The document discusses substance-related disorders, covering their definitions, types, causes, treatments, and an Islamic perspective. It details various substance use disorders, including alcohol, opioids, and stimulants, alongside their psychological and physiological effects, withdrawal symptoms, and treatment approaches. Additionally, the document explores impulse control disorders and emphasizes the importance of psychosocial treatment and prevention strategies.

1. AABBNNOORRMMAALL PPSSYYCCHHOOLLOOGGYY
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SSUUBBSSTTAANNCCEE RREELLAATTEEDD DDIISSOORRDDEERR
KAMAL HASSAN BIN IBRAHIM (3140192)
MOHD ZUL HUSNI BIN CHE HUSSAIN (3140194)
EMIRUL HAFIZI BIN ROSLAN (3140193)
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((UUNNIIVVEERRSSIITTII SSAAIINNSS IISSLLAAMM MMAALLAAYYSSIIAA)

2. TTaabbllee ooff ccoonntteenntt
• Introduction – meaning
• Types of Substance Related Disorder
• Impulse Control Disorder
• Causes of Substance Related Disorder
• Treatment of Substance Related Disorder
• Islamic Perspective Regarding the Disorder
• Movie Review – UUpp IInn SSmmookkee ((11997788))

3. IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN
• SSuubbssttaannccee –– rreellaatteedd ddiissoorrddeerrss are the
disorder which are associated with the abuse
of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, and heroin
and with a variety of other substances people
take to alter the way think, feel, and behave.
• IImmppuullssee –– ccoonnttrrooll ddiissoorrddeerrss are the disorder
which represent a number of related
problems that involve the inability to resist
acting on a drive and temptation.

4. Introduction…
• Roman cothalic church declared drug abuse
and drink driving to be sins.
• Celebreties died because of drug abuse. Eg:
Jimi hendrix, Janis Joplin, Micheal Jackson,
heath Ledger, Kurt Kobain.
• Poly substance use – using multiple
substances
• Psychoactive substances - alter mood and
behavior to become intoxicated or high.

5. TTHHEE TTYYPPEESS OOFF SSUUBBSSTTAANNCCEE UUSSEE
DDIISSOORRDDEERRSS
• Alcohol use disorders
• Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic Substance
Use disorders
• Amphetamine Use disorders
• Cocaine Use Disorders
• Nicotine use disorders
• Caffeine use disorders
• Opioid use disorders
• Hallucinogens use disorders

6. AALLCCOOHHOOLL UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERRSS
• Alcohol is depressent – decrease central nervous
system activity. eg: beer, wine, liquor
• The principal effect is to reduce our level physiological
arousal and help us relax.
• The long term effects (withdrawal) – hand tremors,
nausea, vomiting, anxiety, trancient hallucinations,
agitation, insomnia.
• Withdrawal delirium – a condition that can produce
frightening hallucination and body tremors.
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – a combination problems
that can occur in a child whose mother drank while she
was pregnant.

7. SSEEDDAATTIIVVEE,, HHYYPPNNOOTTIICC,, OORR AANNXXIIOOLLYYTTIICC
SSUUBBSSTTAANNCCEE UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• Sedative (calming), Hypnotic (sleep – inducing),
anxiolytic (anxiety reducing).
• Eg of drugs - barbiturates and benzodiazepines
• barbiturates -to help people sleep. It relaxes the
muscles and produce a mild feeling.
• In high dose, barbitures can relax the diaphgram
muscles so much and can cause death by suffocation.
• Benzodiazepines – to reduce anxiety. It is used to calm
an individual and induce sleep. It is much safer than
barbiturates.

8. AAMMPPHHEETTAAMMIINNEE UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• Amphetamines is a stimulant. It can induce feelings of
elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue.
• Amphetamine use in medical as a treatment to asthma,
to lose weight, to people with narcolepsy and to treat
ADHD children.
• Behavioral symptoms - euphoria, sensitivity, anxiety,
tension, anger, impaired judgment.
• Physiological symptoms – heart rate/ blood pressure
change, perspiration, nausea, vomiting, seizures, coma.
• Overdose – hallucinations, panic, agitation, paranoid
delusions.

