Suburbs sprawl and_edge_cities
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1. The document discusses the history and development of suburbs and urban sprawl in the United States. It traces 3 waves of suburbanization that followed World War 2, the rise of shopping malls, and the movement of jobs to the suburbs. 2. Urban sprawl is defined as unrestricted growth of housing, commercial development, and roads over large areas with little planning. Edge cities emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as suburban business and retail centers without many residences. 3. As jobs and people moved to the suburbs, inner cities struggled with declining tax revenue, rising needs, and a spatial mismatch between residences and employment. However, inner cities also saw some redevelopment and gentrification in
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3) The Harris and Ullman model proposes that cities form around multiple centers rather than just one central business district.
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rpsharma@mailcity.com
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This document provides an overview of cities and urban geography. It discusses the historic functions of cities as commercial, industrial, resource-based, resort, government, and education centers. It then covers the growth of cities globally, with half the world's population now living in urban areas. Specific topics summarized include the world's largest cities, suburbanization, urban problems like sprawl and segregation, and the challenges facing cities in developed and developing countries.
Nyc
The document discusses the history and development of New York City from 1609 to 1941. It describes how New York was founded by the Dutch and focused on trade and commerce. It grew rapidly in the 19th century as a multi-cultural and multi-racial society driven by business. Major events like the American Revolution, slavery, and the Stock Market Crash of 1929 impacted the city's development. Figures like Robert Moses helped shape New York through large-scale infrastructure projects during the 20th century. The emergence of skyscrapers and new building technologies also transformed the urban landscape.
Ap human geography unit 7
1. The document discusses various concepts related to urban geography including characteristics of African and European cities, models of urban land use and city structure, factors influencing urban growth and change over time, and challenges faced by cities.
2. Key concepts covered include central place theory, concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, functions of ancient cities, characteristics of northern and southern ghettos, and push/pull factors of rural to urban migration.
3. The document provides definitions and explanations of over 50 terms related to cities and urbanization.
LACC Urban Geography Lecture
This document discusses the history of urban planning from ancient Rome to modern times, covering topics like the industrial revolution, urbanization, suburbanization, and new urbanism. It examines the factors that drove urban growth and changes in settlement patterns over time, as well as the social, economic, and environmental impacts of planning decisions. The rise and decline of cities in relation to transportation innovations and policies is a major theme throughout.
Urbanization
This document discusses key concepts in urban geography including what defines an urban area, models of urban land use and development, factors that influence internal city structure, and patterns of segregation. It also examines world cities, functions of different types of cities, and political and economic forces that shape urban growth and change over time.
Urban planning theories
Urban planning theories have evolved over time in response to changes in populations, economies, and technologies. Early theories focused on orderly city layouts with separate zones. Hippodamus proposed dividing cities into public and private areas with grids. Howard's Garden Cities aimed to blend urban and rural advantages. Geddes emphasized relationships between people and environments. Later, modernist planners like Le Corbusier proposed high-density "Radiant Cities." Burgess' concentric zone model depicted socio-economic groups arranged in circles. Perry's neighborhood unit promoted walkable communities. Today, multiple nuclei and sector theories recognize dispersed growth around transportation networks.
Soria y mata
Arturo Soria y Mata was a 19th century Spanish urban planner known for developing the concept of the linear city. The linear city model proposed organizing a city into parallel zones running along a central transportation corridor. This included zones for industry, green space, and residential areas. Soria intended for Madrid to be developed this way, but the project ultimately failed after his death due to economic and development challenges. However, his linear city concept inspired future planned developments like Navi Mumbai, India and remains an influential model of urban planning today.
Daniel Alves and Ana Alcântara, Urban growth, retail trade and working-class ...
