was used for a reporting in Contemporary Literature as an executed lesson plan.
First Part was for Motivation (slides 2-7), a sort-of 4 Pics, 1 Word game.
Includes an introduction about the author Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore, background of the Gitanjali (Song Offerings), an activity on vocabulary building (slide 16) and some poems from Gitanjali.
This document defines and discusses various elements of poetry, including its earliest forms, distinguishing features from prose, and poetic devices. It covers meter, rhyme, types of poetry like objective and subjective, and poetic elements such as figures of speech, stanza forms, and verse types. Poetry is defined as a creative interpretation of life through imagination and feeling, intended to give the reader pleasure.
The document provides background information on the English Revolution and Restoration period in multiple sections:
1) It outlines the social background of the weakening relationship between the monarchy and bourgeois, and clashes between the King and Parliament that led to the outbreak of the English Revolution.
2) It summarizes the reigns of English monarchs from James I to William III and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
3) It describes how the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak of Puritanism, which aimed to reform manners and liberate man, condemning worldly pleasures.
4) It discusses the literature of the period, including works by John Milton, the Metaphys
Indian English literature (IEL) refers to works written in English by Indian authors. It began in the 1930s with writers like R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao contributing to Indian fiction. IEL is also associated with works by members of the Indian diaspora. While initially influenced by Western novels, IEL developed styles using English blended with Indian terms to represent Indian experiences. Notable later IEL writers include Salman Rushdie, whose novel Midnight's Children blended languages, and Arundhati Roy.
This document discusses Matthew Arnold's study of poetry and views on criticism. It provides biographical details of Arnold and outlines his theory of poetry, which held that poetry should be a criticism of life. Arnold developed the concept of "high seriousness" and used a "touchstone" method of comparing works to classics. He offered historical, personal, and real estimates of poets like Chaucer, Dryden, Pope, Gray, Burns, and Shakespeare. However, some critics found flaws in Arnold's moralizing approach and lack of disinterestedness towards certain poets like Shelley.
This document provides biographical information about the Victorian poet Alfred Lord Tennyson. It discusses his early life, family history including mental illness that ran in the family, his friendship and mourning of Arthur Hallam, his achievements as Poet Laureate, and summaries and analyses of some of his most famous poems including "The Eagle," "Crossing the Bar," and selections from "In Memoriam."
Classical criticism in eng lit. presentationPatrick Dave
This document provides a summary of Classical Criticism from ancient Greek and Roman times. It discusses the views of important classical critics like Plato and Aristotle. Plato saw art as inferior copies removed from truth, while Aristotle viewed art/poetry as pleasurable imitation that can provide knowledge. The document also contrasts classical and romantic styles, examines Aristotle's theory of tragedy, and provides background on classical works and their influence.
An Apology for Poetry was written by the Elizabethan writer Philip Sidney in his defence of poetry from the accusation that was made by Stephen Gosson in his work "School of Abuse".
This document summarizes Longinus's treatise "On the Sublime", which analyzes the concept of sublimity in language and its ability to elevate discourse. It defines sublimity as consisting of lofty language that sways readers through grandeur of thought, treatment of passions, figures of speech and thought, dignified expression through word choice and metaphor, and majestic structure. While sublimity cannot be innate, it can be developed through instruction and reason. The document outlines Longinus's influential views on sublimity that shaped Romantic literature and criticism.
This document defines and discusses various elements of poetry, including its earliest forms, distinguishing features from prose, and poetic devices. It covers meter, rhyme, types of poetry like objective and subjective, and poetic elements such as figures of speech, stanza forms, and verse types. Poetry is defined as a creative interpretation of life through imagination and feeling, intended to give the reader pleasure.
The document provides background information on the English Revolution and Restoration period in multiple sections:
1) It outlines the social background of the weakening relationship between the monarchy and bourgeois, and clashes between the King and Parliament that led to the outbreak of the English Revolution.
2) It summarizes the reigns of English monarchs from James I to William III and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
3) It describes how the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak of Puritanism, which aimed to reform manners and liberate man, condemning worldly pleasures.
4) It discusses the literature of the period, including works by John Milton, the Metaphys
Indian English literature (IEL) refers to works written in English by Indian authors. It began in the 1930s with writers like R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao contributing to Indian fiction. IEL is also associated with works by members of the Indian diaspora. While initially influenced by Western novels, IEL developed styles using English blended with Indian terms to represent Indian experiences. Notable later IEL writers include Salman Rushdie, whose novel Midnight's Children blended languages, and Arundhati Roy.
This document discusses Matthew Arnold's study of poetry and views on criticism. It provides biographical details of Arnold and outlines his theory of poetry, which held that poetry should be a criticism of life. Arnold developed the concept of "high seriousness" and used a "touchstone" method of comparing works to classics. He offered historical, personal, and real estimates of poets like Chaucer, Dryden, Pope, Gray, Burns, and Shakespeare. However, some critics found flaws in Arnold's moralizing approach and lack of disinterestedness towards certain poets like Shelley.
This document provides biographical information about the Victorian poet Alfred Lord Tennyson. It discusses his early life, family history including mental illness that ran in the family, his friendship and mourning of Arthur Hallam, his achievements as Poet Laureate, and summaries and analyses of some of his most famous poems including "The Eagle," "Crossing the Bar," and selections from "In Memoriam."
Classical criticism in eng lit. presentationPatrick Dave
This document provides a summary of Classical Criticism from ancient Greek and Roman times. It discusses the views of important classical critics like Plato and Aristotle. Plato saw art as inferior copies removed from truth, while Aristotle viewed art/poetry as pleasurable imitation that can provide knowledge. The document also contrasts classical and romantic styles, examines Aristotle's theory of tragedy, and provides background on classical works and their influence.
