A Presentation on Reusable Launcher Technology , with reference and basis of SpaceX Technologies Falcon 9 reusable rocket. With basic slides explaining the overview of the technology presented. ( No analytical or numerical issues addressed)
This presentation briefly reviews the history of Reusable Launch Vehicle development and reuse techniques. The presentation considers a range of techniques for recovery and reuse of launch vehicles. Various different concepts of reusability have been discussed. The economics of reuse and the advantages of this technology is also presented.
A presentation providing brief information about the Reusable Launch Vehicle or reusable rockets their past, present, and future. If you are interested in learning how this technology works do go through the slides.
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Blue Origin Reusable Launch Vehicles are designed not only to withstand re-entry but also to return to the launch pad or ocean landing site for a vertical landing. Reusable rocket is the pivotal breakthrough needed to substantially reduce the cost of space access and make human multi-planet species
This presentation briefly reviews the history of Reusable Launch Vehicle development and reuse techniques. The presentation considers a range of techniques for recovery and reuse of launch vehicles. Various different concepts of reusability have been discussed. The economics of reuse and the advantages of this technology is also presented.
A presentation providing brief information about the Reusable Launch Vehicle or reusable rockets their past, present, and future. If you are interested in learning how this technology works do go through the slides.
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Blue Origin Reusable Launch Vehicles are designed not only to withstand re-entry but also to return to the launch pad or ocean landing site for a vertical landing. Reusable rocket is the pivotal breakthrough needed to substantially reduce the cost of space access and make human multi-planet species
Drone (Quadcopter) full project report by Er. ASHWANI DIXITAshwani Dixit
This is a Fully completed Mechanical Engineering Final Year Project Report of Drone ( Quadcopter ) by Ashwani Dixit from MITM, Ujjain .
for word file of that report you can contact me - ashwanidixit49@gmail.com
Thankyou !!!!!!!!!
Drones and their Increasing Number of ApplicationsJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how drones are becoming economic feasible for an increasing number of applications as their costs fall. The costs of drones are falling as the costs of various ICs (controllers, GPS) and MEMS sensors rapidly fall, their performance rises (e.g., accuracy of GPS) and as the cost of carbon fibers fall at a somewhat slower pace than do ICs and MEMS. These falling costs are making drones economically feasible for a number of applications such as producing movies, TV reporting, surveillance, and delivery.
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a Drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems
A UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine. In addition, a cruise missile can be considered to be a UAV, but is treated separately on the basis that the vehicle is the weapon.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations
To download this ppt click on this link
https://adf.ly/PdL4V
In the Slide, we have given a brief Introduction about the Drones and its emerging technology. The content provided would be really simple for the beginners to understand and gain a complete idea about the introduction to Drones or UAVs.
Heat Transfer Analysis for a Winged Reentry Flight Test BedCSCJournals
In this paper we deal with the aero-heating analysis of a reentry flight demonstrator helpful to the research activities for the design and development of a possible winged Reusable Launch Vehicle. In fact, to reduce risks in the development of next generation reusable launch vehicles, as first step it is suitable to gain deep design knowledge by means of extensive numerical computations, in particular for the aero-thermal environment the vehicle has to withstand during reentry. The demonstrator under study is a reentry space glider, to be used both as Crew Rescue Vehicle and Crew Transfer Vehicle for the International Space Station. It is designed to have large atmospheric manoeuvring capability, to test the whole path from the orbit down to subsonic speeds and then to the landing on a conventional runway. Several analysis tools are integrated in the framework of the vehicle aerothermal design. Between the others, we used computational analyses to simulate aerothermodynamic flowfield around the spacecraft and heat flux distributions over the vehicle surfaces for the assessment of the vehicle Thermal Protection System design. Heat flux distributions, provided for equilibrium conditions of radiation at wall and thermal shield emissivity equal to 0.85, highlight that the vehicle thermal shield has to withstand with about 1500 [kW/m2] and 400 [kW/m2] at nose and wing leading edge, respectively. Therefore, the fast developing new generation of thermal protection materials, such as Ultra High Temperature Ceramics, are available candidate to built the thermal shield in the most solicited vehicle parts. On the other hand, away from spacecraft leading edges, due to the low angle of attack profile followed by the vehicle during descent, the heat flux is close to values attainable with conventional heat shield. Also, the paper shows that the flying test bed is able to validate hypersonic aerothermodynamic design database and passenger experiments, including thermal shield and hot structures, giving confidence that a full-scale development can successfully proceed.
