The document discusses the importance of situation and site factors in determining the location of industry. It explains that industries seek to locate in areas that minimize transportation costs by positioning themselves close to necessary inputs or large consumer markets. Specifically, it outlines three types of industries - bulk-gaining, single-market manufacturers, and perishable goods producers - that benefit from locating near final consumers. The document also discusses how transportation costs differ depending on the mode of transport used over different distances.
Secondary industry involves processing raw materials from primary industries like mining and farming into manufactured goods. It is categorized into heavy industry like metalworking, light industry like food processing, and high-tech industries using advanced technology. Secondary industry locations are determined by considerations like access to raw materials, markets, labor, transportation and energy sources. Industries may locate near raw material sources when materials are bulky or perishable, near markets when finished goods are, or in more footloose locations with good infrastructure.
The document discusses industrial cities and their planning principles. It begins by defining industrial cities as urban areas that developed based on commercial production and manufacturing following the rise of industrial capitalism. It then discusses how industrial cities can be classified, including by their type of production (e.g. light, batch, mass production). The document also outlines key planning principles for industrial cities, such as determining land and labor needs, principles for efficient factory layout, and elements to include on factory sites like administration offices and employee facilities.
1) Industries consider transportation costs of inputs and finished goods to locate in areas that minimize costs. They tend to locate near inputs if they are expensive to transport or near markets if finished goods are expensive to transport.
2) Site factors like land, labor, and capital costs also influence location. Industries prefer cheaper land, labor, power sources, and access to investment capital.
3) Weber's location theory holds that industries locate based on balancing transportation costs, labor costs, and benefits of clustering with other industries.
This document outlines the key steps and factors to consider when locating a new industrial plant. The four main steps are: 1) deciding whether to locate domestically or internationally, 2) selecting the optimal region based on raw materials, markets, infrastructure, climate and policies, 3) choosing the best community given labor, resources and amenities, and 4) picking the exact site based on soil, size, topography and waste disposal. Access to raw materials, transportation and power are particularly important siting considerations. Once a location is chosen, it is difficult and costly to change, so thorough evaluation is needed.
This document discusses Weber and industrial location theory. It explains that Weber's location theory sought to explain why industries locate where they do based on factors like transportation costs of moving raw materials and finished goods, availability of labor, and agglomeration effects. While influential, critics argued Weber's model did not fully account for variations in these costs over time or factors like taxation. The document then examines how transportation access, available labor supply, infrastructure, energy access, and agglomeration continue to influence industrial location decisions.
Weber's location theory attempts to explain where industries locate based on factors that influence costs. It focuses on transportation costs to move raw materials and finished goods, labor costs, and advantages of agglomeration. While a simple model, it sparked debate as real-world location depends on additional economic, cultural and policy influences not accounted for. Location factors include access to raw materials, ports and infrastructure like transportation and energy to minimize costs and maximize profits.
The document discusses Weber's model of industrial location. It begins by outlining the key location factors considered by Weber, including land, capital, materials, labor, transportation, markets, agglomeration, and public policy. It then provides details on Weber's assumptions and key concepts, such as the locational triangle and isotims/isodapanes for determining the least cost location based on transportation and labor costs. The document also discusses how agglomeration economies and labor costs can influence a company to locate somewhere other than the point of least transportation cost. Finally, it notes some of the criticisms of Weber's model, such as its unrealistic assumptions regarding uniform transportation systems and immobile labor.
Secondary industry involves processing raw materials from primary industries like mining and farming into manufactured goods. It is categorized into heavy industry like metalworking, light industry like food processing, and high-tech industries using advanced technology. Secondary industry locations are determined by considerations like access to raw materials, markets, labor, transportation and energy sources. Industries may locate near raw material sources when materials are bulky or perishable, near markets when finished goods are, or in more footloose locations with good infrastructure.
The document discusses industrial cities and their planning principles. It begins by defining industrial cities as urban areas that developed based on commercial production and manufacturing following the rise of industrial capitalism. It then discusses how industrial cities can be classified, including by their type of production (e.g. light, batch, mass production). The document also outlines key planning principles for industrial cities, such as determining land and labor needs, principles for efficient factory layout, and elements to include on factory sites like administration offices and employee facilities.
1) Industries consider transportation costs of inputs and finished goods to locate in areas that minimize costs. They tend to locate near inputs if they are expensive to transport or near markets if finished goods are expensive to transport.
2) Site factors like land, labor, and capital costs also influence location. Industries prefer cheaper land, labor, power sources, and access to investment capital.
