This document provides an overview of submarine (or U-boat) geography during World War II. It discusses key aspects such as:
- U.S. and German submarine designs from WWII
- The readiness of the U.S. submarine fleet at the start of the war
- Problems with early U.S. torpedo technology
- Offensive submarine tactics developed by German commander Donitz, including close-range attacks and wolfpack formations
- Defensive measures taken by Allied forces like convoy routes and anti-submarine warfare
- Locations of major German U-boat bunkers constructed during the war
In 3 sentences or less, it summarizes key information about submarine warfare during WWII.
hello friends.....
submarine is a work in underwater and easily detect to enemy or underwater travel in the tourist. and this presentation shows, how to submarine work in under water in each parts or marine ship etc.
hello friends.....
submarine is a work in underwater and easily detect to enemy or underwater travel in the tourist. and this presentation shows, how to submarine work in under water in each parts or marine ship etc.
Ships Using Different Propulsion Systems Are discussed.The Ships are:
1:KMS BATTLESHIP- BISMARCK
2:QUEEN ELIZABETH-CLASS AIRCRAFT CARRIER
3:USS ENTERPRISE (CVN-65)
Prepared by:Vipin Devaraj,
38Th RS,
Dept Of Ship Technology,
Cusat,INDIA
contact:vipindevaraj94@gmail.com
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations.
This presentation briefly reviews the history of Reusable Launch Vehicle development and reuse techniques. The presentation considers a range of techniques for recovery and reuse of launch vehicles. Various different concepts of reusability have been discussed. The economics of reuse and the advantages of this technology is also presented.
The presentation outlines the classification of missiles and various Indian and worldwide available, in use missile. The presentation is in a pictorial format.
A Presentation on Reusable Launcher Technology , with reference and basis of SpaceX Technologies Falcon 9 reusable rocket. With basic slides explaining the overview of the technology presented. ( No analytical or numerical issues addressed)
Cruise missiles form a major part of modern warfare and have spread extensively to all branches of the military. Their effective use in a modern conflict can change the outcome of war without resorting to nuclear weapons. Improvements in cruise missile technology will see more intelligent, self-manoeuvring and hypersonic missiles flood the world market. But whatever happens, cruise missiles will remain one of the most reliable weapons for the foreseeable future.
Ships Using Different Propulsion Systems Are discussed.The Ships are:
1:KMS BATTLESHIP- BISMARCK
2:QUEEN ELIZABETH-CLASS AIRCRAFT CARRIER
3:USS ENTERPRISE (CVN-65)
Prepared by:Vipin Devaraj,
38Th RS,
Dept Of Ship Technology,
Cusat,INDIA
contact:vipindevaraj94@gmail.com
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations.
This presentation briefly reviews the history of Reusable Launch Vehicle development and reuse techniques. The presentation considers a range of techniques for recovery and reuse of launch vehicles. Various different concepts of reusability have been discussed. The economics of reuse and the advantages of this technology is also presented.
The presentation outlines the classification of missiles and various Indian and worldwide available, in use missile. The presentation is in a pictorial format.
A Presentation on Reusable Launcher Technology , with reference and basis of SpaceX Technologies Falcon 9 reusable rocket. With basic slides explaining the overview of the technology presented. ( No analytical or numerical issues addressed)
Cruise missiles form a major part of modern warfare and have spread extensively to all branches of the military. Their effective use in a modern conflict can change the outcome of war without resorting to nuclear weapons. Improvements in cruise missile technology will see more intelligent, self-manoeuvring and hypersonic missiles flood the world market. But whatever happens, cruise missiles will remain one of the most reliable weapons for the foreseeable future.
This is a comparison between independent films and mainstream films. I have compared the films 'Love Actually' (Mainstream) and 'Submarine' (Independent).
US Navy in WW II; session v, Battle for the AtlanticJim Powers
America begins her major role in the war by opposing the submarine menace, long before Pearl Harbor. This session looks at how antisubmarine warfare evolves. Without victory in this phase, the Allies could not have defeated Hitler.