An Apology for Poetry was written by the Elizabethan writer Philip Sidney in his defence of poetry from the accusation that was made by Stephen Gosson in his work "School of Abuse".
This document summarizes Longinus's treatise "On the Sublime", which analyzes the concept of sublimity in language and its ability to elevate discourse. It defines sublimity as consisting of lofty language that sways readers through grandeur of thought, treatment of passions, figures of speech and thought, dignified expression through word choice and metaphor, and majestic structure. While sublimity cannot be innate, it can be developed through instruction and reason. The document outlines Longinus's influential views on sublimity that shaped Romantic literature and criticism.
Toru Dutt is considered to be the first Poetess of India who wrote in English and French. She received fame after she left this world at the age of 21.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was a leader of Romantic poetry. He divided imagination into primary and secondary forms. Primary imagination is a creative faculty possessed by all, while secondary imagination is the conscious, creative power of poets. Coleridge believed the purpose of poetry was to give pleasure, and defined a poem as having organic unity and seeking to produce immediate pleasure in readers through the willing suspension of disbelief. He saw imagination as the key distinguishing factor of a true poet.
GEETANJALI SONG OFFERINGS.
Philosophical Aspects and the Themes of Devotion in Gitanjali.
The poem Gitanjali express a largely metaphysical outlook talking about a union with the “Supreme”. The major theme in Gitanjali is devotion to God. It brings its readers into direct contact with the Infinite.
Gitanjali is a collection of poems that were collected and translated from Bengali into English by their author, the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore, for which he won a Nobel Prize.
Gitanjali depicts the spiritual voyage of the poet towards the Supreme Being.
It is a collection of devotional songs in which Tagore offers his prayer to God. But the religious fervor of these songs never mars the poetic beauty them.
Its profoundness expressed with simplicity, optimism and spiritual affirmation, richness and variety, humanization of divine, use of domestic image and symbols, and mythopoeic elements makes the readers more appealing towards it.
One of the most significant aspects of Gitanjali is that profound thoughts are always presented with simplicity and clarity
In the modern days of nihilism and despair, the poems in Gitanjali offer a kind of faith and optimism. This optimism has its root in the belief in an all pervading omnipotent spirit.
This document provides an overview of 18th century English literature during the Age of Pope from 1700-1745. It describes the intellectual and literary trends of the time, including the emphasis on rationalism and classicism in the works of writers like Pope, Swift, Johnson, and others. The document also gives biographical overviews of some of the major literary figures from the period, such as Pope, Defoe, and Swift, and discusses their most prominent works.
Alexander Pope was an 18th century English poet best known for his satirical verse and translation of Homer's works. Born in 1688 to a Catholic family, Pope suffered from tuberculosis from a young age which stunted his growth and limited his formal education, though he was a prolific self-learner. His most famous works include Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, and translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, all influenced by classical Greek and Roman authors. Pope made immense contributions to English literature through his Neoclassical poetry and criticism.
The document provides an overview of English literature from Old English to the 20th century. It begins with Old English literature including Anglo-Saxon poetry such as Beowulf, characterized by alliteration and metaphors. Next it discusses Medieval literature including Geoffrey Chaucer and his masterpiece Canterbury Tales. It then covers the Renaissance period highlighting plays by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Finally, it briefly mentions 17th century English literature including the influential King James Bible.
This document summarizes William Wordsworth's preface to Lyrical Ballads published in 1800. It provides background on Wordsworth and his collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads in 1798. The preface laid out Wordsworth's theory that poetry should be written using ordinary language to describe common sights and sounds and everyday experiences to arouse feelings of tranquility and pleasure in the reader. Wordsworth believed poetry originated from emotions recollected later and the poet acts as an interpreter of those feelings and nature for readers. The document outlines some of Wordsworth's most famous poems and ideas around the role of imagination and poetry's relationship to nature from the preface.
The document provides information about the Romantic Era in literature from 1798-1832. Some key aspects discussed include:
- Romanticism focused on imagination, emotion, individual experience, and freedom over reason and rules.
- Several historical events influenced the rise of Romanticism in Britain, including the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, and the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.
- The six major British Romantic poets - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats - explored themes of nature, emotion, and individualism in their revolutionary poetry.
This document provides biographical information about John Milton, the renowned English poet, pamphleteer, and civil servant. It discusses Milton's education, his prominent literary works produced during different periods of his life, and his political involvement. Milton is considered one of England's greatest writers, known for works like Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes, which he composed after going blind later in life. The document examines Milton's career and significant contributions to English literature during a time of political and religious upheaval in the 17th century.
Bertrand Russell argues that teachers should have self-determination over curriculum to educate students in a liberalizing way rather than just preparing them for exams. He believes teachers have become overworked and unable to inspire students due to being controlled by those who don't understand education. Russell argues that teachers must be given independence from government control to prevent totalitarianism and impart civilization, promoting tolerance, humanity, and impartial knowledge to students.
Percy Bysshe Shelley received a classical education at home before attending University College in Oxford in 1810. While at Oxford, he published an atheist pamphlet that led to his expulsion. In 1811, he eloped with Harriet Westbrook and had two children, though their marriage collapsed when he eloped with Mary Godwin in 1814. Shelley wrote several poems early in his career and continued writing up until his death by drowning in 1822 at age 30, when his schooner sank during a sudden storm in the Gulf of Spezia in Italy.
