Abstract: The objective of this work is to investigate the mechanical properties of particulate snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester composite. 5wt% ground snail shell of particle size 625microns was
introduced to unsaturated polyester matrix to produce a composite. Other specimens were produced at 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 weight percentages of the particulate filler in unsaturated polyester matrix. Mechanical tests were
conducted on prepared samples of the composite material. The results showed that the flexural strength of the
composite with 20wt% snail shell particulate reinforcement was greatly enhanced and the impact and hardness
properties were greatly improved at 5wt% filler loading. The composite could be considered for applications in
areas where high impact strength is a requirement such as in shipping containers. The 20wt% snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester can be used in place of pure polyester for applications where flexibility is of
utmost importance. Keywords: Snail Shell, Unsaturated Polyester, Composite, Mechanical Properties, filler
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The potential of solid tannery waste as filler in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied by examination of mechanical properties, morphology and thermal properties of the composites produced. The Composites were prepared by two roll melt mixing and compression moulding technique for varying fiber contents from 0% to 60%. The parameters tested were tensile, impact and hardness in accordance with ASTM specification. The morphology and thermal properties of the matrix and composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of stress-strain behaviour of the composite was similar to those of thermoplastic polymer, the tensile strength and yield stress of the control (HDPE) was higher than that of the prepared samples by 8% and 5%. Hardness was better than HDPE by 12.86%. When 3.5g of Mg (OH)2, 0.3g of Ti2O, 10g of NR, 0.5g of trimethyl quinolene (TMQ), 2g of ethylene vinyl-acetate (EVA) copolymer and 2ml of Acrylic acid were incorporated into the formulation, 52.2%, 39.2% and 29.1% enhancement in yield stress, tensile and impact strength. SEM scan shows ductile tensile fractured surface of composites with better thermal stability than the control. Composite of HDPE90/fibers waste10 presents good mechanical performance with enhanced thermal stability.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Based BioComposite Material wi...IJERA Editor
In composites a conglomeration produces material properties which are unavailable from individual constituent
materials. The use of petroleum based products as constituents in polymer matrix composite has raised concerns
regarding environmental issue and non-renewability of the resource. Therefore in this work an attempt has been
made to develop a biocomposite material using untreated dupion silk fiber as reinforcement material and vinyl
ester as matrix material with Potato Starch used as filler material by hand layup technique.
The biocomposites were prepared in varying percentage of filler addition (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and
different mechanical tests (tensile, flexure and hardness) were conducted on the samples prepared to the ASTM
standards.
From the results of the experiments conducted on the specimen it can be concluded that the performance of 10%
Starch filler content Biocomposite is satisfactory in all aspects compared to 0%, 20%, and 30% Starch filler
content Biocomposites.
Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The potential of solid tannery waste as filler in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied by examination of mechanical properties, morphology and thermal properties of the composites produced. The Composites were prepared by two roll melt mixing and compression moulding technique for varying fiber contents from 0% to 60%. The parameters tested were tensile, impact and hardness in accordance with ASTM specification. The morphology and thermal properties of the matrix and composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of stress-strain behaviour of the composite was similar to those of thermoplastic polymer, the tensile strength and yield stress of the control (HDPE) was higher than that of the prepared samples by 8% and 5%. Hardness was better than HDPE by 12.86%. When 3.5g of Mg (OH)2, 0.3g of Ti2O, 10g of NR, 0.5g of trimethyl quinolene (TMQ), 2g of ethylene vinyl-acetate (EVA) copolymer and 2ml of Acrylic acid were incorporated into the formulation, 52.2%, 39.2% and 29.1% enhancement in yield stress, tensile and impact strength. SEM scan shows ductile tensile fractured surface of composites with better thermal stability than the control. Composite of HDPE90/fibers waste10 presents good mechanical performance with enhanced thermal stability.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Based BioComposite Material wi...IJERA Editor
In composites a conglomeration produces material properties which are unavailable from individual constituent
materials. The use of petroleum based products as constituents in polymer matrix composite has raised concerns
regarding environmental issue and non-renewability of the resource. Therefore in this work an attempt has been
made to develop a biocomposite material using untreated dupion silk fiber as reinforcement material and vinyl
ester as matrix material with Potato Starch used as filler material by hand layup technique.
