umuahia sands as backfill materials for vibroflotation compaction of cohesionless soil”
Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 2014 vol. 19 bund.
[3]. Braja M. D (2005) “Fundamentals of geotechnical engineering” Thompson, Toronto, Canada.
[4]. B S 1377: part 2: of 1990 “sieve analysis”
[5]. BS EN 196-1, methods of tests for soils for civil engineering practice.
[6]. Lee, K. W and Singh A. (1971) “Relative Compaction” Journal of the soil mechanics and foundations division, ASCE, vol. 97, no
SMT, 1049-1052.