Drone (Quadcopter) full project report by Er. ASHWANI DIXITAshwani Dixit
This is a Fully completed Mechanical Engineering Final Year Project Report of Drone ( Quadcopter ) by Ashwani Dixit from MITM, Ujjain .
for word file of that report you can contact me - ashwanidixit49@gmail.com
Thankyou !!!!!!!!!
Drones and their Increasing Number of ApplicationsJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how drones are becoming economic feasible for an increasing number of applications as their costs fall. The costs of drones are falling as the costs of various ICs (controllers, GPS) and MEMS sensors rapidly fall, their performance rises (e.g., accuracy of GPS) and as the cost of carbon fibers fall at a somewhat slower pace than do ICs and MEMS. These falling costs are making drones economically feasible for a number of applications such as producing movies, TV reporting, surveillance, and delivery.
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a Drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems
A UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine. In addition, a cruise missile can be considered to be a UAV, but is treated separately on the basis that the vehicle is the weapon.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations
To download this ppt click on this link
https://adf.ly/PdL4V
In the Slide, we have given a brief Introduction about the Drones and its emerging technology. The content provided would be really simple for the beginners to understand and gain a complete idea about the introduction to Drones or UAVs.
Heat Transfer Analysis for a Winged Reentry Flight Test BedCSCJournals
In this paper we deal with the aero-heating analysis of a reentry flight demonstrator helpful to the research activities for the design and development of a possible winged Reusable Launch Vehicle. In fact, to reduce risks in the development of next generation reusable launch vehicles, as first step it is suitable to gain deep design knowledge by means of extensive numerical computations, in particular for the aero-thermal environment the vehicle has to withstand during reentry. The demonstrator under study is a reentry space glider, to be used both as Crew Rescue Vehicle and Crew Transfer Vehicle for the International Space Station. It is designed to have large atmospheric manoeuvring capability, to test the whole path from the orbit down to subsonic speeds and then to the landing on a conventional runway. Several analysis tools are integrated in the framework of the vehicle aerothermal design. Between the others, we used computational analyses to simulate aerothermodynamic flowfield around the spacecraft and heat flux distributions over the vehicle surfaces for the assessment of the vehicle Thermal Protection System design. Heat flux distributions, provided for equilibrium conditions of radiation at wall and thermal shield emissivity equal to 0.85, highlight that the vehicle thermal shield has to withstand with about 1500 [kW/m2] and 400 [kW/m2] at nose and wing leading edge, respectively. Therefore, the fast developing new generation of thermal protection materials, such as Ultra High Temperature Ceramics, are available candidate to built the thermal shield in the most solicited vehicle parts. On the other hand, away from spacecraft leading edges, due to the low angle of attack profile followed by the vehicle during descent, the heat flux is close to values attainable with conventional heat shield. Also, the paper shows that the flying test bed is able to validate hypersonic aerothermodynamic design database and passenger experiments, including thermal shield and hot structures, giving confidence that a full-scale development can successfully proceed.
We are living in a vast universe that contains tremendous unknown knowledge. Human space exploration helps to address the fundamental questions about our place in the universe. In this the development of spacecrafts is remarkable. SKYLON is space plane that can be a replacement for the current scenario of space travel by its reliability, ease of operation and economic friendly nature. It’s a single stage to orbit hypersonic space plane. That uses horizontal take off and landing like a conventional aircraft. It could reach up to the low earth orbit (LEO) with a payload of about 15 tons. This system use combined cycle engine commonly known as synergistic air breathing rocket engine (SABRE).That works both in air breathing and pure rocket mode. This permits the vehicle to cruise at hypersonic speed (around Mach 5.5) within earth atmosphere. SKYLON is the future of aviation and space industry, which may ease many missions from earth surface to space. Further modification in the engine may lead not only to the orbit but also far away from that .its low fuel consumption lower weight and reduced risk factor increases the performance and makes possible space tourism for people belongs to any community
A Reusable Launch Vehicle(RLV) refers to a launch vehicle which can be used for several missions.
Ideally it takes off vertically on back of an expendable rocket and it glides back down like an aircraft. During the landing phase, an RLV can either land on a runway or performs a splashdown.
The main advantage of an RLV is that it can be used multiple times, hopefully with low servicing cost.
A successful RLV would surely cut down the mission cost and make space travel more accessible.