The biocomposites were prepared in varying percentage of filler addition (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and
different mechanical tests (tensile, flexure and hardness) were conducted on the samples prepared to the ASTM
standards.
From the results of the experiments conducted on the specimen it can be concluded that the performance of 10%
Starch filler content Biocomposite is satisfactory in all aspects compared to 0%, 20%, and 30% Starch filler
content Biocomposites.
Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed. Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural applications. Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
Influence of Curing Temperature and Fiber Volume Fraction on the Mechanical ...Karthikn Subramanian
* This investigation is aimed at studying the effect of curing temperature and fiber volume fraction on the mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites.
* The composite sheets were fabricated by varying the curing temperature (40, 60, 80 and 100oC) and fiber volume fraction (15, 30 and 45 %).
* The fabricated composite sheets were tested for its mechanical properties namely tensile and impact strength as per ASTM standards. The regression model was developed to study the relationship between fabrication parameters and mechanical properties.
* The tensile and impact properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites were optimized using Response surface methodology (RSM).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Resilient Characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt MixesIDES Editor
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap graded mix,
characterized by high coarse aggregates, high asphalt contents
and polymer or fiber additives as stabilizers. In comparison to
dense graded mixtures SMA has higher proportion of coarse
aggregate, lower proportion of middle size aggregate and
higher proportion of mineral filler. It resists permanent
deformation and has the potential for long term performance
and durability. In the present study, an attempt has been made
to study the resilient properties of mixtures of stone matrix
asphalt made with two types of conventional binders namely
bitumen 80/100 and 60/70, with 0.3% by weight of a non –
conventional natural fiber, namely coconut fiber. The mixes
are subjected to both static and repeated load indirect tensile
strength tests. It is observed that the natural fibres have
propounding effect on the resilient properties of the mixes.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of Graphite Particles filled Epoxy Resin Composite Material and i...IDES Editor
Experiments were carried out to study, impact angle
at constant velocity on the solid particle erosion behavior of
glass fiber reinforced graphite particles filled in epoxy resin
composites. In this work, the various ratio of graphite particles
in weigh were reinforced in glass fiber epoxy resin composite
laminates were prepared, and then evaluated at different
impact angles from 300 to 900 keeping the erodent impact
velocity as constant. The erodent used is silica sand with the
size varies from 100 – 150 microns of irregular shape. The
results were compared with plain epoxy laminate composites.
We find that erosive wear rates of glass fiber reinforced
graphite particles filled in epoxy resin composites is the lowest.
These graphite particles resists fiber matrix debonding. A
plain epoxy laminate composite without graphite particle filled
shows the highest erosive rate.
Effective Pixel Interpolation for Image Super ResolutionIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the near future, there is an eminent demand for High Resolution images. In order to fulfil this demand, Super Resolution (SR) is an approach used to renovate High Resolution (HR) image from one or more Low Resolution (LR) images. The aspiration of SR is to dig up the self-sufficient information from each LR image in that set and combine the information into a single HR image. Conventional interpolation methods can produce sharp edges; however, they are approximators and tend to weaken fine structure. In order to overcome the drawback, a new approach of Effective Pixel Interpolation method is incorporated. It has been numerically verified that the resulting algorithm reinstate sharp edges and enhance fine structures satisfactorily, outperforming conventional methods. The suggested algorithm has also proved efficient enough to be applicable for real-time processing for resolution enhancement of image. Statistical examples are shown to verify the claim. Image fusion technology is also used to fuse two processed images obtained through the algorithm. Keywords: Super Resolution, Interpolation, EESM, Image Fusion
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polymethylmethacrylate and Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) rubber were used to modify Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin and cured with stoichiometric quantities of the hardener 4,4’ diamino dipheny methane. This modified epoxy resin was used as the matrix for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced composites. E- Glass fiber was used as fiber reinforcement. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite analysed. Morphological analysis of the fractured surface of the composites indicated good adhesion between the matrix polymer and the glass fibers. Hence an enhancement in mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile, flexural, impact and fracture toughness has been observed as there has been an effective transfer of the load from the matrix to the fiber. Hence these composites which exhibit high toughness, strength and dimensional stability can be envisaged to provide valuable contribution to high performance structural applications. Keywords: Glass composites, mechanical properties, modified epoxy matrix, morphology and ternary blend
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
Influence of Curing Temperature and Fiber Volume Fraction on the Mechanical ...Karthikn Subramanian
* This investigation is aimed at studying the effect of curing temperature and fiber volume fraction on the mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites.