3) Weber's location theory holds that industries locate based on balancing transportation costs, labor costs, and benefits of clustering with other industries.
This document outlines the key steps and factors to consider when locating a new industrial plant. The four main steps are: 1) deciding whether to locate domestically or internationally, 2) selecting the optimal region based on raw materials, markets, infrastructure, climate and policies, 3) choosing the best community given labor, resources and amenities, and 4) picking the exact site based on soil, size, topography and waste disposal. Access to raw materials, transportation and power are particularly important siting considerations. Once a location is chosen, it is difficult and costly to change, so thorough evaluation is needed.
This document discusses Weber and industrial location theory. It explains that Weber's location theory sought to explain why industries locate where they do based on factors like transportation costs of moving raw materials and finished goods, availability of labor, and agglomeration effects. While influential, critics argued Weber's model did not fully account for variations in these costs over time or factors like taxation. The document then examines how transportation access, available labor supply, infrastructure, energy access, and agglomeration continue to influence industrial location decisions.
Weber's location theory attempts to explain where industries locate based on factors that influence costs. It focuses on transportation costs to move raw materials and finished goods, labor costs, and advantages of agglomeration. While a simple model, it sparked debate as real-world location depends on additional economic, cultural and policy influences not accounted for. Location factors include access to raw materials, ports and infrastructure like transportation and energy to minimize costs and maximize profits.
The document discusses Weber's model of industrial location. It begins by outlining the key location factors considered by Weber, including land, capital, materials, labor, transportation, markets, agglomeration, and public policy. It then provides details on Weber's assumptions and key concepts, such as the locational triangle and isotims/isodapanes for determining the least cost location based on transportation and labor costs. The document also discusses how agglomeration economies and labor costs can influence a company to locate somewhere other than the point of least transportation cost. Finally, it notes some of the criticisms of Weber's model, such as its unrealistic assumptions regarding uniform transportation systems and immobile labor.
Alfred Weber's location theory from 1909 established the foundations of modern location theories. Weber proposed that firms will choose a location to minimize costs, which involves optimizing transportation costs, labor costs, and benefits of agglomeration. His location triangle model illustrates how to find the optimal location to minimize transportation costs of importing raw materials and exporting finished products. While transportation is the most important factor, labor costs and agglomeration economies also influence industrial location. Weber's theory helped explain the concentration of industries in major regions around raw materials and transportation networks before 1950, such as Western Europe's Ruhr Valley, Eastern North America's manufacturing belt, Russia's Urals, and East Asia's industrial centers in China, Japan, and India.
This document discusses different types of industries and factors that influence industry location. It describes primary industries as extracting and collecting natural resources, secondary industries as manufacturing finished goods, and tertiary industries as providing services. Key factors in choosing industry locations include availability of labor, power/energy, raw materials, transportation networks, markets, and land. The textile industry historically developed first in many countries and was drawn to regions like Yorkshire, England due to water power, raw wool materials, flat land, and nearby markets and labor force.
1. Location selection is a strategic decision that impacts costs, operations, and profits. Key factors include availability of resources like materials, labor, utilities, and transportation access.
2. The document outlines various primary and secondary factors to consider, like raw materials, labor, climate, utilities, land, and government policies.
3. Effective evaluation of location options requires identifying criteria, alternatives, and analyzing each based on attractiveness, resources, utilities, and site-specific considerations. Quantitative techniques can aid the evaluation.
The document discusses theories of industry location, including Weber's least cost theory and Hotelling's model of locational interdependence. It notes that manufacturing has shifted from a Fordist model of mass production at a single site to a more flexible post-Fordist model with global outsourcing and just-in-time delivery. Modern production is influenced by transportation networks, trade agreements, energy resources, and deindustrialization as factories relocate to areas with cheaper labor.
The document discusses the steps involved in selecting a location for a new industrial plant. The key steps are: 1) Deciding whether to locate domestically or internationally; 2) Selecting a suitable region based on factors like raw materials, markets, infrastructure, climate, and government policies; 3) Choosing a specific community or locality based on availability of labor, financing options, and amenities for workers; 4) Picking the exact site based on soil quality, size, topography, and waste disposal needs. Location is a critical economic decision that impacts long-term costs and business operations.
Industrial agglomeration occurs when secondary and service industries cluster together in cities and regions to share infrastructure and access to markets. Location theory examines why economic activities locate where they do, with firms and individuals choosing locations that maximize their interests. Alfred Weber developed the least-cost theory of industrial location, which posits that industries locate where transportation costs of raw materials and finished goods are minimized.
