The present study investigates the groundwater solute chemistry, hydrogeochemical behavior of arsenic As and the assessment of health risks through ingestion and dermal contact pathways to the adults and children of the Bahraich district, falling under the middle Gangetic plain, Ghaghara river sub basin, Terai region of India. A Monte Carlo simulation and a sensitivity analysis were also performed to quantify the uncertainties and impact of various input variables in risk calculations, respectively. Concentrations major ions Ca2 , Mg2 , Na , K , SO42 , PO43 NO3 , HCO3 , F and Cl , dissolved organic carbon DOC , and trace metals As, Fe, and Mn as well as physical parameters EC, pH, and Eh were measured on the collected groundwater and river water samples. The concentration of As in the groundwater samples was found in range between 0.64 µg L to 104 µg L and ~37 of the samples had As 10 µg L WHO and BIS acceptable limit of 10 µg L for drinking water . River water samples also displayed high As concentrations mean of 14 µg L with ~73 of samples having As 10 µg L, which could be attributed to infiltration from As enriched sallow groundwater of the nearby regions. The groundwater of the study area was predominantly of Ca2 Mg2 HCO3 type. Bivariate weathering plots showed groundwater was influenced by silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution, along with the ion exchange and reverse ion exchange processes, with a minor contribution from evaporate dissolution. Most of the groundwater samples n = 57 were anoxic and had low SO42 and NO3 , and high Mn, Fe and DOC concentrations. The observed values and correlations between various measured parameters, including groundwater As concentrations and saturation indices calculations, indicated the reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxide as the major process for As mobilization in the study area. The results of total non carcinogenic risk HI estimated by the deterministic and probabilistic techniques were nearly identical for both adults and children, but an overestimation was observed in the case of carcinogenic risk calculated by the deterministic approach. Health risk results also showed that children were more susceptible to non carcinogenic risk, whereas adults were at a higher risk of cancer in the study area. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the concentration of As in groundwater and exposure duration ED were the most effective variables for non carcinogenic HI and carcinogenic TILCR risk estimation in both adults and children. Anil K Dwivedi "Study of Groundwater Arsenic in Terai Belt of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51840.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/51840/study-of-groundwater-arsenic-in-terai-belt-of-eastern-uttar-pradesh-india/anil-k-dwivedi
Studies of Hydrogeochemical in Groundwater Quality around Chakghat Area, Rew...IJMER
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality around Chakghat, Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India. 25 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters. The water quality was found to be suitable for drinking according to WHO and ISI standards, though some samples exceeded limits for hardness, fluoride, and total dissolved solids. For irrigation purposes, the sodium adsorption ratio and other parameters indicated the groundwater was generally of good quality with low sodium hazard. The study provides useful information about groundwater resources in the region.
Irrigation Water Quality Assessment of River Ganga in Haridwar with Adjoining...ijtsrd
The holy River Ganga at Haridwar is largely affected by that effluent from various industries and untreated sewage disposed from insufficient sewage treatment plants. Along with that the pilgrims that take holy dip in the pious river throughout the year, all these situations worsens the condition a lot. The quality and quantity of surface water in a river basin is influenced by natural factors such as rainfall, temperature and weathering of rocks and anthropogenic changes that curtail natural flow of the river, or alter its hydrochemistry. A study related to water quality indexing of River Ganga was conducted for four months, and four sampling stations were selected for physico chemical parameters. WQI of the River during the study period was 46.03 which fall in the good water quality. DO values ranged from 10.32 13.24 mg l, BOD values were 1.08 3.66 mg L, COD ranged from 5.50 11.50 mg L. Other physico chemical parameters were observed well in the range. Dr. Shivani Pattnaik "Irrigation Water Quality Assessment of River Ganga in Haridwar with Adjoining Areas" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49644.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/49644/irrigation-water-quality-assessment-of-river-ganga-in-haridwar-with-adjoining-areas/dr-shivani-pattnaik
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
This document summarizes a study of arsenic contamination in groundwater in the Vallanadu region of Tamil Nadu, India. Thirty-six groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for arsenic and other parameters. Arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 0.017 mg/L, with slightly higher levels found near the Thambraparani River and along geological lineaments. The main sources of arsenic were identified as pesticides used in agriculture and waste from automobiles discharged into the river. Though most samples met standards, concentrations above 0.01 mg/L were found in some locations. The study recommends reducing arsenic-containing pesticides and installing filters to address contamination issues.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a study assessing groundwater quality in rural areas near Vijayawada, India. The study analyzed physicochemical parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, nitrates and more from groundwater samples from four villages. Most parameters were within permissible limits, except for higher hardness levels. The highest conductivity, pH, chlorides, alkalinity were found in samples from Nidamanuru village, possibly due to agricultural and industrial pollution from nearby areas entering the groundwater. The study aims to evaluate groundwater quality for drinking and other uses in the region.