According to William Wordsworth poetry is the powerful overflow of spontaneous feelings. Wordsworth describes his main intention to write Lyrical Ballads is to choose incidents from real life and add a colour of imagination so that ordinary things may be represented in an unusual fashion.
hi if you want to take imformation about the Toru Dutt , an Indian English female poetess, please kindly visit my PPT.it will be helpful &useful you.. all the best.
John Dryden was an influential English poet, playwright and critic in the 17th century. As a critic, he wrote An Essay of Dramatic Poesy in 1668 to discuss issues in English drama. In the essay, Dryden argues through a dialogue between four characters with different positions on topics like the ancients vs moderns, the unities, French vs English drama, and the appropriateness of rhyme in plays. Though he favors modern English plays, Dryden does not disparage the ancients. He also favors English drama over French drama and compares Shakespeare favorably to Jonson.
Edmund Spenser was an English poet born around 1552 in London. He is best known for writing The Faerie Queene, an epic poem published in 1590-1596 that celebrated the Tudor dynasty and Queen Elizabeth I. Considered one of the great early craftsmen of English poetry, Spenser was also famous for works like The Shepheardes Calender and Epithalamion, a poem written for his wedding. He died in London in 1599 at the age of 46 after being driven from his home in Ireland during the Nine Years' War.
Toru Dutt was the first Indian poetess to write in English. She is considered an important Indo-Anglian poet and translator. Some of her most famous poems included The Lotus, Savitri, and Our Casuarina Tree. The Lotus presented the idea that the Indian lotus is the most beautiful flower. Savitri retold the immortal legend from the Mahabharata of Satyavan's death and his wife Savitri succeeding in getting his soul back from Yama, the god of death. Our Casuarina Tree was an autobiographical poem about memories of playing under a tree with her siblings who had since passed away.
The poem discusses the speaker's lost ability to see nature as divinely glorious in his childhood. As a child, he viewed nature as clothed in "celestial light" and the "glory and freshness of a dream." Now as an adult, he has lost this visionary perspective and can no longer see nature in this mystical way, no matter where he turns. The speaker laments this inability to recapture the sense of wonder he experienced as a child.
The document provides an overview of the major periods in English literature from Old English to the Modern period. It summarizes the key historical events, literary movements, and important authors that defined each period, such as Beowulf in Old English, Chaucer in Middle English, Shakespeare in the Elizabethan period, and T.S. Eliot in the Modern period. Major genres and works that emerged are also mentioned for each literary time period outlined.
On the Sublime (Greek: Περì Ὕψους Perì Hýpsous; Latin: De sublimitate) is a Roman-era Greek work of literary criticism dated to the 1st century AD. Its author is unknown, but is conventionally referred to as Longinus (/lɒnˈdʒaɪnəs/; Ancient Greek: Λογγῖνος Longĩnos) or Pseudo-Longinus. It is regarded as a classic work on aesthetics and the effects of good writing. The treatise highlights examples of good and bad writing from the previous millennium, focusing particularly on what may lead to the sublime.
The poem "Mind Without Fear" describes a society where the mind is free from fear, knowledge is freely shared, and people are united rather than divided. It envisions a place where thinking and learning are constantly expanding and not limited by habit or narrow walls. The poet hopes his country will awake and progress towards this ideal state of freedom.
A poem by Rabindranath Tagore
Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high;Where knowledge is free;Where the world has not been broken upinto fragments by narrow domestic walls;Where words come out from the depth of truth;Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection;Where the clear stream of reasonhas not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action---Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.
Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), the Nobel laureate poet, writer, philosopher was the ambassador of Indian culture to the rest of the world.
http://www.slideshare.net/jeena.aejy
Toru Dutt is considered to be the first Poetess of India who wrote in English and French. She received fame after she left this world at the age of 21.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was a leader of Romantic poetry. He divided imagination into primary and secondary forms. Primary imagination is a creative faculty possessed by all, while secondary imagination is the conscious, creative power of poets. Coleridge believed the purpose of poetry was to give pleasure, and defined a poem as having organic unity and seeking to produce immediate pleasure in readers through the willing suspension of disbelief. He saw imagination as the key distinguishing factor of a true poet.
GEETANJALI SONG OFFERINGS.
Philosophical Aspects and the Themes of Devotion in Gitanjali.
The poem Gitanjali express a largely metaphysical outlook talking about a union with the “Supreme”. The major theme in Gitanjali is devotion to God. It brings its readers into direct contact with the Infinite.
Gitanjali is a collection of poems that were collected and translated from Bengali into English by their author, the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore, for which he won a Nobel Prize.
Gitanjali depicts the spiritual voyage of the poet towards the Supreme Being.
It is a collection of devotional songs in which Tagore offers his prayer to God. But the religious fervor of these songs never mars the poetic beauty them.
Its profoundness expressed with simplicity, optimism and spiritual affirmation, richness and variety, humanization of divine, use of domestic image and symbols, and mythopoeic elements makes the readers more appealing towards it.
One of the most significant aspects of Gitanjali is that profound thoughts are always presented with simplicity and clarity
In the modern days of nihilism and despair, the poems in Gitanjali offer a kind of faith and optimism. This optimism has its root in the belief in an all pervading omnipotent spirit.
This document provides an overview of 18th century English literature during the Age of Pope from 1700-1745. It describes the intellectual and literary trends of the time, including the emphasis on rationalism and classicism in the works of writers like Pope, Swift, Johnson, and others. The document also gives biographical overviews of some of the major literary figures from the period, such as Pope, Defoe, and Swift, and discusses their most prominent works.
Alexander Pope was an 18th century English poet best known for his satirical verse and translation of Homer's works. Born in 1688 to a Catholic family, Pope suffered from tuberculosis from a young age which stunted his growth and limited his formal education, though he was a prolific self-learner. His most famous works include Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, and translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, all influenced by classical Greek and Roman authors. Pope made immense contributions to English literature through his Neoclassical poetry and criticism.