The document summarizes Alfred Weber's locational theory model, known as the Weberian model or the least cost approach. The key points are:
1. The Weberian model explains the optimal location of industrial facilities using the locational triangle. Transportation is the most important element of the model.
2. Solving the Weber model involves three stages - finding the least transport cost location, adjusting for labor costs, and adjusting further for agglomeration economies.
3. Transportation cost is the primary factor in determining optimal location, according to the model. Labor costs and agglomeration economies are secondary adjustment factors.
refers to the choice of region and the selection of a particular site for setting up a business or factory. An ideal location is on where the cost of the product is kept to minimum, with a large market share, the least risk and the maximum social gain
Transportation is the key object in every business. The technology and their possible outcomes in near by future are explained over here. What could be the future technology and the possibilities in India ?
The document discusses different types of industries and factors that influence where factories are located. It provides examples of heavy industry like iron and steel production that require raw materials to be located nearby. Light industries like electronics can locate in more places. Multinational corporations produce globally. The document also explains factors like resource materials, markets, transportation, labor, services, capital, and government policy all influence factory siting. Footloose industries are not tied to one location and can locate based on these factors.
Three key factors influence business location: technology, costs, and infrastructure. Technology has advanced rapidly with mobile devices, internet, and teleworking. Costs, including land, labor, and transportation, are important to minimize for start-ups and small businesses. Infrastructure such as transportation links, utilities, and basic services are essential for companies. Other factors businesses consider are the market, qualitative factors like quality of life, and for small businesses specifically, local demographic and economic conditions.
1. Yusen Logistics was contracted by a global pharmaceutical manufacturer to optimize its international logistics flows.
2. Yusen redesigned the supply chain infrastructure with its GDP-certified healthcare distribution center in Antwerp as the primary hub.
3. This hub-based model on Yusen's European multi-modal network improved delivery efficiencies and helped the pharmaceutical company deliver over 1 billion medication packs globally.
The document discusses Weber and Industrial Location Theory. It summarizes Weber's Least Cost Theory which argued that manufacturers seek to maximize profits by minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs when choosing a location. While influential, critics argued Weber's model did not fully account for variations in costs over time or factors like taxation policies. The document then examines how raw materials and labor availability influence industrial location, citing examples like steel plants locating near iron ore and manufacturers choosing areas with large, low-cost workforces.
The document discusses several key factors that affect industrial location decisions, including physical factors like raw materials, power/energy, and land; human factors like labor, transportation, markets, technology, capital, and government policy; and the levels and types of location decisions that must be made. It provides details on specific location factors and explains how industries may cluster in certain areas due to access to resources, talent pools, or natural advantages. The overall goal is to help understand the strategic importance and complex considerations involved in industrial location planning.
1) The airline industry is a difficult business with thin profit margins due to high fixed costs, perishable inventory, and unstable demand. It has also become a commodity business with undifferentiated brands.
2) Airline marketing focuses on the 4 P's - product (schedules, service quality, network), price (dealing with competition and costs), place (sales channels and distribution costs), and promotion (building brands through loyalty programs and advertising).
3) Creating sustainable differentiation from competitors is a challenge given the commodity perception of the basic airline product and experience. Network breadth and service quality are areas the industry focuses on for differentiation.
This document discusses transportation in supply chains. It begins by outlining the role of transportation in moving products from locations of production to locations of consumption. It then describes various modes of transportation including their characteristics, costs, and tradeoffs. Different transportation network design options like direct shipping, shipping through intermediate locations, and use of milk runs are presented. The document concludes by discussing how to select the optimal transportation network based on factors like transportation and inventory costs.
Agglomeration refers to the concentration of industrial activities and firms in close geographic proximity. There are several benefits to industrial agglomeration including sharing of specialized labor pools and services, lower transportation costs, and production linkages between related industries. Quarry Bay in Hong Kong developed industrial agglomeration due to its coastal location and access to labor. The sugar refinery attracted related industries through vertical, horizontal, and diagonal linkages, leading to cumulative growth and an self-sustaining industrial district. Standard guidelines for industrial site planning include allocating a minimum of 35 acres for industrial plots with employee densities ranging from 8 to 30 people per acre depending on industry type.