Daniel Alves and Ana Alcântara, Urban growth, retail trade and working-class ...Universidade Nova de Lisboa
This document summarizes changes in Lisbon's social space in the late 19th century due to urban growth and increased retail trade. It finds that Lisbon's population grew significantly between 1878-1900, especially in peripheral parishes. Working class housing and shops moved away from the city center toward areas with lower rental values. Meanwhile, the city center reinforced its identity for services and higher-end shops, remaining the political and cultural center. Despite changes in residences and commerce, working class areas stayed near the economic heart of the city to facilitate organization during times of crisis.Suburbanisation in los angeles
This Power Point defines the process of suburbanisation and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of suburbanisation in Los Angeles.
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Unit 6 ppt
The Industrial Revolution transformed manufacturing through technological improvements. Prior to it, industry was dispersed with people making goods at home. New technologies in iron production, coal mining, and transportation like canals and railroads allowed factory systems to develop. This changed economies and societies through population growth, urbanization, and colonialism as more developed countries sought new resources. Theories like Weber's Least Cost helped explain why certain locations were better for industries based on transportation, labor, and material costs.
Ch 9 development rubenstein
The document discusses factors that influence development levels among countries. It explains that the UN's Human Development Index measures development based on standard of living, health, and education. Countries vary in development due to differences in income, life expectancy, education rates, and economic structures. Access to energy also affects development, as more developed countries consume more energy per capita from fossil fuels. Countries face obstacles to development from a lack of resources and in choosing between a path of self-sufficiency or international trade.
Ch 11 industry rubenstein
The document discusses the importance of situation and site factors in determining the location of industry. It explains that industries seek to locate in areas that minimize transportation costs by positioning themselves close to necessary inputs or large consumer markets. Specifically, it outlines three types of industries - bulk-gaining, single-market manufacturers, and perishable goods producers - that benefit from locating near final consumers. The document also discusses how transportation costs differ depending on the mode of transport used over different distances.
Ch12 services 2014
This document discusses the distribution of services. It outlines three main types of services - consumer, business, and public services. Consumer services make up around half of US jobs and are subdivided into retail/wholesale, education, health/social, and leisure/hospitality. Business services facilitate other businesses and make up a quarter of US jobs, divided into professional, financial, and transportation categories. Public services provide security and constitute 5% of US jobs. The document then examines theories about the distribution of consumer services specifically, including central place theory, which proposes services are distributed in a nested hierarchy based on settlement size.
Unit 6 key_terms
This document provides key terms related to urban geography and cities, including concepts like social stratification, urban morphology, functional zonation, primate city, central city, shantytowns, redlining, gentrification, urban sprawl, global city, and spaces of consumption. These terms will help explain urban land use patterns and the organization and development of cities.
Chapter 13 lecture
This document provides an overview of key concepts in urban geography from a textbook. It covers four main topics: why downtowns are distinctive, patterns of population distribution in urban areas, reasons for urban expansion, and sustainability challenges faced by cities. For each topic, it presents definitions, theoretical models, examples of how the models apply in different world regions, historical influences on urban form, and illustrations from cities around the world.
Ranksizerule.ppt
- Bangkok, Thailand is a prime example of a primate city, with a population of over 5.5 million that is many times larger than Thailand's second largest city of Nakhon Ratchasima, which has a population of only 278,000.
- Primate cities, where the largest city greatly overshadows the second largest in size, are common in some countries like France, Mexico, and Thailand, but are less common in more decentralized countries with multiple large and medium-sized cities like the US, China, Canada, Australia, Brazil, and India.
- George Zipf's rank-size rule from 1949 describes a pattern where the population of each subsequent smaller city in a country is half the
Chapter 12 -lecture
Services cluster in settlements, especially urban areas, for several reasons. Consumer, business, and public services are all distributed unevenly, with more basic services in smaller towns and higher-order services like financial institutions in large cities. Central place theory explains how services are organized hierarchically based on their market threshold and range. As populations have increasingly urbanized over time, both the number and size of cities have expanded, concentrating more economic activity and services in large urban settlements. Today, while developed nations remain more urbanized overall, many of the world's largest and fastest-growing cities are located in developing countries.