* The composite sheets were fabricated by varying the curing temperature (40, 60, 80 and 100oC) and fiber volume fraction (15, 30 and 45 %).
* The fabricated composite sheets were tested for its mechanical properties namely tensile and impact strength as per ASTM standards. The regression model was developed to study the relationship between fabrication parameters and mechanical properties.
* The tensile and impact properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites were optimized using Response surface methodology (RSM).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Resilient Characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt MixesIDES Editor
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap graded mix,
characterized by high coarse aggregates, high asphalt contents
and polymer or fiber additives as stabilizers. In comparison to
dense graded mixtures SMA has higher proportion of coarse
aggregate, lower proportion of middle size aggregate and
higher proportion of mineral filler. It resists permanent
deformation and has the potential for long term performance
and durability. In the present study, an attempt has been made
to study the resilient properties of mixtures of stone matrix
asphalt made with two types of conventional binders namely
bitumen 80/100 and 60/70, with 0.3% by weight of a non –
conventional natural fiber, namely coconut fiber. The mixes
are subjected to both static and repeated load indirect tensile
strength tests. It is observed that the natural fibres have
propounding effect on the resilient properties of the mixes.
Study of mechanical and morphological properties of glass fiber reinforced mo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of Graphite Particles filled Epoxy Resin Composite Material and i...IDES Editor
Experiments were carried out to study, impact angle
at constant velocity on the solid particle erosion behavior of
glass fiber reinforced graphite particles filled in epoxy resin
composites. In this work, the various ratio of graphite particles
in weigh were reinforced in glass fiber epoxy resin composite
laminates were prepared, and then evaluated at different
impact angles from 300 to 900 keeping the erodent impact
velocity as constant. The erodent used is silica sand with the
size varies from 100 – 150 microns of irregular shape. The
results were compared with plain epoxy laminate composites.
We find that erosive wear rates of glass fiber reinforced
graphite particles filled in epoxy resin composites is the lowest.
These graphite particles resists fiber matrix debonding. A
plain epoxy laminate composite without graphite particle filled
shows the highest erosive rate.
Effective Pixel Interpolation for Image Super ResolutionIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the near future, there is an eminent demand for High Resolution images. In order to fulfil this demand, Super Resolution (SR) is an approach used to renovate High Resolution (HR) image from one or more Low Resolution (LR) images. The aspiration of SR is to dig up the self-sufficient information from each LR image in that set and combine the information into a single HR image. Conventional interpolation methods can produce sharp edges; however, they are approximators and tend to weaken fine structure. In order to overcome the drawback, a new approach of Effective Pixel Interpolation method is incorporated. It has been numerically verified that the resulting algorithm reinstate sharp edges and enhance fine structures satisfactorily, outperforming conventional methods. The suggested algorithm has also proved efficient enough to be applicable for real-time processing for resolution enhancement of image. Statistical examples are shown to verify the claim. Image fusion technology is also used to fuse two processed images obtained through the algorithm. Keywords: Super Resolution, Interpolation, EESM, Image Fusion
Digital Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real Time Position Contr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) systems have emerged as one of the most promising areas for Industrial Applications. The highly growth of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient way to hardware implementation. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is the most important tool for hardware implementation due to low consumption of energy, high speed of operation and large capacity of data storage. In this paper, instead of an introduction to fuzzy logic control methodology, we have demonstrated the implementation of a FLC through the use of the Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description Language (VHDL) code. FLC is designed for position control of BLDC Motor. VHDL has been used to develop FLC on FPGA. A Mamdani type FLC structure has been used to obtain the controller output. The controller algorithm developed synthesized, simulated and implemented on FPGA Spartan 3E board. Keywords – BLDC Motor, FLC, Hardware Implementation, Spartan3 FPGA, VHDL
Survey on Single image Super Resolution TechniquesIOSR Journals
Abstract:Super-resolution is the process of recovering a high-resolution image from multiple low-resolutionimages of the same scene. The key objective of super-resolution (SR) imaging is to reconstruct a higher-resolution image based on a set of images, acquired from the same scene and denoted as ‘low-resolution’ images, to overcome the limitation and/or ill-posed conditions of the image acquisition process for facilitating better content visualization and scene recognition. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of existing super-resolution techniques and highlight the future research challenges. This includes the formulation of an observation model and coverage of the dominant algorithm – Iterative back projection.We critique these methods and identify areas which promise performance improvements. In this paper, future directions for super-resolution algorithms are discussed. Finally results of available methods are given. Keywords: Super-resolution, POCS, IBP, Canny Edge Detection
Tensile and Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite MaterialsIJMER
This paper is a review on the tensile and impact properties of natural fiber hybrid composites.