9. CCOOCCAAIINNEE UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• Cocaine is a group of stimulants.
• In small amount, Cocaine increases alertness,
produce euphoria, increase blood pressure, cause
insomnia and loss of appetite.
• In high dose, it will lead to paranoid, experiencing
exaggerated fears – (cocaine – induced paranoia).
• Use of cocaine by pregnant woman affect their baby
such as more irritable, have long bouts of high
pitched crying, decrease birth weight.
• Withdrawal of cocaine – rapid heart beat, tremors,
nausea, feelings of apathy and boredom.

10. NNIICCOOTTIINNEE UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• The nicotine in tobacco is a psychoactive substance.
• In small doses, it can relieve stress and improved
mood. But it also can cause high blood pressure and
increase the risk of heart disease and cancer.
• In high doses, it can blur a vision, cause confusion,
lead to convulsion, and some times even cause
death.
• Dependent on nicotine will increase the risk of
becoming depressed.

11. CCAAFFFFEEIINNEE UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• Caffeine is the most common psychoactive
substance. It also called “gentle stimulants”.
• The least harmful of all addictive drugs.
• In small doses, caffeine can elevate mood and
decrease fatigue.
• In larger doses, it can make someone feel
jittery and can cause insomnia.
• Withdrawal symptoms – headaches,
drowsiness, and unpleasent mood

12. OOPPIIOOIIDD UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• Opiate refers to the natural chemicals in the opium
poppy that have narcotic effect.
• Opioids refers to the family of substances that includes
natural opiates, synthetic variations, and the
comparable substances that occur naturally in brain.
• Eg of opioid – morphine, codeine and heroin.
• Opiates induce euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing,
and relive pain.
• High doses can lead to death if respiration is completely
depressed.
• Symptoms (reduce intake) – excessive yawning, nausea,
vomiting, chills, muscle aches, diarrhea and insomnia.

13. HHAALLLLUUCCIINNOOGGEENNSS UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• A person under the influence of hallucinogens
substance will perceives the world differently from
the normal.
• The sights, sound, feelings, taste, and smell are
distorted in dramatic ways.
• Eg of drug – Marijuana and LSD.
• Marijuana is the name given to the dried parts of the
cannabis or hemp plant.
• People who smoke marijuana experience altered
perceptions of the world.
• Reaction to marijuana usually include mood swings.

14. HHAALLLLUUCCIINNOOGGEENNSS UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• Normal experiences – extremely funny, enter a
dreamlike state in which time seems to stand still.
• Small doses – heightened sensory experiences,
seeing vivid colors, appreciating the subtleties of
music.
• Large doses – paranoia, hallucinations, and dizziness.
• Chronic users who stop taking marijuana report a
period of irritability, restlessness, appetite loss,
nausea and difficulty sleep.
• Long term use of smoke marijuana may contribute to
lung cancer.

15. HHAALLLLUUCCIINNOOGGEENNSS UUSSEE DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• LSD (d – lysergic acid diethylamide) is the common
hallucinogenic drug. It is produced synthetically in
laboratories.
• DSM- IV- TR diagnostic criteria for hallucinogens
intoxication are similar to those for marijuana.
• For most hallucinogens, no withdrawal symptoms
are reported.
• But there is the possibility of psychotic reactions.
• Hallucinogen produces greater risk than being drunk
or under the influence of any other drugs.

16. IIMMPPUULLSSEE CCOONNTTRROOLL DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• Intermittent explosive disorder – people with
this disorder have episodes in which they act
on aggressive impulses that result in serious
assaults or destruction of property.
• Kleptomania – the person begins to feel a
sense of tension just before stealing, which is
followed by feelings of pleasure or relief while
the theft is committed.
• Pyromania – an impulse – control disorder that
involves having an irresistible urge to set fire.

17. IIMMPPUULLSSEE CCOONNTTRROOLL DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• Pathological gambling – people have addiction
with gambling.
• Trichotillomania – the urge to pull out one’s
own hair from anywhere on the body
including scalp, eyebrows and arms. This
behavior results in noticeable hair loss,
distress, significant social impairments.

18. CCAAUUSSEESS OOFF
SSUUBBSSTTAANNCCEE--RREELLAATTEEDD
DDIISSOORRDDEERRSS
1. Biological Dimensions
2. Psychological Dimensions
3. Cognitive Factors
4. Social Dimensions
5. Cultural Dimensions
6. An Integrative Model

19. BBiioollooggiiccaall DDiimmeennssiioonnss
1. Familial and genetic influences
– Genetic risk factors cut across all mood-altering drugs.
– The use of illegal drugs was primarily influenced by
environmental factors, whereas abuse and dependence may
be influenced primarily by genetic factors.
– Genetic research – substance abuse in general is affected
by our genes but no one genes causes substance abuse or
dependence.
– Genetic factors may affect how people experience certain
drugs, who will or will not become abusers.