The document provides an overview of English literature from Old English to the 20th century. It begins with Old English literature including Anglo-Saxon poetry such as Beowulf, characterized by alliteration and metaphors. Next it discusses Medieval literature including Geoffrey Chaucer and his masterpiece Canterbury Tales. It then covers the Renaissance period highlighting plays by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Finally, it briefly mentions 17th century English literature including the influential King James Bible.
This document summarizes William Wordsworth's preface to Lyrical Ballads published in 1800. It provides background on Wordsworth and his collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads in 1798. The preface laid out Wordsworth's theory that poetry should be written using ordinary language to describe common sights and sounds and everyday experiences to arouse feelings of tranquility and pleasure in the reader. Wordsworth believed poetry originated from emotions recollected later and the poet acts as an interpreter of those feelings and nature for readers. The document outlines some of Wordsworth's most famous poems and ideas around the role of imagination and poetry's relationship to nature from the preface.
The document provides information about the Romantic Era in literature from 1798-1832. Some key aspects discussed include:
- Romanticism focused on imagination, emotion, individual experience, and freedom over reason and rules.
- Several historical events influenced the rise of Romanticism in Britain, including the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, and the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.
- The six major British Romantic poets - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats - explored themes of nature, emotion, and individualism in their revolutionary poetry.
This document provides biographical information about John Milton, the renowned English poet, pamphleteer, and civil servant. It discusses Milton's education, his prominent literary works produced during different periods of his life, and his political involvement. Milton is considered one of England's greatest writers, known for works like Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes, which he composed after going blind later in life. The document examines Milton's career and significant contributions to English literature during a time of political and religious upheaval in the 17th century.
Bertrand Russell argues that teachers should have self-determination over curriculum to educate students in a liberalizing way rather than just preparing them for exams. He believes teachers have become overworked and unable to inspire students due to being controlled by those who don't understand education. Russell argues that teachers must be given independence from government control to prevent totalitarianism and impart civilization, promoting tolerance, humanity, and impartial knowledge to students.
Percy Bysshe Shelley received a classical education at home before attending University College in Oxford in 1810. While at Oxford, he published an atheist pamphlet that led to his expulsion. In 1811, he eloped with Harriet Westbrook and had two children, though their marriage collapsed when he eloped with Mary Godwin in 1814. Shelley wrote several poems early in his career and continued writing up until his death by drowning in 1822 at age 30, when his schooner sank during a sudden storm in the Gulf of Spezia in Italy.
According to William Wordsworth poetry is the powerful overflow of spontaneous feelings. Wordsworth describes his main intention to write Lyrical Ballads is to choose incidents from real life and add a colour of imagination so that ordinary things may be represented in an unusual fashion.
hi if you want to take imformation about the Toru Dutt , an Indian English female poetess, please kindly visit my PPT.it will be helpful &useful you.. all the best.
John Dryden was an influential English poet, playwright and critic in the 17th century. As a critic, he wrote An Essay of Dramatic Poesy in 1668 to discuss issues in English drama. In the essay, Dryden argues through a dialogue between four characters with different positions on topics like the ancients vs moderns, the unities, French vs English drama, and the appropriateness of rhyme in plays. Though he favors modern English plays, Dryden does not disparage the ancients. He also favors English drama over French drama and compares Shakespeare favorably to Jonson.
Edmund Spenser was an English poet born around 1552 in London. He is best known for writing The Faerie Queene, an epic poem published in 1590-1596 that celebrated the Tudor dynasty and Queen Elizabeth I. Considered one of the great early craftsmen of English poetry, Spenser was also famous for works like The Shepheardes Calender and Epithalamion, a poem written for his wedding. He died in London in 1599 at the age of 46 after being driven from his home in Ireland during the Nine Years' War.
Toru Dutt was the first Indian poetess to write in English. She is considered an important Indo-Anglian poet and translator. Some of her most famous poems included The Lotus, Savitri, and Our Casuarina Tree. The Lotus presented the idea that the Indian lotus is the most beautiful flower. Savitri retold the immortal legend from the Mahabharata of Satyavan's death and his wife Savitri succeeding in getting his soul back from Yama, the god of death. Our Casuarina Tree was an autobiographical poem about memories of playing under a tree with her siblings who had since passed away.
The poem discusses the speaker's lost ability to see nature as divinely glorious in his childhood. As a child, he viewed nature as clothed in "celestial light" and the "glory and freshness of a dream." Now as an adult, he has lost this visionary perspective and can no longer see nature in this mystical way, no matter where he turns. The speaker laments this inability to recapture the sense of wonder he experienced as a child.
The document provides an overview of the major periods in English literature from Old English to the Modern period. It summarizes the key historical events, literary movements, and important authors that defined each period, such as Beowulf in Old English, Chaucer in Middle English, Shakespeare in the Elizabethan period, and T.S. Eliot in the Modern period. Major genres and works that emerged are also mentioned for each literary time period outlined.
On the Sublime (Greek: Περì Ὕψους Perì Hýpsous; Latin: De sublimitate) is a Roman-era Greek work of literary criticism dated to the 1st century AD. Its author is unknown, but is conventionally referred to as Longinus (/lɒnˈdʒaɪnəs/; Ancient Greek: Λογγῖνος Longĩnos) or Pseudo-Longinus. It is regarded as a classic work on aesthetics and the effects of good writing. The treatise highlights examples of good and bad writing from the previous millennium, focusing particularly on what may lead to the sublime.