Natural fibers are having good mechanical properties, high specific strength, low cost, bio-degradable
and easily can recyclable through thermal methods. In this paper two different hybrid composites were
manufactured by compression molding and properties of tensile and impact results are conducted as per
ASTM standards. In this project three different fibers such as sisal, jute and glass with thermosets epoxy
resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite
has more tensile and impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite.
Analysis of Composite Material Blended With Thermoplastics and Jute FibreIJERA Editor
Recently natural fibres have been receiving considerable attention as substitutes for synthetic fibre
reinforcements due to their low cost, low density, acceptable specific strength, good thermal insulation
properties, reduced tool wear, reduced thermal and respiratory irritation and renewable resources. The aim of
this work is to develop chemically treated and chemically untreated fibre reinforced composite material with
optimum properties so that it can replace the existing synthetic fibre reinforced composite material for a suitable
application. In this work, polyester resin has been reinforced with jute fabric, so as to develop jute fibre
reinforced plastic (JFRP) with a weight ratio of 10:1:1 Hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture the
composites where Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and cobalt Naphthalene were used as coupling agent and
accelerator respectively. The thickness of the composite specimen was obtained by laying up layer of fibre and
matrix. The untreated composites have been used and mechanical properties are compared with natural fibre and
jute fibre composite by using the Ansys method.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Effect of Nanoparticles on E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin CompositesIJMER
In the present work fabrication of composite material(E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin +
NANO CaCO3) was carried out and their tensile properties viz tensile strength, tensile
strain(%),young's modulus, energy at maximum load and brihnall hardness number were found.
Specimens of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin) hybrid composites are prepared with four different
compositions of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), viz., 0,3,5 and 7%.Each specimen consisting of
40%GF. The specimens are prepared by hand lay up method.. Tests are conducted on these specimens
to determine the tensile strength, tensile strain, young's modulus energy at maximum load and
hardness number at room temperature using universal testing machine and Brihnell hardness testing
machine. The influence of the nano-CaCO3 content on the mechanical properties tensile of hybrid
composites was studied. It is found that the reinforcing and toughening effects of the E-Glass epoxy
hybrid composites are increased by adding nano-CaCO3.The tensile strength, tensile strain, young’s
modulus and energy at max load of these composites increased nonlinearly with the addition of the
nano-CaCO3
SEMINAR 3 @ Study On Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical Properties and Bio-Degrada...Dr.M BALA THEJA
A composite is usually made up of at least two materials, out of which one is the reinforcement material called as fiber and the other is binding material(matrix).
The matrix or binder maintains the position and orientation of the fiber. The fibers provide strength, rigidity and bear the structural load
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar
behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester
resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the
increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the
agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With Varying Weight Fractions of Particulate Snail Shell
1. IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE)
e-ISSN: 2348-019X, p-ISSN: 2348-0181, Volume 1, Issue 4 (Sep-Oct. 2014), PP 39-44
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester
Resin Reinforced With Varying Weight Fractions of Particulate
Snail Shell
Chioma Ifeyinwa Madueke1
, Babatunde Bolasodun2
,
Reginald Umunakwe3
.