The document discusses several factors that affect industrial location, including transportation, energy, markets, raw materials, government policy, site needs, labor, and capital. It then provides case studies of industries in different locations to illustrate how the importance of these factors has changed over time. The case studies include steel manufacturing on Teesside in the UK, footloose industries along the M4 motorway in the UK, heavy industries in the Rhine-Ruhr region of Germany, and industries in less economically developed countries.
1. Firms make location decisions based on profit maximization by minimizing transportation costs of inputs and outputs. This includes considering factors like input transportability, localization economies, taxes, and public services.
2. The principle of median location predicts firms will locate at the point that equally splits total monetary weight of inputs and outputs being transported. This minimizes combined procurement and distribution transportation costs.
3. Urbanization economies from access to markets, labor, and intermediate goods pull firms toward large cities, while transportation costs of certain inputs may push firms closer to input sources. Labor availability and costs also influence location choices.
The Industrial Revolution transformed manufacturing through technological improvements. Prior to it, industry was dispersed with people making goods at home. New technologies in iron production, coal mining, and transportation like canals and railroads allowed factory systems to develop. This changed economies and societies through population growth, urbanization, and colonialism as more developed countries sought new resources. Theories like Weber's Least Cost helped explain why certain locations were better for industries based on transportation, labor, and material costs.
The document discusses factors that influence development levels among countries. It explains that the UN's Human Development Index measures development based on standard of living, health, and education. Countries vary in development due to differences in income, life expectancy, education rates, and economic structures. Access to energy also affects development, as more developed countries consume more energy per capita from fossil fuels. Countries face obstacles to development from a lack of resources and in choosing between a path of self-sufficiency or international trade.
Alfred Weber's location theory from 1909 established the foundations of modern location theories. Weber proposed that firms will choose a location to minimize costs, which involves optimizing transportation costs, labor costs, and benefits of agglomeration. His location triangle model illustrates how to find the optimal location to minimize transportation costs of importing raw materials and exporting finished products. While transportation is the most important factor, labor costs and agglomeration economies also influence industrial location. Weber's theory helped explain the concentration of industries in major regions around raw materials and transportation networks before 1950, such as Western Europe's Ruhr Valley, Eastern North America's manufacturing belt, Russia's Urals, and East Asia's industrial centers in China, Japan, and India.
This document discusses different types of industries and factors that influence industry location. It describes primary industries as extracting and collecting natural resources, secondary industries as manufacturing finished goods, and tertiary industries as providing services. Key factors in choosing industry locations include availability of labor, power/energy, raw materials, transportation networks, markets, and land. The textile industry historically developed first in many countries and was drawn to regions like Yorkshire, England due to water power, raw wool materials, flat land, and nearby markets and labor force.
1. Location selection is a strategic decision that impacts costs, operations, and profits. Key factors include availability of resources like materials, labor, utilities, and transportation access.
2. The document outlines various primary and secondary factors to consider, like raw materials, labor, climate, utilities, land, and government policies.
3. Effective evaluation of location options requires identifying criteria, alternatives, and analyzing each based on attractiveness, resources, utilities, and site-specific considerations. Quantitative techniques can aid the evaluation.
The document discusses theories of industry location, including Weber's least cost theory and Hotelling's model of locational interdependence. It notes that manufacturing has shifted from a Fordist model of mass production at a single site to a more flexible post-Fordist model with global outsourcing and just-in-time delivery. Modern production is influenced by transportation networks, trade agreements, energy resources, and deindustrialization as factories relocate to areas with cheaper labor.
The document discusses the steps involved in selecting a location for a new industrial plant. The key steps are: 1) Deciding whether to locate domestically or internationally; 2) Selecting a suitable region based on factors like raw materials, markets, infrastructure, climate, and government policies; 3) Choosing a specific community or locality based on availability of labor, financing options, and amenities for workers; 4) Picking the exact site based on soil quality, size, topography, and waste disposal needs. Location is a critical economic decision that impacts long-term costs and business operations.
Industrial agglomeration occurs when secondary and service industries cluster together in cities and regions to share infrastructure and access to markets. Location theory examines why economic activities locate where they do, with firms and individuals choosing locations that maximize their interests. Alfred Weber developed the least-cost theory of industrial location, which posits that industries locate where transportation costs of raw materials and finished goods are minimized.
The document summarizes Alfred Weber's locational theory model, known as the Weberian model or the least cost approach. The key points are:
1. The Weberian model explains the optimal location of industrial facilities using the locational triangle. Transportation is the most important element of the model.
2. Solving the Weber model involves three stages - finding the least transport cost location, adjusting for labor costs, and adjusting further for agglomeration economies.