Hard water regimes during pre monsoonal period in rajnagar block, odisha, ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From the hydrochemical analysis of 53 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in the Rajnagar block of the district whereas soft water occurrence is practically absent in the study area. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.
Keywords: Aquifer, Total Hardness, SRTM, GIS
Studies of Hydrogeochemical in Groundwater Quality around Chakghat Area, Rew...IJMER
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality around Chakghat, Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India. 25 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters. The water quality was found to be suitable for drinking according to WHO and ISI standards, though some samples exceeded limits for hardness, fluoride, and total dissolved solids. For irrigation purposes, the sodium adsorption ratio and other parameters indicated the groundwater was generally of good quality with low sodium hazard. The study provides useful information about groundwater resources in the region.
Irrigation Water Quality Assessment of River Ganga in Haridwar with Adjoining...ijtsrd
The holy River Ganga at Haridwar is largely affected by that effluent from various industries and untreated sewage disposed from insufficient sewage treatment plants. Along with that the pilgrims that take holy dip in the pious river throughout the year, all these situations worsens the condition a lot. The quality and quantity of surface water in a river basin is influenced by natural factors such as rainfall, temperature and weathering of rocks and anthropogenic changes that curtail natural flow of the river, or alter its hydrochemistry. A study related to water quality indexing of River Ganga was conducted for four months, and four sampling stations were selected for physico chemical parameters. WQI of the River during the study period was 46.03 which fall in the good water quality. DO values ranged from 10.32 13.24 mg l, BOD values were 1.08 3.66 mg L, COD ranged from 5.50 11.50 mg L. Other physico chemical parameters were observed well in the range. Dr. Shivani Pattnaik "Irrigation Water Quality Assessment of River Ganga in Haridwar with Adjoining Areas" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49644.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/49644/irrigation-water-quality-assessment-of-river-ganga-in-haridwar-with-adjoining-areas/dr-shivani-pattnaik
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
This document summarizes a study of arsenic contamination in groundwater in the Vallanadu region of Tamil Nadu, India. Thirty-six groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for arsenic and other parameters. Arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 0.017 mg/L, with slightly higher levels found near the Thambraparani River and along geological lineaments. The main sources of arsenic were identified as pesticides used in agriculture and waste from automobiles discharged into the river. Though most samples met standards, concentrations above 0.01 mg/L were found in some locations. The study recommends reducing arsenic-containing pesticides and installing filters to address contamination issues.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a study assessing groundwater quality in rural areas near Vijayawada, India. The study analyzed physicochemical parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, nitrates and more from groundwater samples from four villages. Most parameters were within permissible limits, except for higher hardness levels. The highest conductivity, pH, chlorides, alkalinity were found in samples from Nidamanuru village, possibly due to agricultural and industrial pollution from nearby areas entering the groundwater. The study aims to evaluate groundwater quality for drinking and other uses in the region.
Hard water regimes during pre monsoonal period in rajnagar block, odisha, ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From the hydrochemical analysis of 53 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in the Rajnagar block of the district whereas soft water occurrence is practically absent in the study area. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.