Means of WarfareThough we have no records of ancient man’s iAbramMartino96
Means of Warfare
Though we have no records of ancient man’s interest in flight we definitely can go back to the great Leonardo Da Vinci and sketches of a mechanical winged device and the Ornithopter. In the ensuing years, man developed hot air balloons. First used during the Napoleonic Wars, the US Army used them during the Civil War, and the French government used them while the Prussians laid siege to Paris in 1870. With such a graphic demonstration of the new options they presented, the British, French, Austrians and Germans developed Balloon Corps within their military establishments. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin developed the first dirigible with a rigid frame—the zeppelin—in 1900. All these are lighter than air inventions. Simultaneous to their development, scientists and inventors examined the possibilities for heavier than air flight. Sir George Cayley studied the physics of flight and developed a practical glider. Sir William Henson built on Cayley’s work and developed a prototype for a steam-driven aircraft. Francis Wenham built the first wind tunnel. Alphonse Penaud and Victor Tatin developed monoplanes and Russian Alexander Mozhaiski flew a steam-powered monoplane 98 feet.[1]However, all these models had significant difficulties with the controls and were subject to the vagaries of the atmosphere and terrain.
The Wrightflyer
It was the Wright brothers who finally developed mechanical means of controlling pitch, role and yaw. Rather than looking at a steam engine, they developed a light-weight internal combustion engine for their plane. They succeeded in conducting the first controlled flight of a powered engine at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina on December 17, 1903.[2] The years between that first flight and the outbreak of the Great War saw tremendous development of aircraft throughout Europe, and most of the Armies kept close tabs on those developments, many of them operating their own aircraft programs.
Aircraft were a part of the arsenals of all the belligerents in the Great War, but they had very limited use. One of the most important of their capabilities was intelligence gathering. Able to fly above the battlefield, and behind enemy lines, pilots could provide important information on enemy troop movements and artillery placement to their headquarters. Occasionally they dropped hand grenades on the enemy. Once they had developed proper gun synchronization (to prevent the pilot from destroying the propeller as he fired his machine gun) pilots of the various belligerents engaged in “dog fights.” Flyers became the new heroes of the 20th century, though regardless of the “romance” of the airman, aircraft had little impact on the outcome of World War I. Take a look at some of the early planes and pilot training in this documentary from World War I.
Kresha Kopik
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World War I Aircraft (WWI Documentary, 1953)
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It is an English project for class XI for the chapter WE'RE NOT AFRAID TO DIE .....IF WE CAN ALL BE TOGETHER. This is an amazing and interesting topic. Work like a pro and become a director😀
World War II; America Fights Back in the PacificWayne Williams
World War Ii in the Pacific Theater; pivotal battles, leapfrogging strategies, Bataan Death March, Iwo Jima, Battle of Okinawa, Kamikaze strategy following the Battle of Leyte Gulf, damage to the USS LaGrange at Okinawa
Sea power session 4-glorious revolution and beachy head for pdfJim Powers
The Second Hundred Years War begins as the Glorious Revolution aligns England and the Netherlands against Louis xiv under the same monarch William iii of Orange. Revised version
1. Military Geography
Submarines
Geo 4950
Dr. Fahrer
by
Jeff Bahls
This is a dual presentation using Google Earth as well.
I will attempt to answer all questions, however; some items may be classified and I will not
discuss in detail those items.
2. Scope of Submarine Geography
• In this presentation use of Google Earth is
employed to show spatial relations between
states and topography of ocean floors
• While used in WWI, submarine warfare
developed dramatically during WWII
– Will give States, Statistics, Base Locations
• The Cold War saw many developments as well
– Submarine Warfare Tactics from WWII to present
• Present Day Fleets
4. WWII Submarine (German)
U-853
It was not
until after
WWII that
subs were
designed to
run
submerged
vice
surfaced as
you see
here.
5. United States Submarine Readiness
• On December 7th, 1941 there were twenty one submarines attached to
the U.S. Pacific Fleet based in Pearl Harbor. Following the attack, the
American submarine fleet received at 4:00pm on the afternoon of 7
December 1941 orders issued by Admiral Harold Stark, the Chief of Naval
Operations, for all available boats to immediately put to sea and for those
already underway to conduct "unrestricted submarine warfare" against
anything Japanese.: The United States, by calling for unrestricted
submarine warfare, officially renounced article 22 of the London Naval
Treaty of 1930 which formally spelled out the guidelines and procedures
that a submarine was required to follow when attacking an enemy non
combatant vessel. When the war began, U.S. submarines had no RADAR
(Radio and Detection Ranging) but by August of 1942 an air search system
(the SD) and the first surface search RADAR system (the SJ) was installed
aboard a US submarine. By early 1943, the US had begun limited use of a
proven cooperative attack tactic known as "wolf-packing".