Long duration, lighter than air, stratospheric airships might offer a unique and compelling platform for a wide range of Earth science and astrophysics. There is also great commercial opportunity in stratospheric, stationary platforms that can remain aloft for months or even years at a time. A 2013 Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) series of workshops (http://kiss.caltech.edu/programs.html#airships) brought together a number of scientists and aerospace industry professionals to discuss this potential. The report from that study (http://kiss.caltech.edu/papers/airships/papers/airships.pdf) identified the need for a graduated approach to developing the necessary technology and recommended a funded challenge as one way to meet this need. The NASA Centennial Challenge office funded development of the Airships-20-20-20 Challenge, but NASA ultimately decided not to pursue the Challenge. I will describe the science enabled by airships and the proposed Challenge.
Do you want to go into space? To float weightless? To look down at the whole Earth from the blackness of space? It’s an exciting time for private space travel. Many new space companies have been founded in just the last few years. Most are working toward the goal of ordinary people going to space.
This presentation summarizes current space tourism programs, from weightless rides in a Zero G plane to trips to the International Space Station. It also presents an overview of near-future private space projects, including SpaceShipTwo suborbital rocket flights, orbital rides in the Dragon capsule, and the private Genesis space hotel currently being built in orbit.
Falcon heavy Reusable Launch Vehicle- SpaceXAshish Singh
Falcon Heavy is the most powerful operational rocket in the world by a factor of two. With the ability to lift into orbit nearly 64 metric tons (141,000 lb)---a mass greater than a 737 jetliner loaded with passengers, crew, luggage and fuel--Falcon Heavy can lift more than twice the payload of the next closest operational vehicle, the Delta IV Heavy, at one-third the cost. Falcon Heavy draws upon the proven heritage and reliability of Falcon 9.
Its first stage is composed of three Falcon 9 nine-engine cores whose 27 Merlin engines together generate more than 5 million pounds of thrust at liftoff, equal to approximately eighteen 747 aircraft. Only the Saturn V moon rocket, last flown in 1973, delivered more payload to orbit. Falcon Heavy was designed from the outset to carry humans into space and restores the possibility of flying missions with crew to the Moon or Mars.
A landing gear assembly consists of various components viz. Lower side stay, Upperside stay, Locking actuators, Extension actuators, Tyres, and Locking pins to name a few. Each unit having a specific operation to deal with, in this project the main unit being studied is the lower brace. The primary objective is to analyse stresses in the element of the lower brace unit using strength of materials or RDM method and Finite Element Method (FEM) and compare both. Using the obtained data a suitable material is proposed for the component. The approach used here is to study the overall behaviour of the element by taking up each aspect, finally summing up the total effect of all the aspects in the functioning of the element.
FORTRAN is used as a numerical and scientific computing language. The main objective of the lab work is to understand FORTRAN language using which we solve simple numerical problems and compare different methodologies. Through this project we make use of various functions of FORTRAN and solve a FDM simple heat equation problem applying different conditions viz. Dirichlet and Von Neumann. The given problems are solved analytically then built and compiled using a free integrated development environment called CODE::BLOCKS [1] which is an open source platform for FORTRAN and C.
Thermochemical study of Energy associated with reactions using python.Nagesh NARASIMHA PRASAD
Thermochemistry deals with the study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions or physical transformations. With numerous products and reactants it’s a very complex phenomenon to analyse and sometimes even impossible to obtain accurate results analytically. Using a programming language to solve or compute such complex problems gives reliable results. CANTERA is an open source tool based on python programming language which can be used to solve chemical, thermodynamics processes. We make use of CANTERA in this project to obtain chemical composition of products and compare it with analytical solutions and also to calculate flame temperature, enthalpy etc.
vFORTRAN is used as a numerical and scientific computing language. The main objective of the lab work is to understand FORTRAN language using which we solve simple numerical problems and compare different methodologies. Through this project we make use of various functions of FORTRAN and solve a simple projectile problem and also LAPACK library to solve a tridiagonal matrix problem. We use DGESV and DGTSV functions to make it possible. The given problems are built and compiled using a free integrated development environment called CODE::BLOCKS [1] which is an open source platform for FORTRAN and C.
Design and Testing of Magneto Rheological Damper for Vehicle SuspensionNagesh NARASIMHA PRASAD
Conventional suspension systems have been ruling the automobile industry since ages but with the advancement in material technology it has led us to a new kind of suspension systems known as Active Suspension systems which involves smart materials like Magneto Rheological Fluids (MR), Electro Rheological Fluids (ER) etc. In present day conventional suspension system, we have a coiled spring setup with a simple damper filled with oil in motorcycles which are passive in nature. But off late in 21st century the development of smart materials bought in new dimensions of research in the suspension technology which has led to the era of active suspension systems. Now we can see usage of Semi Active Suspension/Active suspension system in cars and heavy vehicles which enhances the life of automobile, ride comfort and drive control. Though these systems have been developed for high end cars and military vehicles, the implementation of this technology to motorcycles has been a topic of research interest to various motorcycle industries.