3. Transportation cost is the primary factor in determining optimal location, according to the model. Labor costs and agglomeration economies are secondary adjustment factors.
refers to the choice of region and the selection of a particular site for setting up a business or factory. An ideal location is on where the cost of the product is kept to minimum, with a large market share, the least risk and the maximum social gain
Transportation is the key object in every business. The technology and their possible outcomes in near by future are explained over here. What could be the future technology and the possibilities in India ?
The document discusses different types of industries and factors that influence where factories are located. It provides examples of heavy industry like iron and steel production that require raw materials to be located nearby. Light industries like electronics can locate in more places. Multinational corporations produce globally. The document also explains factors like resource materials, markets, transportation, labor, services, capital, and government policy all influence factory siting. Footloose industries are not tied to one location and can locate based on these factors.
Three key factors influence business location: technology, costs, and infrastructure. Technology has advanced rapidly with mobile devices, internet, and teleworking. Costs, including land, labor, and transportation, are important to minimize for start-ups and small businesses. Infrastructure such as transportation links, utilities, and basic services are essential for companies. Other factors businesses consider are the market, qualitative factors like quality of life, and for small businesses specifically, local demographic and economic conditions.
1. Yusen Logistics was contracted by a global pharmaceutical manufacturer to optimize its international logistics flows.
2. Yusen redesigned the supply chain infrastructure with its GDP-certified healthcare distribution center in Antwerp as the primary hub.
3. This hub-based model on Yusen's European multi-modal network improved delivery efficiencies and helped the pharmaceutical company deliver over 1 billion medication packs globally.
The document discusses Weber and Industrial Location Theory. It summarizes Weber's Least Cost Theory which argued that manufacturers seek to maximize profits by minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs when choosing a location. While influential, critics argued Weber's model did not fully account for variations in costs over time or factors like taxation policies. The document then examines how raw materials and labor availability influence industrial location, citing examples like steel plants locating near iron ore and manufacturers choosing areas with large, low-cost workforces.
The document discusses several key factors that affect industrial location decisions, including physical factors like raw materials, power/energy, and land; human factors like labor, transportation, markets, technology, capital, and government policy; and the levels and types of location decisions that must be made. It provides details on specific location factors and explains how industries may cluster in certain areas due to access to resources, talent pools, or natural advantages. The overall goal is to help understand the strategic importance and complex considerations involved in industrial location planning.
1) The airline industry is a difficult business with thin profit margins due to high fixed costs, perishable inventory, and unstable demand. It has also become a commodity business with undifferentiated brands.
2) Airline marketing focuses on the 4 P's - product (schedules, service quality, network), price (dealing with competition and costs), place (sales channels and distribution costs), and promotion (building brands through loyalty programs and advertising).
3) Creating sustainable differentiation from competitors is a challenge given the commodity perception of the basic airline product and experience. Network breadth and service quality are areas the industry focuses on for differentiation.
This document discusses transportation in supply chains. It begins by outlining the role of transportation in moving products from locations of production to locations of consumption. It then describes various modes of transportation including their characteristics, costs, and tradeoffs. Different transportation network design options like direct shipping, shipping through intermediate locations, and use of milk runs are presented. The document concludes by discussing how to select the optimal transportation network based on factors like transportation and inventory costs.
Agglomeration refers to the concentration of industrial activities and firms in close geographic proximity. There are several benefits to industrial agglomeration including sharing of specialized labor pools and services, lower transportation costs, and production linkages between related industries. Quarry Bay in Hong Kong developed industrial agglomeration due to its coastal location and access to labor. The sugar refinery attracted related industries through vertical, horizontal, and diagonal linkages, leading to cumulative growth and an self-sustaining industrial district. Standard guidelines for industrial site planning include allocating a minimum of 35 acres for industrial plots with employee densities ranging from 8 to 30 people per acre depending on industry type.
The document discusses several factors that affect industrial location, including transportation, energy, markets, raw materials, government policy, site needs, labor, and capital. It then provides case studies of industries in different locations to illustrate how the importance of these factors has changed over time. The case studies include steel manufacturing on Teesside in the UK, footloose industries along the M4 motorway in the UK, heavy industries in the Rhine-Ruhr region of Germany, and industries in less economically developed countries.
1. Firms make location decisions based on profit maximization by minimizing transportation costs of inputs and outputs. This includes considering factors like input transportability, localization economies, taxes, and public services.