6. Another Problem: Torpedoes
• Torpedo problems plagued the fleet submarine throughout much of the
war, but the early years proved to be the most trying time for sub skippers
regarding the ordnance they carried. Malfunctioning torpedoes were
reported by boat captains from the onset of hostilities and the response
from BuOrd was always the same: The weapons were fine, it was the
crew's inabilities that were to blame. History has proven otherwise.
• US fleet submarines went into battle armed with the MK XIV steam
torpedoes which were equipped with the MK VI influence exploder. The
design behind the exploder was to allow the torpedo to detonate within
the magnetic field under the keel of the target boat, effectively breaking
the ship's back.
7. Submarine Tactics Offensive
• German Flotilla's commander, Kapitan sur Zee Karl Donitz, was a
firm believer in the value of the submarine.
• Tactics
If Donitz had been frustrated in his hopes of priority being given
to the U-boat arm, he had, undeterred, given considerable
attention to the development of effective tactics. At this time
the submarine was considered irrelevant by many in naval
circles, especially in the British Royal Navy, but also in some
quarters of the German Naval High Command. The submarine, it
was argued, was too slow, and too easily detected by the
British ultra-sonic detection device known as "asdic". As late as
1937, the British Admiralty declared that the submarine would
never again be a major threat. Donitz did not share this belief.
9. Submarine Tactics Offensive
• Tactics
The tactics he and his team developed had four basic ideas.
Previously, submarine commanders had been taught to attack at a range of
at least one and a half miles. This, it was believed, would minimize the risk of
detection by asdic, but it also demanded the expenditure of a full salvo of
torpedoes in order to achieve a great enough "spread", with a very poor
standard of accuracy.
Donitz, reasoning that there was no proof that the "asdic" detection system
was actually as effective as had been claimed, ordered his commanders to
close in to about 550 yards before attacking. This had the major advantage
of increased the chances of obtaining more than one hit with a salvo of four
torpedoes. During the war some U-boat commanders like the "ace", Otto
Kretschmer, would develop this tactic to the point of actually sailing into the
middle of convoys and picking out the best targets.
This employed the use of Point and Shoot Torpedos
10. Submarine Tactics Offensive
• Tactics
Donitz also adopted the tactic of night-time surface attacks.
Indeed his U-boats generally only submerged to evade the
enemy or escape adverse weather conditions. A U-boat on the
surface, especially at night, presented a very small target, and
both speed and endurance were significantly greater than
when operating submerged.
(Submarines of this era ran much faster on the surface via
the diesel engine, instead of submerged off of the battery.)
Although U-boats sometimes used gunfire to sink merchant
ships, mainly to economize on their stock of torpedoes, the
latter, so far as Donitz was concerned, remained their chief and
most effective weapon. Certainly he impressed on his
commanders the need to avoid surface combat, in which the U-
boat's pressure hull was fatally vulnerable to even one hit.
11. Submarine Tactics Offensive
• Tactics
The tactic with which Donitz is usually most closely associated is the
"wolf pack" attack. This had in fact first been suggested during World
War I, but it was left to Donitz to refine and put it into practice. As it
eventually evolved, the tactic called for a group of U-boats to be
spread out across the anticipated path of a convoy. During daylight
hours they would sail towards the convoy, usually at about 10 knots,
whilst after dusk, in order not to miss their target in the darkness, they
would turn and sail in the same direction as the convoy. The first U-
boat to spot the convoy would signal its position to U-boat
headquarters, and send out homing signals to assemble the rest of the
pack. When the attack actually began, each commander would be left
to decide his own tactics. The original wide spread of the pack meant
that continuous attacks were often mounted for several days as fresh
U-boats came up with the convoy.
12. TOTAL MERCHANT SHIP LOSSES - SEPTEMBER 1939 to AUGUST 1945
Number of British, Allied, Total Gross Registered
Location
neutral ships Tonnage
North Atlantic 2,232 11,900,000 tons
South Atlantic 174 1,024,000 tons
UK waters 1,431 3,768,000 tons
Mediterranean 413 1,740,000 tons
Indian Ocean 385 1,790,000 tons
Pacific Ocean 515 1,348,000 tons
Causes in order of
Number of British, Allied, Total Gross Registered
tonnage sunk
neutral ships Tonnage
1. Submarines 2,828 14,686,000 tons
4. Aircraft 820 2,890,000 tons
2. Mines 534 1,406,000 tons
5. Other causes 632 1,030,000 tons
6. Raiders 133 830,000 tons
3. Warships 104 498,000 tons
7. Coastal forces 99 230,000 tons
13. Wolf packing / Sea Routes / Convoys
start – stop at 1:20 start at 2:10 to end
Video-WWII-TVC10C
25. Submarine Tactics Have Changed
Since WWII technology increased the capabilities of submarines as well as their roles.