Keywords: Aquifer, Total Hardness, SRTM, GIS
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The document summarizes a study on the quality of groundwater in the Fetzara basin in northeast Algeria for irrigation purposes. Hydrochemical analysis of 25 groundwater samples found that salinity ranged from 1240-6390 μS/cm, with most samples classified as moderately saline. Evaluation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) found that 40% of samples were classified as C3S1 (high salinity, low sodium water) suitable for irrigation in most soils, while 60% were C4S1 (high salinity, low sodium) with some danger of exchangeable sodium and salinity issues. However, some samples had unsuitable values for sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazards
Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaip...ijtsrd
Validate the suitability of water for agriculture on the basis of the quality indices is the key objective of this study. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, alkalinity and bicarbonates. The quality indices were evaluated and ranged as Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.54 to 5.80 ppm, Soluble Sodium percentage 10.47 to 59.17 ppm, Residual Sodium Carbonate 26.25 to 1.24 ppm, Permeability Index 25.16 to 79.78 and Kelly’s Ratio 0.12 to 1.45 ppm. The outcomes were compared to the WHO and BIS standards. According to salinity hazard in which based on EC, 18.33 samples are unsuitable for irrigation, while 26.67 samples are utilize by suitable water treatment, On the basis of TDS 5 of water samples are belongs to moderately saline category which is reduce by some irrigation practices. On the other side based on Sodium hazard all the samples are found within the range of excellent category, which means water is suitable for irrigation purpose. The calculated indices were fit in agreement by means of WHO and BIS. The documentation contains information about the impact of the irrigation water quality on the agriculture. Katara P. | Mittal H. K. | Maheshwari B. L. | Singh P. K. | Dashora Y. "Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30429.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30429/assessment-of-water-quality-indices-for-irrigation-of-dharta-watershed-udaipur-rajasthan-india/katara-p
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document analyzes water quality of the Mohand Rao river in Doon Valley by measuring levels of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions at different sampling stations along the river from 2004-2006. The study found that calcium levels were highest during the monsoon season at the first sampling station. Magnesium levels were also higher during monsoon season compared to summer and winter. Overall, both calcium and magnesium ion levels increased from 2004 to 2006 according to water quality analysis results. The water quality index was calculated to determine the status of water quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hydrochemical characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Sirsa watershed region of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. 32 groundwater samples were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. The results showed that parameters like chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate were within desirable limits, but pH, total hardness and magnesium exceeded limits at some locations. 50% of samples exceeded desirable limits for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and calcium. Classification of samples revealed calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water types. Most samples fell into normal categories for chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. Analysis indicated majority of samples were sodium
The document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from hand dug wells and tested for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. The results found that electrical conductivity, pH, and total dissolved solids fell within WHO standards. Major ions like calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium also met standards. Trace metals were generally low levels but within acceptable limits. Total bacteria and coliform counts were high in some samples, indicating potential contamination from waste. Based on water quality index analysis, 22% of samples were good, 72.2% were medium quality, and 5.5% were bad. The study concluded that while the groundwater was not suitable for drinking, it
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study that characterized groundwater quality in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater pH ranged from weakly acidic to alkaline. Total dissolved solids and chloride levels exceeded standards at some locations, indicating potential saltwater intrusion issues. Overall, the study concluded that while some locations had elevated parameters, the groundwater in the area was generally suitable for domestic and agricultural use when compared to international standards. Continued monitoring was recommended to protect the aquifers from pollution and identify any future water quality degradation.
Assessment of groundwater potentials of the crystalline aquifers using hydra...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the groundwater potentials of crystalline aquifers in Gidanwaya Town and its environs in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. Pumping test data from 25 boreholes was used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of the aquifers derived from crystalline basement rocks in the area. Transmissivity values ranged from 1.16x10-1 to 9.76x10-3 m2/s, indicating high to very high groundwater potentials. Hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 1.12x10-2 to 9.24x10-3 m/s. Specific capacity values ranged from 1.00x10-1 to 9.95x10-
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
Assessment of Physico Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality of Ajme...ijtsrd
Studies of Physico chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physico chemical parameters of Ajmer city in Rajasthan have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for domestics purpose. 21 ground water samples were collected from different places of Ajmer city in Rajasthan. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Alkalinity. A systematic calculation of the correlation coffecient has also been carried out between different analysed parameters. Comparative studies of samples in different seasons were conducted and it was found that Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissoved Solids TDS were decreased. Alkalinity and Total Hardness were increased after the rainfall. Ajmer is one of the major and oldest cities in the Indian state of Rajasthan and the centre of the eponymous Ajmer District. It is located at the centre of Rajasthan, and is home to the Ajmer Sharif shrine. The city was established as Ajayameru translated as Invincible Hills by a Chahamana ruler, either Ajayaraja I or Ajayaraja II, and served as their capital until the 12th century CE. Ajmer is in the northwest of India and is surrounded by the Aravali Mountains. It is situated on the lower slopes of the Taragarh Hill of that range. To the northwest is the Nagapathar Range of the Aravali Mountain Ranges which protects it from desertification from the Thar Desert. Kishan Gopal Jhanwar | Rajeev Mehta | Preeti Mehta "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality of Ajmer City in Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43639.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comchemistry/other/43639/assessment-of-physicochemical-characteristics-of-groundwater-quality-of-ajmer-city-in-rajasthan/kishan-gopal-jhanwar
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were collected from three locations along the river on a monthly basis and tested for total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and magnesium. The results found that two of the sampling locations had water quality issues like high dissolved solids and magnesium that require treatment for drinking. Water quality was generally better during monsoon seasons with more rainfall. The study aims to evaluate the river's water resources and classify them for different uses.