We hence designed and machined an Magneto-Rheological Damper to Motorcycles, this system senses the irregularities of the road with various sensors and tries to stiffen and soften the suspension system in motorcycles in turn providing safe and snuggly ride with increased control during rough terrain. Thereby with this suggested concept an alternative design consideration of suspension systems has been offered.
The presentation was prepared for an Technical Paper Presentation competition. It contains basic conceptual explanations pertaining to the BWB concept.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
2. INTRODUCTION
A Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) refers to a vehicle which can be used for
several missions.
RLV is the space analogue of an Aircraft. Ideally it takes-off vertically and
can return with a steady decent.
The main advantage of RLV is that it can be used multiple times, all the
parts of the launcher can be recovered and reused multiple times.
A successful RLV will surely cut down mission cost and makes space travel
more accessible.
To date, several fully reusable sub-orbital systems and partially reusable
orbital systems have been flown.
3. HISTORY
Early ideas of a single-stage reusable spaceplane proved unrealistic and
although the first practical rocket vehicles such as the V-2 weapon of
WWII could reach the fringes of space, re-usable technology was too
heavy, and the rockets were expendable.
The late 1960s saw the start of the Space Shuttle design process. From an
initial multitude of ideas, a two-stage reusable VTHL design was pushed
forward that eventually resulted in a reusable orbiter payload spacecraft
and reusable solid rocket boosters.
Interest in developing new reusable vehicles occurred during the 1990s
the military Strategic Defense Initiative program "Brilliant Pebbles"
required low cost, rapid turnaround space launch. From this requirement
came the McDonnell Douglas Delta Clipper VTOL SSTO proposal. The DC-
X prototype for Delta Clipper demonstrated rapid turnaround time and
that automatic computer control of such a vehicle was possible.
4. PRESENT DAY
SpaceX is a recent player in the private
launch market succeeding in converting
its Falcon 9 expandable launch vehicle
into a partially reusable vehicle by
returning the first stage for reuse.
A refurbished booster was successfully
re-used on March 30, 2017 and
recovered by landing on an
Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship
(ASDS). SpaceX now routinely recovers
and reuses their first stages both on land
and, using the ASDS, at sea.
5. WORKING OF RLV
METHOD 1 - Single Stage to Orbit (SSTO)
The rocket equation says that an SSTO vehicle needs a high
mass ratio.
"Mass ratio" is defined as the mass of the fully fueled vehicle
divided by the mass of the vehicle when empty (zero fuel
weight, ZFW).
One way to increase the mass ratio is to reduce the mass of
the empty vehicle by using very lightweight structures and
high-efficiency engines.
Another is to reduce the weight of oxidant carried, by burning
the fuel in air during the atmospheric stage of flight. A dual-
cycle powerplant such as a liquid air cycle engine is used.
The margins are so small with the SSTO approach that there is
uncertainty whether such a vehicle could carry any payload
into orbit.
6. WORKING OF RLV
METHOD 2 – Two Stages to Orbit (TSTO)
Two stages to orbit uses two vehicles, joined together at
launch. Usually the second-stage orbiter is 5-10 times smaller
than the first-stage launcher.
Besides the cost of developing two independent vehicles, the
complexity of the interactions between them both as a unit
and when separating must also be evaluated.
The first stage needs to be returned to the launch site for it to
be reused.
This is usually proposed to be done by flying a compromise
trajectory that keeps the first stage above or close to the
launch site, or by using small air-breathing engines to fly the
vehicle back, or by recovering the first stage down range and
returning it some other way ,often landing in the sea and
returning by ship.
8. AIRBREATHING
ENGINE
APPROCH
It uses the air during ascent for propulsion. The
most commonly proposed approach is the
scramjet, but turbo rocket, Liquid Air Cycle Engine
(LACE) and precooled jet engines have also been
proposed.
In all cases, the highest speed that an air-
breathing engine can reach is far short of orbital
speed (about Mach 15 for Scramjets and Mach 5-6
for the other engine designs), and rockets would
be used for the remaining 10-20 Mach required
for orbit.
The thermal situation for airbreathers can be
awkward; normal rockets fly steep initial
trajectories to avoid drag, whereas scramjets
would deliberately fly through the relatively thick
atmosphere at high speed generating enormous
heating of the airframe.
9. TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED FOR REUSABLE LAUNCH
FEASIBILITY
Restart able ignition system for the first-stage booster. Restarts are required at both
supersonic velocities in the upper atmosphere to decelerate the high velocity away from the
launch pad and put the booster on a descent trajectory back toward the launch pad.
New attitude control technology for the booster stage and second stage to bring the
descending rocket body through the atmosphere in a manner conducive both to non-
destructive return and sufficient aerodynamic control such that the terminal phase of the
landing is possible.
Hypersonic grid fins were added to the booster test vehicle design Arranged in an "X"
configuration, the grid fins control the descending rocket's lift vector once the vehicle has
returned to the atmosphere to enable a much more precise landing location.
Large floating land platform to test pinpoint landings prior to receiving permission from
the US government to bring returning rocket stages into US airspace over land. In the
event, SpaceX built the autonomous spaceport drone ship.
Large-surface-area thermal protection system to absorb the heat load of deceleration of
the second stage from orbital velocity to terminal velocity.
10. DESIGN ISSUES
Weight - Any RLV is degrading the launcher’s performance compared to ELV due
to additional stage inert mass. This additional mass is almost unavoidable due to
either supplementary mechanical or propulsion systems or surplus propellant
needed for the safe return of RLV stages.
Reentry heat shields - These vehicles are often proposed to be some sort of
ceramic and/or carbon-carbon heat shields, or occasionally metallic heat shields
(possibly using water cooling or some sort of relatively exotic rare earth metal.)
Some shields would be single-use ablatives, discarded after reentry.
R and D - The research & development costs of reusable vehicle are expected to
be higher, because making a vehicle reusable implies making it robust enough to
survive more than one use, which adds to the testing required.
Maintenance - Reusable launch systems require maintenance, which is often
substantial. The Space Shuttle system required extensive refurbishing between
flights, primarily dealing with the silica tile TPS and the high performance LH2/LOX
burning main engines.
11. TEST FLIGHTS AND
OUTCOMES
In 2013 SpaceX announced it had successfully tested
a large amount of new technology on the flight, and
that coupled with the technology advancements
made on the Grasshopper low-altitude landing
demonstrator, they were ready to test a full recovery
of the booster stage. The first flight test was
successful.
A successful Drone Ship Landing was achieved on
April 8th 2016, after 9 minutes into lift-off the booster
landed vertically .
Over the subsequent missions, landing of the first
stage gradually became a routine procedure, and
since January 2017 SpaceX ceased to refer to their
landing attempts as "experimental".
13. ECONOMICS OF REUSABLE LAUNCHES
To make the Falcon 9 reusable and return to the launch site, extra propellant and
landing gear must be carried on the first stage, requiring around a 30 percent
reduction of the maximum payload to orbit in comparison with the expendable
Falcon 9.
To achieve the full economic benefit of the reusable technology, it is necessary that
the reuse be both rapid and complete without the long and costly refurbishment
period or partially reusable design that plagued earlier attempts at reusable launch
vehicles.
A normal expandable launch costs around 300 million USD, but the spaceX
reusable launch costs around 90 million USD.
15. CONCLUSIONS
Different research centers are considering several options for reusable
space technology to reduce the specific cost of launches.
If one can figure out how to effectively reuse rockets just like airplanes, the
cost of access to space will be reduced by as much as a factor of hundred.
Most of launch cost comes from building the rocket, which flies only once.
Compared that to an airplane, each new plane costs about same as rockets
but can fly multiple times.
The complexities of creating the multi-mode air breathing engine have not
yet been overcome, but the sub-orbital launches requirements for engines
are reduced and can be met already at the present stage of technological
development.
16. REFERENCES
“REUSABLE SPACE PLANES CHALLENGES AND CONTROL
PROBLEMS” by Alexander Nebylov, Vladimir Nebylov -
State University of Aerospace Instrumentation.
“Technological Demonstration of reusable Launchers” by
P.Baiocco, Ch Bonnal – CNES, France.
Performance Comparison of Reusable Launch Vehicles by
Mark Ayre, Tom Bowling, Cranfield University,
Bedfordshire, MK43 OAL.
Reusable Launch Vehicles: Evolution Redefined by Bhavana
Y*, Mani Shankar N and Prarthana BK Department of
Mechanical Engineering, SNIST, India.
Towards Reusable Launchers - A Widening Perspective by
H. Pfeffer Future Launchers Office, Directorate of
Launchers, ESA, Paris.
www.spacex.com for Technical Specifications of launchers.