1
Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
www.fuoye.edu.ng
2
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
www.unilag.edu.ng
3
Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
www.fuoye.edu.ng
Abstract: The objective of this work is to investigate the mechanical properties of particulate snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester composite. 5wt% ground snail shell of particle size 625microns was
introduced to unsaturated polyester matrix to produce a composite. Other specimens were produced at 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 weight percentages of the particulate filler in unsaturated polyester matrix. Mechanical tests were
conducted on prepared samples of the composite material. The results showed that the flexural strength of the
composite with 20wt% snail shell particulate reinforcement was greatly enhanced and the impact and hardness
properties were greatly improved at 5wt% filler loading. The composite could be considered for applications in
areas where high impact strength is a requirement such as in shipping containers. The 20wt% snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester can be used in place of pure polyester for applications where flexibility is of
utmost importance.
Keywords: Snail Shell, Unsaturated Polyester, Composite, Mechanical Properties, filler
I. Introduction
The use of polymer matrix composite has found wide application in our modern day world. This is as a
result of the combination of properties which these materials possess. Some of the properties of polymer matrix
composites include These include specific strength, high modulus, good fracture and fatigue properties as well
as corrosion resistance (Agunsoye et.al. 2013). One of the factors which make plastics attractive for engineering
application is the possibility of property enhancement through fibre reinforcement (Crawford, 1998). The major
thermosetting resins used in conjunction with glass fibre reinforcement are unsaturated polyester resins and to a
less extent epoxy resins. These materials offer most important advantages such as their inability to liberate
volatiles during cross-linking and their ability to be moulded using low pressures at room temperature
(Crawford, 1998). Natural filler-reinforced polymers provide increase in the degradability capability of the
resulting product (Fakhrul and Isram, 2013). Fibres like oil palm empty fruit bunch, Kola nitida wood fibre, as
well as several fillers such as rice husk have been used as reinforcing agents of different thermoplastic and
thermosetting plastic resins (Ahmad, et.al. 2012; Obidiegwu and Ogbobe, 2012; Tran, et.al. 2013). There is an
overwhelming interest in filler and natural fibre reinforced polymers owing to their ease of processing and low
cost as some of these fillers are regarded as waste. In the development of polyester/eggshell particulate
composites, the density and hardness values of the polyester/eggshell particulate composites increased steadily
with increasing eggshell addition, compressive strength, flexural strength and impact energy increased (Hassan,
et.al. 2012). An investigation into the fibreglass waste/polyester resin composites showed the impact strength to
be excellent (Araujo, et.al. 2006). The study of some tensile properties of unsaturated polyester resin reinforced
with varying volume fractions of carbon black nanoparticles revealed that tensile strength, percentage
elongation and tensile toughness at fracture increased as the volume fractions of carbon black nanoparticles
increased from 1% to 5% (Obayi, et.al. 2008). The effect of untreated and treated coconut shell reinforced
unsaturated polyester composites were studied, it was observed that the mechanical and thermal properties of
unsaturated polyester/coconut shell composites were enhanced (Salmah, et.al. 2013). In the study of the effect of
kaolin powder reinforced unsaturated polyester composite, results showed that the addition of kaolin resulted to
improved compression strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength, impact strength and also the hardness of
unsaturated polyester (Al-asade, et.al. 2008). In the study of the tensile behaviour and hardness of coconut
fibre-ortho unsaturated polyester composites, the results showed that the tensile properties at 10% fibre load
were greatly enhanced (Onuegbu, et.al. 2013). Their versatility in use allows unsaturated polyester resins to be
2. Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With.....
www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
used in a host of composite applications. Composite parts can be made at temperatures as low as 15°C to as high
as 150°C depending on the processing requirement of the application (www.ncsresins.com). Unsaturated
polyester resins also have excellent service temperatures. They have good freeze-thaw resistance and can be
designed for use in many low to moderate temperature applications ranging from refrigerated enclosures to hot
water geysers (www.ncsresins.com). This research work focuses on the determination of the effect of snail shell
filler loading on the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester.