Preliminary assessment of shatt al arab riverine environment, basra governora...Alexander Decker
This document presents the results of a study assessing water quality in 16 sites in Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. Water samples were collected from Shatt Al-Arab River, irrigation canals branching from the river, marshes, and the Arabian Gulf and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, and heavy metals. Analysis revealed that water quality in Shatt Al-Arab River does not meet standards for drinking or irrigation due to high levels of ions like sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Pollution is attributed to population growth, oil/gas production, agriculture, and lack of wastewater treatment. The study aims to evaluate contaminant levels and sources to examine water suitability for different uses.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Assessing the effect of a dumpsite on groundwater quality a case study of adu...Alexander Decker
1) The study assessed the impact of an open dumpsite on groundwater quality in Aduramigba Estate, Nigeria by testing physicochemical parameters, major ions, and trace metals in 20 wells near the dumpsite.
2) Results found that most physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, and conductivity were within acceptable limits. However, manganese concentrations exceeded limits in surface and shallow wells downhill from the dumpsite, likely due to leachate impacts.
3) Chloride and sodium concentrations exceeded limits in some wells, possibly due to added disinfectants and weathering of underlying feldspar rocks. Most trace metals were below detection limits except for zinc, iron, and manganese which were
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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The document summarizes a study on the quality of groundwater in the Fetzara basin in northeast Algeria for irrigation purposes. Hydrochemical analysis of 25 groundwater samples found that salinity ranged from 1240-6390 μS/cm, with most samples classified as moderately saline. Evaluation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) found that 40% of samples were classified as C3S1 (high salinity, low sodium water) suitable for irrigation in most soils, while 60% were C4S1 (high salinity, low sodium) with some danger of exchangeable sodium and salinity issues. However, some samples had unsuitable values for sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazards
Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaip...ijtsrd
Validate the suitability of water for agriculture on the basis of the quality indices is the key objective of this study. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, alkalinity and bicarbonates. The quality indices were evaluated and ranged as Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.54 to 5.80 ppm, Soluble Sodium percentage 10.47 to 59.17 ppm, Residual Sodium Carbonate 26.25 to 1.24 ppm, Permeability Index 25.16 to 79.78 and Kelly’s Ratio 0.12 to 1.45 ppm. The outcomes were compared to the WHO and BIS standards. According to salinity hazard in which based on EC, 18.33 samples are unsuitable for irrigation, while 26.67 samples are utilize by suitable water treatment, On the basis of TDS 5 of water samples are belongs to moderately saline category which is reduce by some irrigation practices. On the other side based on Sodium hazard all the samples are found within the range of excellent category, which means water is suitable for irrigation purpose. The calculated indices were fit in agreement by means of WHO and BIS. The documentation contains information about the impact of the irrigation water quality on the agriculture. Katara P. | Mittal H. K. | Maheshwari B. L. | Singh P. K. | Dashora Y. "Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30429.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30429/assessment-of-water-quality-indices-for-irrigation-of-dharta-watershed-udaipur-rajasthan-india/katara-p
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document analyzes water quality of the Mohand Rao river in Doon Valley by measuring levels of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions at different sampling stations along the river from 2004-2006. The study found that calcium levels were highest during the monsoon season at the first sampling station. Magnesium levels were also higher during monsoon season compared to summer and winter. Overall, both calcium and magnesium ion levels increased from 2004 to 2006 according to water quality analysis results. The water quality index was calculated to determine the status of water quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hydrochemical characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Sirsa watershed region of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. 32 groundwater samples were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. The results showed that parameters like chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate were within desirable limits, but pH, total hardness and magnesium exceeded limits at some locations. 50% of samples exceeded desirable limits for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and calcium. Classification of samples revealed calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water types. Most samples fell into normal categories for chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. Analysis indicated majority of samples were sodium
The document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from hand dug wells and tested for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. The results found that electrical conductivity, pH, and total dissolved solids fell within WHO standards. Major ions like calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium also met standards. Trace metals were generally low levels but within acceptable limits. Total bacteria and coliform counts were high in some samples, indicating potential contamination from waste. Based on water quality index analysis, 22% of samples were good, 72.2% were medium quality, and 5.5% were bad. The study concluded that while the groundwater was not suitable for drinking, it
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study that characterized groundwater quality in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater pH ranged from weakly acidic to alkaline. Total dissolved solids and chloride levels exceeded standards at some locations, indicating potential saltwater intrusion issues. Overall, the study concluded that while some locations had elevated parameters, the groundwater in the area was generally suitable for domestic and agricultural use when compared to international standards. Continued monitoring was recommended to protect the aquifers from pollution and identify any future water quality degradation.