During this time the United States developed the concept of Triad Defense. Land based
nuclear missiles, Long range bombers, and Ballistic Missile Submarines.
To this end Fast Attack Submarines served to protect Ballistic Submarines as well as
surface fleets. This included sending attack submarines deep into the enemies ports as
well as playing hide-n-go-seek with enemy submarines. (Tell story)
Nuclear reactors enabled submarines to only be limited to the amount of food they can
carry for their crews.
Also new and improved Defensive Systems for ASW warfare were developed.
With all of these developments the main defense for a submarine remains the same
today as it did in WWII, to remain undetected. Thus the Submarine Service, with all of
its secrecy is called the Silent Service.
26. A Sub at Periscope Depth Can be Seen
from the Air
27. Soviet and U.S. Tensions
• The USS Baton Rouge, a Los Angeles class nuclear attack
submarine and the Russian Sierra class submarine collided
at 20:16 Moscow time, at 69o38.7' North and 33o46.9'
East, roughly 4.7 miles from the line connecting
Tsypnavolok Cape and Kildin Island (see map below). The
US Navy stated that the collision occurred more than 12
miles from the shore, at a location in international waters.
However, Russia uses a different set of rules for defining
the boundary between territorial and international
waters, and the Russian rules put the collision site inside
their territorial waters.
29. SOSUS Array – Submarine Acoustic Detection
Pictured here is the
1st SOSUS Array net.
Later in the Cold
War, every port or
geographic choke
point would be lined
with Arrays.
Note Base locations
from Google Earth
30. Thermoclines / Sound Channels
How a submarine uses
the ocean itself to hide.
Factors include: salinity,
temperature and depth.
This concept is why it is
NOT necessary for a sub
to go thousands of feet
deep.
How could geographic
concepts by applied?
34. Characteristics
According to the U.S. government, the top speed of Los Angeles-class
submarines is over 25 knots (46 km/h, 29 mph), although the precise
maximum is classified. Government sources give the maximum operating
depth as 650 feet (200 m).
The two diagrams are
roughly an accurate size
comparison
The government cites the same
characteristics for the Ohio Class
40. 4) After breaking the surface of the waves, the missile
continues being propelled vertically by the plume of steam
another 50 feet above the ocean’s surface where the first
stage rocket fires
3) The steam surrounds each missile rapidly shooting it
towards the surface of the ocean which is approximately 100
feet above the top of the sub
2) A separate rocket motor at the base of each silo fires
instantaneously boiling the water in the bottom of the
launch tube, creating huge volumes of steam
1) During the firing sequence, the hatch door on top of the
submarine is opened exposing the domed shape of the
Trident Missile nose section
41. s
Submerged Missile
Launch Basics
• 1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its 1st stage boost motor (A).
• 2. About 60 seconds after launch, the 1st stage drops off and the 2nd stage motor
(B) ignites. The missile shroud is ejected.
• 3. About 120 seconds after launch, the 3rd stage motor (C) ignites and separates
from the 2nd stage.
• 4. About 180 seconds after launch, 3rd stage thrust terminates and the Post-
Boost Vehicle (D) separates from the rocket.
• 5. The Post-Boost Vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV)
deployment.
• 6. The RVs, as well as decoys and chaf, are deployed during backaway. f
• 7. The RVs and chaff re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds and are armed in
flight.
• 8. The nuclear warheads detonate, either as air bursts or groundbursts.
47. Citations
• Brandt, P., Alpers, W. & Backhaus, J. O., (1996), Study of the generation and
propagation of internal waves in the Strait of Gibraltar using a numerical model
and synthetic aperture radar images of the European ERS 1 satellite, J.
Geophys. Res., 101, 14237-14252.
• Defense and Arms Control Studies Program at M.I.T., Winter 92/93, v. 2, # 2, pp
19-24.
• Handler, J., "Russia’s Pacific Fleet -- Submarine Bases and Facilities," Jane's
Intelligence Review, April 1994, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 166-171. Maryland.
• Polmar, N., (1986), Guide to the Soviet Navy, Fourth Edition, United States
Naval Institute, Annapolis.
• Roscoe, T., (1949), United States Submarine Operations in World War
II, Theodore Roscoe US Naval Institute.
• Williamson, G., and Pavlovic, D., (1945), U-Boat Crews, 1914-45, London.