The poem "Mind Without Fear" describes a society where the mind is free from fear, knowledge is freely shared, and people are united rather than divided. It envisions a place where thinking and learning are constantly expanding and not limited by habit or narrow walls. The poet hopes his country will awake and progress towards this ideal state of freedom.
A poem by Rabindranath Tagore
Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high;Where knowledge is free;Where the world has not been broken upinto fragments by narrow domestic walls;Where words come out from the depth of truth;Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection;Where the clear stream of reasonhas not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action---Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.
Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), the Nobel laureate poet, writer, philosopher was the ambassador of Indian culture to the rest of the world.
http://www.slideshare.net/jeena.aejy
The poem describes the poet's vision for India - a country where the mind is free from fear, knowledge is freely shared, and the world is not divided. The poet uses literary devices like metaphor, personification, and imagery to portray this vision, comparing freedom to heaven and portraying concepts like striving and the country as having human qualities. The overall theme is the poet's hope and prayer for India to achieve a state of true freedom and progress.
Where the mind is without fear by rabindranath tagoreDevalRabari
The poem expresses Tagore's vision of true freedom for India - freedom from fear, ignorance, prejudice and narrow thinking. It envisions a nation where people can think and live freely without fear, where knowledge is accessible to all regardless of social status, and where people are united and not divided by differences. Tagore appeals to God to lead the people and nation to realizing this heaven of freedom through expanding thought, noble action, truth, reason and spiritual awakening.
Where the mind is without fear by Rabindranath TagoreRinggit Aguilar
The document provides background information on the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore and analyzes his poem "Where the Mind is without Fear". It summarizes that the poem expresses Tagore's vision of an enlightened India that is free from fear, where knowledge and reason prevail over traditions and prejudices. Tagore uses various literary devices like metaphor, personification and repetition to portray his dream of an India where people have freedom of thought and self-reliance. The document then analyzes each line and stanza of the poem in detail to explain Tagore's message.
When the mind is without fear, by Rabindarnath Tagore Grade 9Tamanna-Amir
Rabindranath Tagore was a prolific writer who wrote extensively in many genres including over 1,000 poems, eight volumes of short stories, nearly two dozen plays, eight novels, and works on philosophy, religion, education, and social topics. One of his most famous poems is "Where the Mind is Without Fear" which envisions an ideal nation that is liberal, united, progressive, and led by God towards freedom. The poem expresses Tagore's hope that India would become enlightened and attain overall welfare and self-reliance.
This document provides information about Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali. It includes:
1) A short excerpt from Gitanjali expressing a vision of an ideal nation free from restrictions.
2) Background that Gitanjali is a title of an earlier Bengali volume and its poems express a metaphysical outlook about union with the "Supreme".
3) Details about Tagore as the author, including that he was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for Gitanjali.
The poem "Where the Mind is Without Fear" by Rabindranath Tagore expresses his vision for an independent India. He prays to God to guide the countrymen towards freedom from British rule. The poet wants a nation where people can live without fear, attain knowledge freely, and not be divided by prejudices. He envisions an India where people are truthful, progressive, and work hard with open minds. Tagore appeals to God to awaken his country into a "heaven of freedom" with dignity and unity.
1. Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali poet, novelist, musician, painter and playwright who had a tremendous influence on Bengali and Indian literature.
2. He won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature and was knighted by the British crown in 1915, though he later returned the knighthood after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
3. Tagore's works explored themes of divinity, nature, creativity, freedom from materialism and ego, love for his nation, and an acceptance of death.
The document summarizes important people and texts from ancient Indian literature and history. It includes brief descriptions of the Ramayana epic, Panchatantra fables, poet Kalidasa, goddess Savitri, nationalist Mahatma Gandhi, author Valmiki, and scholar Vishnu Sharma. It also provides details about Rabindranath Tagore, the first Indian to win the Nobel Prize in literature, who was a polymath, poet, musician and artist from Calcutta. Finally, it discusses Tagore's poem "Where the Mind is Without Fear", analyzing its meaning and the values it aims to teach.
Rabindranath Tagore's 1916 novel The Home and the World explores the clash between Western and Indian cultural ideals through the characters of Nikhil, who opposes violence, and Sandip, who is willing to use violence to achieve his goals. Set in early 20th century India during the independence movement against British rule, the novel captures the debate between revolutionary and non-violent resistance at a time of transition in the region. Though some argue Sandip represents Gandhi, Tagore admired Gandhi and their views on non-violence differed, showing Tagore aimed to depict broader ideological tensions, not specific individuals.
The document provides biographical information about Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, novelist, musician, painter and playwright. It discusses his influence on Bengali and Indian literature. It notes he won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature and was knighted by the British but later returned the knighthood. It also summarizes some of his major works and accomplishments, including founding Visva-Bharati University.
This document outlines a course exploring the manifesto across different domains such as art, politics, culture and therapy. On Mondays it will examine the manifesto as a form of protest and novelty, looking at Marinetti's Futurist Manifesto. Tuesdays will focus on protest and rupture, discussing works like Stevens' "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird". Wednesdays will analyze rupture and hiatus, exploring concepts like "shattered vessels" from Kabbalah. Thursdays will consider change, reviewing pieces like Rilke's "You Must Change Your Life". Each afternoon will include workshops where participants write their own manifestos.
Freedom Poem by Ravindranath Tagore prescribed for Class IX English by APSCERT & TGSCERT syllabus. PPT prepared by M Padma Lalitha Sharada of GHS Malakpet under guidance of Smt. C B Nirmala Madam.