II. Materials And Methods
2.1. Materials:
Snail shells were obtained from Akoka market in Lagos. Unsaturated Polyester resin (matrix), Methyl
Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (catalyst) and Cobalt Naphthanate (accelerator) were bought from Ojota Chemical
Market, Lagos.
2.2. Samples Preparation:
2.2.1. Preparation of snail shell filler
The snail shells were thoroughly cleaned to remove dirt and were dried in the sun for three days. After
drying, the shells were ground and then sieved with a hand sieve size of 625 microns in the Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering Laboratory of the University of Lagos.
2.2.2. Preparation of unsaturated polyester composite:
The required materials were weighed out using an electronic weighing balance. The weight percentages
of the constituents are shown in table 1. In synthesizing the reinforced polyester composites, the mass of the
polyester was varied with that of the reinforcement to give a total of 100grams. The filler is added into the
polyester resin and stirred continuously with a glass rod for about two minutes until a uniform mixture was
observed. Thereafter, 1g of catalyst was added with the help of disposable syringe and stirred for about two
minutes, after which 0.5g of accelerator was also added and stirred for about two minutes. The mixture was
poured into a mould already coated with paper tape as a mould release agent and allowed to cure for two hours.
This procedure was repeated for other specimen as shown in table 1 with changes in the weight percentages of
the particulate filler. A control sample was produced without the addition the particulate snail shell filler. After
curing, the samples were removed from the mould.
Table 1. Formulation of filler/polyester composite
Specimen Composition (g)
Particulate snail shell
filler
Tere-phtallic
unsaturated polyester
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
(catalyst)
Cobalt naphthanate
(accelerator)
A 5.0 95.0 1.0 0.5
B 10.0 90.0 1.0 0.5
C 15.0 85.0 1.0 0.5
D 20.0 80.0 1.0 0.5
E 25.0 75.0 1.0 0.5
F 30.0 70.0 1.0 0.5
Control 0.0 100.0 1.0 0.5
2.3. Mechanical Test on the Specimens
2.3.1. Tensile test Instron Universal Testing Machine operated at a cross head speed of 10mm/min was used for
the tensile testing of the samples. The tensile test specimen preparation and testing procedures were conducted
in accordance with the American Society of Testing and Materials D412 (ASTM D412).
3. Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With.....
www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
2.3.2. Flexural test
Three points flexural testing was conducted using Testometric Testing Machine with serial number
25257 and capacity M500-25KN at Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi (FIIRO) in Lagos. The
flexural test was carried according to ASTM D7264 at a cross-head speed of 20mm/min, maintaining a span of
100mm. This test was conducted at room temperature. The flexural test specimens were of 120 X 50 X 10 mm.
2.3.3. Hardness test
The hardness test was carried out at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife. The hardness of a polymeric
material is a complex property related to mechanical property such as modulus, strength, elasticity and
plasticity. This relationship to mechanical properties is not usually straight forward, though there is a tendency
for high modulus and strength values to correlate with higher degrees of hardness within classes of materials.
The hardness test was carried out on the polymeric material composite at different filler content at 0, 5, 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 wt% of filler content.
2.3.4. Impact test
This test was also carried out at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife. Impact test is a standard method of
determining the impact resistance of materials. An arm held at a specific height (constant potential energy) is
released. The arm hits the sample and breaks it. From the energy absorbed by the sample, its impact energy is
determined. A notched sample is generally used to determine impact energy and notch sensitivity. Impact test
are used in studying the toughness of a material. A material's toughness is a factor of its ability to absorb energy
during plastic deformation.
III. Results And Discussions
The results of the mechanical test are shown in table 2.