Assessment of groundwater potentials of the crystalline aquifers using hydra...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the groundwater potentials of crystalline aquifers in Gidanwaya Town and its environs in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. Pumping test data from 25 boreholes was used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of the aquifers derived from crystalline basement rocks in the area. Transmissivity values ranged from 1.16x10-1 to 9.76x10-3 m2/s, indicating high to very high groundwater potentials. Hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 1.12x10-2 to 9.24x10-3 m/s. Specific capacity values ranged from 1.00x10-1 to 9.95x10-
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
Assessment of Physico Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality of Ajme...ijtsrd
Studies of Physico chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physico chemical parameters of Ajmer city in Rajasthan have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for domestics purpose. 21 ground water samples were collected from different places of Ajmer city in Rajasthan. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Alkalinity. A systematic calculation of the correlation coffecient has also been carried out between different analysed parameters. Comparative studies of samples in different seasons were conducted and it was found that Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissoved Solids TDS were decreased. Alkalinity and Total Hardness were increased after the rainfall. Ajmer is one of the major and oldest cities in the Indian state of Rajasthan and the centre of the eponymous Ajmer District. It is located at the centre of Rajasthan, and is home to the Ajmer Sharif shrine. The city was established as Ajayameru translated as Invincible Hills by a Chahamana ruler, either Ajayaraja I or Ajayaraja II, and served as their capital until the 12th century CE. Ajmer is in the northwest of India and is surrounded by the Aravali Mountains. It is situated on the lower slopes of the Taragarh Hill of that range. To the northwest is the Nagapathar Range of the Aravali Mountain Ranges which protects it from desertification from the Thar Desert. Kishan Gopal Jhanwar | Rajeev Mehta | Preeti Mehta "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality of Ajmer City in Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43639.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comchemistry/other/43639/assessment-of-physicochemical-characteristics-of-groundwater-quality-of-ajmer-city-in-rajasthan/kishan-gopal-jhanwar
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were collected from three locations along the river on a monthly basis and tested for total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and magnesium. The results found that two of the sampling locations had water quality issues like high dissolved solids and magnesium that require treatment for drinking. Water quality was generally better during monsoon seasons with more rainfall. The study aims to evaluate the river's water resources and classify them for different uses.
Preliminary assessment of shatt al arab riverine environment, basra governora...Alexander Decker
This document presents the results of a study assessing water quality in 16 sites in Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. Water samples were collected from Shatt Al-Arab River, irrigation canals branching from the river, marshes, and the Arabian Gulf and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, and heavy metals. Analysis revealed that water quality in Shatt Al-Arab River does not meet standards for drinking or irrigation due to high levels of ions like sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Pollution is attributed to population growth, oil/gas production, agriculture, and lack of wastewater treatment. The study aims to evaluate contaminant levels and sources to examine water suitability for different uses.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Assessing the effect of a dumpsite on groundwater quality a case study of adu...Alexander Decker
1) The study assessed the impact of an open dumpsite on groundwater quality in Aduramigba Estate, Nigeria by testing physicochemical parameters, major ions, and trace metals in 20 wells near the dumpsite.
2) Results found that most physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, and conductivity were within acceptable limits. However, manganese concentrations exceeded limits in surface and shallow wells downhill from the dumpsite, likely due to leachate impacts.