This document provides an overview of Chinese literature across different historical periods. It begins with an introduction to China and outlines two traditions in Chinese literature - the classical and vernacular traditions. It then describes the major historical periods of Chinese literature beginning with the Classical Period from the 6th century BC to the 2nd century AD, followed by the Medieval, Early Modern, and Modern periods. Excerpts from important Chinese philosophers and poets are also included, such as Confucius, Laozi, Li Po, and Tu Fu. Their works had influences across philosophy, poetry, and painting.
This volume is a selected introductory literary interpretation of ancient Kemetic (Egyptian) literature organized in thematic sections based on literal translations
of the Medu Neter into English, self-consciously organized to bring a new audience to the splendiferous wisdom of
ancient Kemet
This document discusses several famous landmarks and attractions found across Asia, including:
- The Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines, which are over 2,000 years old and were carved into the mountains by the indigenous Ifugao people.
- The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 and feature Islamic art designs.
- The Merlion in Singapore, a mythical creature with a lion's head and fish's body that represents Singapore's history as a fishing village and current name which means "Lion City."
- The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, a white marble ma
In the poem "Where the Mind is Without Fear", Rabindranath Tagore sketches his vision for an ideal India. He prays that India would become a nation where people can hold their heads high without fear, knowledge is accessible to all, and divisions between groups are overcome. Tagore hopes India will be a place defined by truth, continual progress towards perfection through reason, and where people's minds are led to generous thought and action. He asks God to guide India to this "heaven of freedom."
The document discusses the U.S. national anthem, known as "The Star-Spangled Banner". It provides the full lyrics to the anthem, which celebrates American independence and victory during the War of 1812. The anthem reflects on defending American values of freedom and resisting tyranny. It expresses pride in America's independence and the ideals of liberty.
Used in Economics with TAR.
includes discussion on mixed economy, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of mixed economy, types of mixed economy, features of mixed economy, best and worst practices in mixed economy and model countries.
Keats expresses fears in this sonnet that (1) he may die before fully expressing his poetic talents in writing, (2) he may never complete an ambitious romantic work he envisions, and (3) he may lose the ability to experience passionate love.
Used in Life, Works and Writings of Rizal.
Includes topics such as Rizal Laws and some controversies on his being a hero.
1. Is he for or against the revolution
2. Bonifacio and Rizal
3. Rizal: Made in the USA
4. No legislations supporting Rizal as a National Hero
Selecting and constructing test items and tasksEzr Acelar
The document discusses measuring different levels of understanding from knowledge to deep understanding when constructing test items and tasks. It defines knowledge, simple understanding, and deep understanding and their relation on a continuum. It also outlines cognitive levels from remembering to creating and examples of lower and higher order thinking questions to assess each level. Constructed response and selected response question types are discussed as well as how they can be used to measure different cognitive levels.
Used in Developmental Reading.
Includes Take off/Motivation Activities, Discussions on Drawing Conclusions, Tips to Effectively Draw Conclusions, and Tasks for practice.
Constructing Objective Supply Type of ItemsEzr Acelar
Used in Assessment of Learning 1.
Includes discussion for completion types of tests, short answer items, non-objective supply type, essay type, selected-response types,
Lesson 19 - Identifying Topics, Main Ideas and Supporting DetailsEzr Acelar
Used in Developmental Reading Class.
Includes Take Off/Motivation Activities, Discussion on the Paragraph, Main Idea, Topic Sentence, Tips from Reading Resources, and some activities for practice.
Instructional Programs for English Language Learners (ELL)Ezr Acelar
Used for PEDA 213 (Language Programs for Secondary Schools)
Includes Introduction to English Language Learner Programs, Phases of EL Instructions, the different types of ELL Programs and discussions for each.
The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey ChaucerEzr Acelar
used for reporting in English and American Literature
Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (English Literature)
includes setting, characters, summary, Chaucer's Tale of Melibee, Wife of Bath's Tale,
used for reporting in Introduction to Stylistics
includes the types of style (expository/argumentative, descriptive, narrative, persuasive) basic principles in stylistic analysis, teaching of language and literature: a case for stylistics, and stylistics and levels of language
used for reporting in ENG 214 - Introduction to Stylistics
includes the 3 waves of feminism, post feminism, feminist writers and literature, stereotypes of women in literature
7 Types of Curriculum Operating in SchoolsEzr Acelar
used for reporting in Curriculum Development
focuses on the 7 types of curriculum operating in schools (recommended, taught, written, supported, learned, hidden, assessed curriculum)
used for reporting in LIT 219 - English and American Literature
Patterns by Amy Lowell (American Literature)
Includes vocabulary words and per stanza interpretation (found in notes)
for LIT 203 (Panitikan sa Pilipinas)
Includes topics such as Kaligirang Kasaysayan ng Panahon (background), Katangian ng Literatura, Kilalang Manunulat at Akda (akdang Panrelihiyon sa Tagalog, Iloko, Bisaya, Mga Tula at Akdang ukol sa Tula, Tulang Maladula, Akdang Pangwika)
Other Approaches (Teaching Approach, Strategy, Method and Technique)Ezr Acelar
for EDUC 205 (Principles of Teaching 1) class
covers topics such as Blended Learning, Reflective Teaching/Learning, Metacognitive Approach, Constructivist Approach and Integrated Approach.
This was used for Lit 209 (Afro-Asian Literature).
This presentation is divided into 4 parts (Israel, Hebrew Literature, The Bible and some Biblical pieces).
Also includes some notes within the presentation itself.
Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy of Educational ObjectivesEzr Acelar
This was for EDUC 202 (Facilitating Learning).
Includes the old taxonomy, the revised taxonomy, the differences between the two as well as the two dimensions of the revised taxonomy and practical guide in using the revised taxonomy.