Table 2: Result of mechanical tests on the samples with varying percentages of snail shell reinforcement
Snail shell
reinforcement
(%)
Bending strength
at peak/break
(MPa)
Deformation
at peak
(mm)
Impact strength
(Joules)
Brinell hardness
(BHN)
Ultimate tensile
strength
(MPa)
Tensile
Strain
(mm/mm)
0 30.85 5.170 3.81 24.87 12.0539 0.0395
5 40.48 3.0520 5.13 31.20 5.7765 0.0342
10 31.54 2.8280 3.10 29.47 4.4247 0.0261
15 20.43 3.8250 4.20 24.20 7.2458 0.0178
20 46.24 3.0320 4.80 21.06 5.4060 0.0161
25 35.43 2.7780 4.24 20.52 5.4324 0.0153
30 30.21 2.5880 3.60 20.10 8.2354 0.0322
3.1. Bending Strength:
From figure 4 below, the snail shell reinforced polyester composite had its maximum bending strength
at peak at 20wt% filler concentration after which it continually dropped because the increase in weight percent
of filler reduced the deformability of the matrix, and in turn reduced the ductility of the composite. The
reduction in the bending strength at peak of the snail shell reinforcements could be attributed to controlled
mobility of matrix by filler particles. As the amount of reinforcement increases, there is reduction in total
surface area available for matrix-filler interaction.
Figure4. Chart of bending strength against filler concentration
3.2. Deformation at peak
Figure 5 shows the deformation at peak of the reinforcement showing an undulating/sinusoidal pattern.
The addition of snail shell particulate reinforcement to the unsaturated polyester matrix decreased the
deformation of the when load was applied
4. Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With.....
www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
Figure5. Chart of deformation at peak against filler concentration
3.3. Impact Strength
Figure 6 below shows the amount of energy the samples can absorb prior to fracture. It was observed
that the particulate snail shell reinforced composite absorbs maximum energy at 5%. The impact strength
decreases as the filler content increases. This is mainly due to the reduction of elasticity of the material due to
filler addition and thereby reducing the deformability of matrix. An increase in concentration of filler reduces
the ability of matrix to absorb energy and thereby reducing the toughness, so impact strength decreases.
Figure6. Chart of impact strength against filler concentration
3.4. Hardness
From figure 7 below, the highest level of hardness of the composite as a result of the particulate snail
shell reinforcement addition was at 5%. The irregular/unpredictable pattern of the hardness may be attributed to
the poor interfacial bonding or surface adhesion of the fillers and polyester resin.
Figure 7.Chart of Brinell hardness against filler concentration
5. Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With.....
www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
3.5. Tensile Strength
Figure 8 below shows the graph of ultimate tensile strength of the composite samples against its
corresponding percentage reinforcement. It was observed that the highest UTS was at 30wt% filler
concentration which was less than that of the control sample. Strength depends on effective stress transfer
between filler and matrix, and toughness/brittleness is controlled by adhesion, various trends of the effect of
particle loading on composite strength and toughness have been observed due to the interplay between these
three factors, which cannot always be separated (Fu, et.al. 2013).
Figure8. Chart of ultimate tensile strength against filler concentration
Prediction of the strength of composites is difficult. The difficulty arises because the strength of composites is
determined by the fracture behaviours which are associated with the extreme values of such parameters as
interfacial adhesion (Luo, et.al.2014). Thus, the load-bearing capacity of a particulate composite depends on the
strength of the weakest path throughout the microstructure, rather than the statistically averaged values of the
microstructure parameters.
The good tensile strength at higher filler content for snail shell reinforcements could be attributed to better
dispersion of the reinforcement in the polyester resin matrix, better wettability, absence of void or porosity and
good interfacial bond.
3.6. Tensile strain at maximum load
Figure9. Chart of tensile strain against filler concentration
Here the snail shell composite showed the highest tensile strain at maximum load at 5%. Further increase in the
wt% of the particulate filler does not improve the strain.
IV. Conclusion
The mechanical tests carried out in this work include; flexural test, impact test, hardness test and tensile
test, using varying proportions of snail shell reinforcement.
It was observed that the mechanical properties of polyesters can be greatly improved by reinforcing it
with particulate snail shell filler. From figure 4, it is clear that unsaturated polyester/particulate snail shell
composite with 20wt% reinforcement showed the highest resistance before failure by bending. The implication
is that the snail shell reinforcements of 20% can be used in place of pure polyester for applications where
flexibility is a major consideration.
From figure 6, it is evident that the composite sample with 5wt% reinforcement had the capacity to
absorb the highest amount of energy before shattering relative to other samples the impact test was performed
6. Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With.....
www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
on. Therefore the particulate snail shell reinforced composite with 5wt% filler can be used in place of pure
polyester where impact strength is a major factor.