3) Chloride and sodium concentrations exceeded limits in some wells, possibly due to added disinfectants and weathering of underlying feldspar rocks. Most trace metals were below detection limits except for zinc, iron, and manganese which were
Similar to Study of Groundwater Arsenic in Terai Belt of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD51840 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 6 | September-October 2022 Page 154
iron (Fe) along with bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) and As
indicates reductive dissolution of FeOOH leading
enrichment of As in groundwater. Highly reducing
conditions are also indicated by low values of SO4/Cl
ratio (ranges between 0 and 3.57). [1,2]
Topography, geology and river dynamics seem to govern the As contamination as depressions/low lying areas
shows presence of high As in the aquifers. Nepal, a small land-locked South Asian country, lies between latitude
26º 22’ N to 30º 27’ N and longitude 80º 4’ E to 88º 12’ E. Elevation ranges from 60 to 8,848 metres, including
the highest peak in the world—the Mount Everest. It is bounded on the north by Tibet (China), on the east by
Sikkim and West Bengal, on the south by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and on the west by Uttar Pradesh of India
(Fig.). It has roughly a rectangular shape encompassing an area of 147,181 sq km with an average length of 885
km east to west and an average breadth of 193 km north to south. Topographical diversity provides a wide range
of climates, differing according to variations in altitude and location. Likewise, annual rainfall differs with
seasonal variations depending on the monsoon cycle. Nepal’s landscape is broadly defined by three contrasting
physiographic bands, which run in more or less parallel, east to west: lowland terai region in the south; Hill
region in the centre and Mountain region in the north [3,4] The terai region, also called the ‘grainary’ of Nepal,
is a low-lying tropical and sub-tropical belt of flat alluvial deposits stretching along the Nepal-India border that
comprises 20 districts with an average width of 29 km. It is the northern extension of the Gangetic Plain and has
an altitude ranging from 60 to 310 metre above the mean sea-level. Three major rivers—the Kosi, the Narayani
(Gandak River), and the Karnali—feed the region. The terai makes up only 23% of the total land area but
accommodates 50% of the total population of the country.[5,6]
Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation in the Middle Ganga Plain (MGP) (Uttar Pradesh–Bihar) have
influenced groundwater arsenic contamination. Arsenic contaminated aquifers are pervasive within narrow
entrenched channels and flood plains (T0-Surface) of fine-grained grey to black coloured argillaceous organic
rich Holocene sediments (Newer Alluvium). Contaminated aquifers are often located close to distribution of
abandoned or existing channels and swamps.[7,8]
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The Pleistocene Older Alluvium upland terraces (T2-Surface) made up of oxidized yellowish brown sediments
with calcareous and ferruginous concretions and the aquifers within it are free of arsenic contamination. MGP
sediments are mainly derived from the Himalaya with minor inputs from the Peninsular India. The potential
source of arsenic in MGP is mainly from the Himalaya. The contaminated aquifers in the Terai belt of Nepal are
closely comparable in nature and age to those of the MGP. Arsenic was transported from disseminated sources
as adsorbed on dispersed phases of hydrated-iron-oxidea and later on released to groundwater mainly by
reductive dissolution of hydrated-iron-oxide and corresponding oxidation of organic matter in aquifer. Strong
reducing nature of groundwater is indicated by high concentration of dissolved iron (11.06 mg/l). Even within
the arsenic-affected areas, dugwells are found to be arsenic safe due to oxyginated nature.[9,10]
Exploratory studies carried out by ONGC in collaboration with CGWB in the Gangetic alluvium indicated
existence of auto flowing fresh groundwater at more than 1000 m depth. Similarly, free flow of ground water has
been reported at deeper depths from some areas like Terai and Sub-Terai belt of Uttar Pradesh. As no energy is
required for extraction of ground water from such auto flowing aquifers, development of groundwater from these
auto flow zones may be economically viable and eco-friendly. It is scientifically an established fact that the vast
water resources of Uttar Pradesh including river systems have developed in the foreland of Himalayas that lap on
Vindhyans and Granite system of Indian Peninsular region, due to various depositional activities occurred during
formation of Ganga basin. The studies revealed that this foreland is in dynamic state due to plate-tectonic
activity and ONGC has seismic data of Ganga basin which can reveal the depth to basement as well as the
changing dynamics of aquifers at different depths with their spatial and temporal distributions and the geological
changes occurring overtime.[11,12]
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The Terai or Tarai is a lowland region in northern India and southern Nepal that lies south of the outer foothills
of the Himalayas, the Sivalik Hills, and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This lowland belt is characterised by
tall grasslands, scrub savannah, sal forests and clay rich swamps. In northern India, the Terai spreads from the
Yamuna River eastward across Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The Terai is part
of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion. The corresponding lowland region in West Bengal,
Bangladesh, Bhutan and Assam in the Brahmaputra River basin is called 'Dooars'. In Nepal, the term is applied
to the part of the country situated north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Nepal's Terai stretches over 33,998.8 km2
(13,127.0 sq mi), about 23.1% of Nepal's land area, and lies at an elevation of between 67 and 300 m (220 and
984 ft). The region comprises more than 50 wetlands. North of the Terai rises the Bhabar, a narrow but
continuous belt of forest about 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi) wide.[13,14]
The Terai is crossed by the large perennial Himalayan rivers Yamuna, Ganges, Sarda, Karnali, Narayani and
Kosi that have each built alluvial fans covering thousands of square kilometres below their exits from the hills.