This was for EDUC 203 (Facilitating Learning).
This was the topic after Constructivism.
Includes Types of Transfer, Reasons Why Transfer Doesn't Work and Conditions and Principles for Transfer.
This was for LIT 208 (Mythology and Folklore).
It includes s\topics such as Egyptian Creation myth, gods and goddesses, mythical creatures and folklore.
Has some videos to aid in the instruction.
Notes are also included within the presentation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
9. Rabindranath Tagore (05071861 – 08071941)
Rabi
- Bengali poet, short-story writer, song composer,
playwright, essayist, and painter
- highly influential in introducing Indian culture to
the West
- regarded as the outstanding creative artist of
early 20th-century India
- (1931) first non-European to receive the Nobel
Prize for Literature.
- “Gurudev” ⎯ “a teacher embodying God-like
knowledge”, a title conferred upon him by
Mahatma Gandhi.
10. - Bhanusingha (sun lion) pen name
- Kabi Kahini ()Tle of a Poet), 1878) first collection
- Bhikharini (The Beggar Woman, 1877) – first short story
- Nirjharer Swapnabhanga (The Fountain Awakened from
its Dream, 1882) – one of his most famous poems
- Founder of the school Shantiniketan (Visva-Bharati
University, 1901), prestigious open air university
- Nobel Peace Prize in Literature (1913)
- Bestowed knighthood by the British Crown (1915),
renounced it in 1919
- (1921) founded founded the Institute for Rural
Reconstruction, “Shriniketan” [(Abode of Peace) with
agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst
- Notable works: Gora, Ghare-Baire, Jana Gana Mana,
Rabindra Sangeet, Amar Shonar Bangla (other works)
13. গীতাঞ্জলি
Song
Offerings
•Originally published: 14 August
1910 (157 Bengali poems)
•Published in English: 1912 (53
from the original Bengali
poems and 50 poems from
other collections)
•“geet” song + “anjali” offering
14. 1
THOU hast made me endless, such is thy pleasure. This frail vessel thou emptiest
again and again, and fillest it ever with fresh life.
This little flute of a reed thou hast carried over hills and dales, and hast breathed
through it melodies eternally new.
At the immortal touch of thy hands my little heart loses its limits in joy and gives
birth to utterance ineffable.
Thy infinite gifts come to me only on these very small hands of mine. Ages pass,
and still thou pourest, and still there is room to fill.
15. 8
THE child who is decked with prince's robes and who has jewelled
chains round his neck loses all pleasure in his play; his dress hampers
him at every step.
In fear that it may be frayed, or stained with dust he keeps himself
from the world, and is afraid even to move.
Mother, it is no gain, thy bondage of finery, if it keep one shut off from
the healthful dust of the earth, if it rob one of the right of entrance to
the great fair of common human life.
16. Word Synonym Antonym
Fear
Fragments
(N): Plural form of the word “fragment”, that is, a small part broken off or separated from something
Narrow
(Adj): Limited in extent, amount, or scope
Domestic
(Adj): Existing or occurring inside a particular country; not foreign or international
Depth
Tireless
(Adj): Having or showing great effort or energy
Striving
(V): Present participle form of the word “strive”, that is, make great efforts to achieve or obtain something
Stretches
(V): Third person singular present tense of the word “stretch”, that is, straighten or extend one’s body or a part of
one’s body to its full length, typically so as to tighten one’s muscles or in order to reach something
Stream
(N): A small, narrow river
Clear
(Adj): (Of a substance) transparent; unclouded
Dreary
(Adj): Depressingly dull and bleak or repetitive
Ever-widening
(Adj): Constantly increasing in scope
Freedom
17. 35
WHERE the mind is without fear and the head is held high;
Where knowledge is free;
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow
domestic walls;
Where words come out from the depth of truth;
Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection;
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary
desert sand of dead habit;
Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought
and action ⎯
Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.
26. • Poem No 35, Where the Mind is
Without Fear
Title
• Rabindranath TagoreAuthor
• 11Number of Lines
• 1Stanza
• a yearning for an "awakened' country,
one that is a heaven of freedom
Central Idea of the
Poem
• stong patriotism, longingMood
28. Heaven of
Freedom
citizens should be free from fear of oppression and should have
sense of self-dignity
education should be inclusive, without restrictions; citizens should be free to
acquire knowledge
people should be united, not divided by prejudice, color, creed,
religion
citizens should be truthful where words come from the heart
people should strive for perfection, leaving g behind prejudice
reason should dominate the minds of the countrymen and not lost
among outdated customs and traditions
coutrymen should be progessive and broad-minded
29. Composition Writing:
• Is the Philippines a Heaven of Freedom?
• What is your vision for the country?
• What does a “Heaven of Freedom” means for the
country, the Philippines?
(thoughts on paper, can be prayer, a poem, an essay
etc.)
Editor's Notes
Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7 May 1861 in Jorasanko (Tagore House), Calcutta, India. He was the fourteenth child born to Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905) and Sarada Devi (d.1875). Tagore’s grandfather Dwarkanath Tagore (1794-1846) was a social reformer and wealthy landowner. The Tagores were a progressive family, their home a hub of social activity and culture; they often hosted theatrical and musical performances in their mansion. Many of the Tagore children became respected authors, poets, musicians, and Civil Servants. Devendranath traveled widely during his career and was a proponent of the Brahma Samaj faith, a social and religious movement also known as the Bengal Renaissance; Rabindranath too would embrace its philosophy.