20. BBiioollooggiiccaall DDiimmeennssiioonnss
2. Neurobiological influences
– The pleasurable experiences reported by people who use
psychoactive substances partly explain why people
continue to use them.
– Pleasure pathway – internal reward centre.
– Certain brain areas were stimulated with electricity
including the dopaminergic system and its opioid-releasing
neurons,
– Neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and
norepinephrine) involved in brain’s reward system.

21. PPssyycchhoollooggiiccaall DDiimmeennssiioonnss
1. Positive reinforcement
– The feelings that result from using psychoactive substances
are pleasurable in some way, and people will continue to
take the drugs to recapture the pleasure.
– All psychoactive drugs provide a pleasurable experience.
– Positive reinforcement in the use and the situations
surrounding the use of drugs contributes to whether or not
people to try to continues using drugs.

22. PPssyycchhoollooggiiccaall DDiimmeennssiioonnss
2. Negative reinforcement
– How drugs help reduce unpleasant feelings through
negative reinforcement.
– Substance use among adolescents as a way to reduce stress.
– Complex interplay stressors, negative feelings, other
psychological disorders, and negative reactions to the drugs
themselves as causative factors in psychoactive drug use.

23. CCooggnniittiivvee FFaaccttoorrss
• What people expect to experience when they use drugs
influences how they react to them.
• Influence of how we think about drug use has been labeled an
expectancy effect and received considerable research
attention.
• Expectancies develop before people actually use drugs,
perhaps as a result of parents’ and peers’ drug use, advertising,
and media figures who model use.
• Adolescents may begin drinking partly because they believe
will have positive effects.

24. SSoocciiaall DDiimmeennssiioonnss
• Many ways of people are exposed to these substances – through
friends, media, and so on.
• Many children are exposed to alcohol as preschoolers, It seems
that they learn about alcohol from relatives and acquaintances
rather than television one.
• Drug-addicted parents spend less time monitoring their children
than parents without drug problems.- early adolescent substance
use.
• No parents supervision.

25. CCuullttuurraall DDiimmeennssiioonnss
• Pervasive factor – how people adapt to new cultures can be
either a source of strength or a stress that can impact drug use.
• Each culture has its own preferences for acceptable
psychoactive drugs, as well as its own prohibitions for
substances it finds unacceptable.
• Cultural norms affect the rates of substance abuse and
dependence in important ways.
• In certain cultures, including Korea, people are expected to
drink alcohol heavily on certain social occasions.

26. AAnn IInntteeggrraattiivvee MMooddeell

27. TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT OOFF SSUUBBSSTTAANNCCEE
RREELLAATTEEDD DDIISSOORRDDEERR
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

28. AAGGOONNIISSTT SSUUBBSSTTIITTUUTTIIOONN
• Safe drug- chemical make up similar to the
addictive drug.
• Example:
Methadone
Substitute the Buprenorphine
HHEERROOIINN
Nicotine – gum, patch, inhaler, nasal spray
Replace smoking
Bupropion (Zyban) – treatment for smoking (agonist
for nicotine) as antidepressant.

29. AANNTTAAGGOONNIISSTT TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT
• Block / counteract the effect of psychoactive
drugs.
• Example:
Naltrexone – remove euphoria effect of opiates.
Acamprosate – decrease cravings of alcohol.

30. AAVVEERRSSIIVVEE TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT
• Block the euphoric effects of psychoactive
drugs.
• Example :
Disulfiram (antabuse) – treatment for alcoholic
Silver nitrate – treatment for smoking (lozenge or gums)

31. OOTTHHEERR PPSSYYCCHHOOLLOOGGIICCAALL AAPPPPRROOAACCHHEESS
• Medication prescribed to help people with the
often disturbing symptom of withdrawal.
• Example :
Clonidine – treatment for hypertension
Benzodiazepines – minimize discomfort
withdrawal other drug such as alcohol.

32. TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT OOFF SSUUBBSSTTAANNCCEE
RREELLAATTEEDD DDIISSOORRDDEERR
PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT

33. IINNPPAATTIIEENNTT FFAACCIILLIITTIIEESS
• Established firstly in 1935 at Kentucky, US
• Managed by government/privately
• Very costly
• Malaysia has run this facilities in late 80’
– Known as Cure and Care Rehabilitation Center
– Treating people problems with drug abuse

34. AALLCCHHOOHHOOLLIICC AANNOONNYYMMOOUUSS AANNDD IITTSS
VVAARRIIAATTIIOONNSS
• ALCOHOLIC ANONYMOUS
– popular on 12 steps of substance abuse
treatment.
• COCAINE ANONYMOUS
• NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS
• MILLATI ISLAMI
– Introduced the 12 steps programs on treatment
substance abuse which related to Tawheed.

35. CCOOMMPPOONNEENNTT TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT
• CCoovveerrtt sseennssiittiizzaattiioonn – counteract the positive
associations with substance use with the
negative associations e.g brief electric shock
during drink.
• CCoonnttiinnggeennccyy MMaannaaggeemmeenntt – clients and
clinician together select the behaviors that the
clients need to change and decide on the
reinforcers that will rewards reaching certain
goals e.g money, voucher or other rewards.

36. Continue….
• Community RReeiinnffoorrcceemmeenntt AApppprrooaacchh
– Avoiding client to relapse
– Involving the spouse, friends or relative
– By giving job, education, finances or other social
services
– Involve new recreation to reduce stress

37. OOTTHHEERRSS……
• MMOOTTIIVVAATTIIOONNAALL IINNTTEERRVVIIEEWWIINNGG
– Proposed that behavior change in adults is more
likely with empathic and optimistic counseling
– Focus on personal connection with the clients
core values. (E.g drinking and the consequences)
• CCOOGGNNIITTIIVVEE BBEEHHAAVVIIOORR TTHHEERRAAPPYY ((CCBBTT))
– For example : relapse prevention – looked at the
learned aspect of dependence and sees relapse as
a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills.
– Change the positive minds about drug to negative.

38. PPRREEVVEENNTTIIOONN
• Wide-ranging approaches including changes in
the laws concerning drug possession and use
and community-based intervention.
• NNIIDDAA – Principles of drug prevention
• PPPPDDaa – Program Pendidikan Pencegahan
Dadah

39. IISSLLAAMMIICC PPEERRSSPPEECCTTIIVVEE OONN
SSUUBBSSTTAANNCCEE RREELLAATTEEDD DDIISSOORRDDEERR
وَى أَى نففِقُموااْ فِي سَى بِيللِ ٱللَّهِ وَى لَى تُملقۡ إُموااْ بِأَى يكدۡ إِيككُمم إِلَى ى
ٱٱللتتََّّههللُمُۡ إۡ إمكَى كَى ةِةِ وَى أَى حسۡ إِٓنوُمااْ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَى يكُمحِبّ ٱلمۡ إُمحسۡ إِنِيلنَى
And spend in the way of Allah and cast not
yourselves to ppeerrddiittiioonn wwiitthh yyoouurr oowwnn hhaannddss, and do
good (to others); surely Allah loves the doers of
good. (2:195)

40. Continue…
• Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H said:
“ Cannot harm (yourself) and giving harm (others)
(Ahmad, Malik, Ibn Majah and Dar-Quthni)

41. ISLAMIC PPEERRSSPPEECCTTIIVVEE RREEGGAARRDDIINNGG TTHHEE
DDIISSOORRDDEERR
• According to the Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa
Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ugama Islam Malaysia Kali ke-3
(1982):
– Any abuses including drug abuse is HHAARRAAMM
– DDRRUUGG can only used for medical purpose only
which in accordance to Syara’.
• Muzakarah Kali ke-76 (2006):
– Syabu and new types of drug still HHAARRAAMM not only
take it but have it also HHAARRAAMM.

42. Continue..
• Muzakarah kali ke 37 (Mac 1995) : (Nicotine)
– Smoking the cigarette is HHAARRAAMM –– according to
Imam Asy-Syafie ; taking something ( eating,
drinking, inhaling, snorting etc.) that make us
drunk/high is HARAM.
• Muzakarah on Julai 2013 :
– Smoking the shisha is HHAARRAAMM

43. Continue…
• By taking drug it will due to the disorder that
destruct ourselves.
• Therefore Islam inhibit us abuse all these kind
of drug.
• Wallahu’lam

44. ONE OF TTHHEE MMOOVVIIEE TTHHAATT CCAANN BBEE RREEVVIIEEWW