Medium rivers such as the Rapti rise in the Mahabharat Range. The geological structure of the region consists of
old and new alluvium, both of which constitute alluvial deposits of mainly sand, clay, silt, gravels and coarse
fragments. The new alluvium is renewed every year by fresh deposits brought down by active streams, which
engage themselves in fluvial action. Old alluvium is found rather away from river courses, especially on uplands
of the plain where silting is a rare phenomenon.[15]
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A large number of small and usually seasonal rivers flow through the Terai, most of which originate in the
Sivalik Hills. The soil in the Terai is alluvial and fine to medium textured. Forest cover in the Terai and hill areas
has decreased at an annual rate of 1.3% between 1978 and 1979, and 2.3% between 1990 and 1991. With
deforestation and cultivation increasing, a permeable mixture of gravel, boulders and sand evolves, which leads
to a sinking water table. But where layers consist of clay and fine sediments, the groundwater rises to the surface
and heavy sediment is washed out, thus enabling frequent and massive floods during monsoon, such as the 2008
Bihar flood. [16,17]
In India, the Terai extends over the states of Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
These are mostly the districts of these states that are on the India–Nepal border:
Haryana: Panchkula district
Uttarakhand: Haridwar district, Udam Singh Nagar and Nainital districts
Uttar Pradesh: Pilibhit district, Lakhimpur Kheri district, Bahraich district, Shravasti district, Balrampur
district, Siddharthnagar district, Maharajganj district
Bihar: West Champaran district, East Champaran district, Sitamarhi district, Madhubani district, Supaul
district, Araria district, Kishanganj district
West Bengal: Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling district,[15]
Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision of Jalpaiguri district
The Inner Terai consists of five elongated valleys located between the Mahabharat and Sivalik ranges. From
north-west to south-east these valleys are:
Surkhet Valley in the Surkhet district, north of the Kailali and Bardiya districts;
Dang Valley in the Dang Deokhuri district;
Deukhuri Valley located south of the Dang Valley,
Chitwan Valley stretching across the Chitwan and Makwanpur districts;
Kamala Valley, also called Udayapur Valley, in the Udayapur district north of the Siraha and Saptari
districts.[18,19]
The Outer Terai begins south of the Sivalik Hills and extends to the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In the Far-Western
Region, Nepal it comprises the Kanchanpur and Kailali districts, and in the Mid-Western Region, Nepal Bardiya
and Banke districts. Farther east, the Outer Terai comprises the Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Nawalparasi, Parsa,
Bara, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusa, Siraha, Saptari, Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa districts.
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Discussion
Lakhimpur Kheri, also known as mini-Punjab of Uttar Pradesh, is a new flashpoint in India’s most populous
state that goes to poll early next year. On October 3, eight people were killed in the district in violent clashes.
Geographically, Kheri is UP’s largest district and contributes 3.38% to the state’s agriculture, forestry, and
fisheries sector GDP. However, the district fares poor on several social and health indicators. A 2018 studytitled
‘Arsenic Occurrence in Ground Water and Soil of Uttar Pradesh, India and its Phytotoxic Impact on Crop Plants’
shows that the groundwater in Lakhimpur Kheri and Unnao districts of Uttar Pradesh contain arsenic in the
range of 23 to 140 microgram per litre (µg/l), which was far above the World Health Organization’s permissible
limit of of 10 µg/l. Microgram per litre is also referred to as parts per billion, or ppb. The BIS (Bureau of Indian
Standards) acceptable limit of arsenic in drinking water is also 10 ppb.[20,21]
Surprisingly, the 2018 study found that the soil samples in the district contained almost 40-45 times more arsenic
than that found in the groundwater samples of the same site.