Tagore’s childhood days were mostly confined to the family estate under the watchful eye of, sometimes abusive, servants. He rarely saw his father and his mother died when he was thirteen. After failing to flourish in the conventional school system, Rabindranath obtained his early education with tutors at home where he studied a wide array of subjects including; art, history, science, mathematics, Bengali, Sanskrit, and English, Hindu Scriptures Upanishads, Romantic poetry like that of Percy Bysshe Shelley and classical poetry, notably that of Kālidāsa (c.1st century BCE-5th Century CE).
At a very early age Tagore was writing his own poetry. Some poems were published anonymously or under his pen name “Bhanusingha” [Sun Lion], but he was soon a regular contributor to various magazines including Balaka and Bharati. His first collection Kabi Kahini [Tale of a Poet] was published in 1878. He also started writing short stories including his first: “Bhikharini”(1877) [The Beggar Woman]. Tagore would travel and lecture extensively to parts of Asia, Europe, North and South America during his lifetime—his first trip at the age of thirteen was with his father to various parts of India. Then, with the intent to become a barrister, he was off to England to attend the University College in London from 1878-1880, although he did not finish his degree. He wrote one of his most famous poems during these years: “Nirjharer Swapnabhanga” (1882) [The Fountain Awakened from its Dream];
At the age of twenty-two, on 9 December 1883, Tagore married Bhabatarini (later known as Mrinalini) Devi (1873-1902), with whom he would have five children; daughters Madhurilata (1886-1918), Rathindra (b.1888), Renuka (1890-1904), Mira (b.1892), and son Samindranath (1894-1907). In 1890 Tagore moved to the vast family estate in Shilaidaha, a region now part of Bangladesh. His wife and children joined him in 1898. He traveled by barge throughout the rural region among the Padma River’s sandy estuaries, collecting rents from the tenants and learning the villagers ways, charmed by their pastoral life working the rice fields, watching the fishermen with their nets, visiting school children, and attending feasts in his honour. He gained much inspiration from the people and the landscape and it became a prolific period of writing for him, works including Chitra: A Play in One Act (1896), Manasi (poetry, 1890) [The Ideal One], and Sonar Tari (poetry, 1894) [The Golden Boat].
The next period of Tagore’s life involved his founding of the school Shantiniketan (now known as Visva-Bharati University) in 1901, on part of the family estate lands near Bolpur, West Bengal. An experimental school, Tagore based it on the ashrama model with pioneering emphasis on learning in a harmonious and natural setting. He felt that a well-rounded education using all the five senses and not relying on memorising by rote was the better way to teach children. It is now a prestigious open air University, a universal meeting place for East and West. It claims many notable figures among its alumni including Indira Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi adopted many of it ways of teaching. When Tagore’s wife died just one year after its founding he wrote the poems in Smaran [In Memoriam]. Other works written or published during this period were; Katha O Kahini (1900) [Tales and Stories], Naivedya (poetry, 1901), Kheya (poetry, 1906), Raja (play, 1910) [The King of the Dark Chamber], Dak-ghar (1912) [The Post Office], The Crescent Moon (1913), Gitimalya (1914) [Wreath of Songs], Songs of Kabîr (1915), Stray Birds (1916), Sadhana: The Realisation of Life (1916), and Balaka (1916) [The Flight of Cranes], and the poems “Fruit-Gathering” (1916), “The Fugitive” (1921) and “The Gardener” (1915);
The original Bengali collection of 157 poems was published on August 14, 1910. The English Gitanjali or Song Offerings is a collection of 103 English poems of Tagore's own English translations of his Bengali poems first published in November 1912 by the India Society of London. It contained translations of 53 poems from the original Bengali Gitanjali, as well as 50 other poems which were from his drama Achalayatan and eight other books of poetry — mainly Gitimalya (17 poems), Naivedya (15 poems) and Kheya (11 poems)
An offering of songs"; but the word for offering, anjali, has a strong devotional connotation, so the title may also be interpreted as "prayer offering of song"
In the very first line, the poet prays to the Almighty that his countrymen should be free from any fear of oppression or forced compulsion. He wishes that everyone in his country has his head held high in dignity. In other words, according to him, in a truly free country every person should be fearless and should have a sense of self dignity.
In the second line, the poet dreams of a nation where knowledge would be free. Education should not be restricted to the upper class only but everybody should be allowed to acquire knowledge. Not only that, the children should learn freely from the nature and the world around them. They should not be forced memorize some predetermined lessons. And this is Tagore’s typical concept of education.
In the next line, the poet emphasizes the unity of not only of his countrymen but also of the entire world. He thinks there should be no division among people based on their caste, creed, color, religion or other baseless superstitions. In other words, prejudices and superstitions should not divide the people in groups and break their unity.
In the next line, the poet emphasizes the unity of not only of his countrymen but also of the entire world. He thinks there should be no division among people based on their caste, creed, color, religion or other baseless superstitions. In other words, prejudices and superstitions should not divide the people in groups and break their unity.
the poet wants everyone to work hard to reach their goal, and in the long run to reach perfection. . He thinks they should not be tired by working. People should not be lazy and ignoring their work.
the poet compares ‘reason’ or logical thinking to a “clear stream’ and in the next line compares ‘dead habits’ or superstitious beliefs to a ‘dreary desert’. He wants the stream of reason not to lose its way into the desert of prejudices. In short, people’s thought should be monitored by rational thinking, not by superstition; logic should rule over old baseless beliefs.
the poet wishes his countrymen to be progressive and broad-minded. He wants that their minds are “led forward” to “ever-widening thought and action” by the Almighty. In short, we should be open-minded and do something unusual or extraordinary, overcoming the narrowness of mind.
In the final line of the poem, the poet addresses the God as ‘Father’. He asks him to awaken his country into such a ‘heaven of freedom’ where the above conditions meet.