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Central Place Theory proposes that settlements will be organized in a hierarchy based on population size and the goods and services provided. Smaller settlements will be closer together and provide frequently needed low-order goods, while larger central places will be farther apart and provide less frequently needed higher-order goods. Central places are defined as settlements that provide goods and services to surrounding areas. The theory is based on assumptions of an isotropic landscape, even population distribution and economic behavior. It predicts regular spatial patterns in the number, size and spacing of central places.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Suburbs sprawl and_edge_cities
- 1. 1 What do you think these dots represent?
- 2. 2 McDonalds!
- 3. Suburbs, Sprawl & Edge Cities oh my!
- 4. 4 History of the Suburbs • Suburbanization – movement of upper & middle-class from urban cores to outskirts; life & landscape are in much closer adjustment than inner city – Tied to transportation technology – And federal subsidies
- 5. 5
- 6. 6
- 7. 7
- 8. 8
- 9. 9 Urban Realms Model • Urban realms – self-sufficient suburban sectors (focused on their own independent CBD)
- 10. 10 Urban Realms (and Edge Cities) of Los Angeles
- 11. 11 Growth of Suburbs • Residential land uses –Escaping urban ills, spreading out • Retail followed the market • Industry followed the employees –More space, new buildings –Good transportation access
- 12. 12 3 Waves of Suburbanization 1. Suburbanization after WWII 2. Malling of US (moving marketplace to suburbs in 1960s & 70s) 3. Edge cities (moving jobs to suburbs in 1980s & 90s)
- 13. 13 Suburbia
- 14. 14
- 15. 15 What is Urban Sprawl? • unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning
- 16. 16 Urban Sprawl
- 17. 17
- 18. 18
- 19. 19 Edge Cities • Edge cities – Sub-centers instead of CBD – “Shadow governments” • Edge cities have extensive office & retail space, few residential buildings (not cities 30 years ago) • Refocusing of commuting on suburb-to- suburb and city-to-suburb "reverse commuting" • Examples: Tysons Corner, VA
- 20. 20 Edge Cities are characterized by: a. Shopping malls b. High-tech light manufacturing c. Corporate headquarters d. White-collar firms e. Entertainment and hotel complexes f. Airport complexes g. Frequently located at intersections of major freeways
- 21. 21
- 22. 22 Suburbs and Inner cities • Suburban residents and jobs came from somewhere • Growth now limited to suburbs • Segregation by class, race • Falling tax income, rising service needs • Spatial mismatch: jobs moved, poor didn’t – But agglomeration still matters – And immigrants still arrive in cities • Increasing redevelopment of downtowns (i.e. gentrification)
- 23. 23 – 90’s: 1st decade since WWII that inner cities have grown; still problem-ridden zones – loss of tax revenues (from residents moving to suburbs) – Gentrification – rehabilitation of inner city housing w/ favorable locations to CBD & employment – Commercialization – e.g. “River Front”; attracts tourism & business, but NOT permanent residents Urban America
- 24. Urban Sprawl Scenario • A small town was established in the late 19th century. It was located about twenty-five miles from a major city. Since the trip to the city was too long for people to make on a daily basis, the town was self-sufficient and did not consider itself a suburb. • With the opening of a freeway between this town and the city in the 1960s, some people began to use the town as a "bedroom community." Within the last decade, the town has experienced a huge influx of people from the central city and other suburbs. Many new subdivisions have been developed, along with shopping malls and "business parks." 24 TASK – USE THE WHITEBOARDS TO SKETCH THIS TOWN AS YOU THINK IT WOULD LOOK TODAY.
- 25. Writing Prompt The suburb and its sprawling counterpart affect the environment, people's daily lives, and the local and regional economy – What allures people to the suburbs? Why? – What can be some negatives of suburban life? Explain 25