From figure 7, it is evident that composite sample with 5wt% reinforcement had the highest surface
hardness compared to other samples tested. This indicates that the 5wt% particulate snail shell reinforcement of
unsaturated polyester can be used in place of the pure polyester for applications where surface hardness takes
the top priority.
From figures 8 and 9, it is clear that the tensile properties of the composite were poor when subjected
to tensile loading. It can be seen that tensile strength and strain of the pure polyester reduced when it was
reinforced. This implies that the use of these composites should not be considered in applications that would
subject them to tensile loading.
It can be concluded that particulate snailshell/polyester composite can be used in place of pure
polyester depending on the filler content and user application.
References
[1]. Agunsoye J. O., Talabi S. I., Aigbodion. V. S. and Olumuyiwa. A. (2013). Effects of Silica Ceramic Particle Sizes on the Properties
of Recycled Polyethy-
[2]. lene Composites. Advances in Natural Sciences, 6(1): 1-8.
[3]. Ahmad, A.S., Alam, M.A., A. Piee, A., Rahman, M.R. and Hamdan, S. (2010). Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Oil
Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. Journal of Energy and Environment, 2 (1): 16-21.
[4]. Al-asade, Z.J. and Al-Murshdy, J.M. (2008). An Investigation of Kaolin Influences on Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated
Polyester Composites. Journal of Kerbala University, 6: 242 – 247.
[5]. Araujo, E.M., Araujo, K.D., Pereira, O.D., Ribeiro, P.C. and de Melo, T.J. (2006). Fiberglass Wastes/Polyester Resin Composites:
Mechanical Properties and Water Sorption. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 16(4): 332 – 335.
[6]. Crawford, R.J. (1998). Plastic Engineering, Third Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford.
[7]. Fakhrul, T. and Isram, M.A, (2013). Degradation Behavior of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites. Procedia
Engineering, 56: 795 – 800.
[8]. Fu, S- Y, Feng, X- Q, Lauke, B. and Mai, Y-W (2008). Effects of Particle Size, Particle/Matrix Interface, Adhesion and Particle
Loading on Mechanical Properties of Particulate Polymer Composites. Composites: Part B, 39: 933–961.
[9]. Hassan, S.B., Aigbodion, V.S. and Patrick, S.N (2012). Development of Polyester/Eggshell Particulate Composite. Tribology in
industry, 34(4): 217-225.
[10]. Luo, W., Wang, X., Huang, R. and Fang, P. (2014). Interface Enhancement of Glass Fibre/Unsaturated Polyester Resin Composites
with Nano silica Treated using Silane Coupling Agent. Wahun University Journal of Natural Sciences, 19(1): 34-40.
[11]. Obayi, C.A., Odukwe, O.A. and Obikwelu, D.O.N, (2008). Some Tensile Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced
with Varying Volume Fractions of Carbon Black Nanoparticles. Nigerian Journals of Technology, 27(1): 20-26.
[12]. Obidiegwu, M.U. and Ogbobe. O. (2012). Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Low Density Polyethylene/Kola nitida Wood
Fibre Composites. Academic Research International, 2(3): 230 -238.
[13]. Onuegbu T. U., Umoh E.T. and Okoroh N. C. (2013). Tensile Behaviour and Hardness of Coconut Fibre-Ortho Unsaturated
Polyester Composites. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Chemistry, 13(1): 1-6.
[14]. Salmah, H, Marliza, M. and Teh, P.L. (2013). Treated Coconut Shell Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites. International
journal of Engineering and Technology IJET-IJEN, 13(02): 94-103.
[15]. Tran, T.D., Nguyen, M.D., Ha Thuc, C.N., Ha Thuc, H. and Tan, T.D. (2013). Study of Mechanical Properties of Composite
Material Based on Polypropylene and Vietnamese Rice Husk. Journal of Chemistry, 2013: 1-6.
[16]. Unsaturated Polyester Resin/NCSResin. http://www.ncsresins.com/unsaturated-polyester-resin.