2. The principle of median location predicts firms will locate at the point that equally splits total monetary weight of inputs and outputs being transported. This minimizes combined procurement and distribution transportation costs.
3. Urbanization economies from access to markets, labor, and intermediate goods pull firms toward large cities, while transportation costs of certain inputs may push firms closer to input sources. Labor availability and costs also influence location choices.
The Industrial Revolution transformed manufacturing through technological improvements. Prior to it, industry was dispersed with people making goods at home. New technologies in iron production, coal mining, and transportation like canals and railroads allowed factory systems to develop. This changed economies and societies through population growth, urbanization, and colonialism as more developed countries sought new resources. Theories like Weber's Least Cost helped explain why certain locations were better for industries based on transportation, labor, and material costs.
The document discusses factors that influence development levels among countries. It explains that the UN's Human Development Index measures development based on standard of living, health, and education. Countries vary in development due to differences in income, life expectancy, education rates, and economic structures. Access to energy also affects development, as more developed countries consume more energy per capita from fossil fuels. Countries face obstacles to development from a lack of resources and in choosing between a path of self-sufficiency or international trade.
This document discusses the distribution of services. It outlines three main types of services - consumer, business, and public services. Consumer services make up around half of US jobs and are subdivided into retail/wholesale, education, health/social, and leisure/hospitality. Business services facilitate other businesses and make up a quarter of US jobs, divided into professional, financial, and transportation categories. Public services provide security and constitute 5% of US jobs. The document then examines theories about the distribution of consumer services specifically, including central place theory, which proposes services are distributed in a nested hierarchy based on settlement size.
This document provides key terms related to urban geography and cities, including concepts like social stratification, urban morphology, functional zonation, primate city, central city, shantytowns, redlining, gentrification, urban sprawl, global city, and spaces of consumption. These terms will help explain urban land use patterns and the organization and development of cities.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in urban geography from a textbook. It covers four main topics: why downtowns are distinctive, patterns of population distribution in urban areas, reasons for urban expansion, and sustainability challenges faced by cities. For each topic, it presents definitions, theoretical models, examples of how the models apply in different world regions, historical influences on urban form, and illustrations from cities around the world.
This document provides an overview of cities and urban geography. It discusses the historic functions of cities as commercial, industrial, resource-based, resort, government, and education centers. It then covers the growth of cities globally, with half the world's population now living in urban areas. Specific topics summarized include the world's largest cities, suburbanization, urban problems like sprawl and segregation, and the challenges facing cities in developed and developing countries.
1. The document discusses the history and development of suburbs and urban sprawl in the United States. It traces 3 waves of suburbanization that followed World War 2, the rise of shopping malls, and the movement of jobs to the suburbs.
2. Urban sprawl is defined as unrestricted growth of housing, commercial development, and roads over large areas with little planning. Edge cities emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as suburban business and retail centers without many residences.
3. As jobs and people moved to the suburbs, inner cities struggled with declining tax revenue, rising needs, and a spatial mismatch between residences and employment. However, inner cities also saw some redevelopment and gentrification in
- Bangkok, Thailand is a prime example of a primate city, with a population of over 5.5 million that is many times larger than Thailand's second largest city of Nakhon Ratchasima, which has a population of only 278,000.
- Primate cities, where the largest city greatly overshadows the second largest in size, are common in some countries like France, Mexico, and Thailand, but are less common in more decentralized countries with multiple large and medium-sized cities like the US, China, Canada, Australia, Brazil, and India.
- George Zipf's rank-size rule from 1949 describes a pattern where the population of each subsequent smaller city in a country is half the
Services cluster in settlements, especially urban areas, for several reasons. Consumer, business, and public services are all distributed unevenly, with more basic services in smaller towns and higher-order services like financial institutions in large cities. Central place theory explains how services are organized hierarchically based on their market threshold and range. As populations have increasingly urbanized over time, both the number and size of cities have expanded, concentrating more economic activity and services in large urban settlements. Today, while developed nations remain more urbanized overall, many of the world's largest and fastest-growing cities are located in developing countries.
Central Place Theory proposes that settlements will be organized in a hierarchy based on population size and the goods and services provided. Smaller settlements will be closer together and provide frequently needed low-order goods, while larger central places will be farther apart and provide less frequently needed higher-order goods. Central places are defined as settlements that provide goods and services to surrounding areas. The theory is based on assumptions of an isotropic landscape, even population distribution and economic behavior. It predicts regular spatial patterns in the number, size and spacing of central places.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1