This is worrisome as a large chunk of rural population in the district depends on groundwater to meet its
drinking water needs and also irrigated the crops.[22]
Another study, titled ‘Predicting groundwater arsenic contamination: Regions at risk in highest populated state
of India’, published in 2019 found that as many as 23.48 million people in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh are
exposed to high levels of arsenic in groundwater. Lakhimpur Kheri is among the worst affected districts, noted
the 2019 study.
“The blocks [in Lakhimpur Kheri] such as Pallia, Nighasan and Ishanagar are having arsenic poisoning. The
water in these areas of the district is high in arsenic. Arsenic can cause a number of health problems such as skin,
lung, liver cancer. It can cause cardiac arrest too,” Chander Kumar Singh, author of the report, told Gaon
Connection. Singh is working as an associate professor, Department of Energy and Environment, TERI School
of Advanced Studies.
This is not all. “Mitauli block in the district has a fluoride problem. Fluoride is problematic because it causes
bone related problems. The kids might suffer dental or skeletal fluorosis,” the author and researcher
added.[23,24]
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Arsenic concentration in groundwater of Uttar
Pradesh shown by red, green, and blue circles. This
problem of poor groundwater quality has also been
recorded by the Central Ground Water Board
(CGWB), under the Ministry of Jal Shakti,
Department of Water Resources. As per the CGWB,
Nighasan in Lakhimpur Kheri is among the most
affected blocks by arsenic content.
The 2012-13 report titled ‘Ground Water Scenario of
Lakhimpur Kheri district, UP’ shows that the arsenic
concentration of more than 10 ppb has been recorded
in Palia, Nighasan, Ramia Bihar, Dhaurahara and
Issanagar blocks of Lakhimpur Kheri.
Phosphate is nil in ground water of the area. “It is
observed that 20 per cent of the samples analysed
have high nitrate, which is most likely due to the use
of fertilisers for agriculture and other improper waste
disposal,” read the CGWB’s 2012-13 report.[25,26]
In a study, Of the 20 districts in the terai region where
18,635 tube wells were examined and, on average,
arsenic contamination was detected in 7.4% of the
tubewells as reported previously (4), comparatively
six higher arsenic-contaminated districts were
included in this study. The districts are: Nawalparasi,
Bara, Parsa, Rautahat, Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu.
Investigation of health effects due to chronic toxici-ty
of arsenic was also carried out at village level on a
total coverage basis in purposively-selected four vill-
ages, namely Goini, Thulo Kunwar, Sano Kunwar,
and Patkhouli of Nawalparasi district, where water
contamination was higher. Water samples from all
217 tubewells of all four study villages with a total
population of 2,339, living in 358 households, were
examined for arsenic contamination. Arsenicosis
cases were identified by observing skin
manifestations on the body and by organizing medical
camps in different places of the studied villages. The
day before organizing each medical camp, all the
households of that particular area of the village were
informed, and volunteers requested them to visit the
camp the next day for clinical examinations. All the
villagers visiting the medical camps were examined
for asenicosis, and there was no refusal. One of the
authors carried out clinical examinations and
diagnosis of arsenicosis. Of the total population
(n=2,339), 1,864 (79.7%) were included in the study.
[27,28] The villagers who were not exposed to
arsenic-contaminated water and those who were not
available at the time of the study period were not
included in the study. Following the measurement of
arsenic contamination level in tubewell water,
targeted subjects were clinically examined to identify
arsenicosis cases. Nece-ssary information relating to
arsenicosis was also coll-ected. Any person showing
pigmentary changes, such as hyperpigmentation
(melanosis) or hypopigmentation (leucomelanosis)
and/or hyperkeratinization (keratosis), with or without
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other manifestations of chronic arsenic toxicity and
having a history of arsenic exposure through water for
more than six months, was diagnosed as an
‘arsenicosis’ case. The patients were categorized into
three different stages based on clinical manifestations
(9) observed on the body, which were as follows:
First stage (mild stage): Melanosis, keratosis (mild),
conjunctivitis (conjunctival congestion), and
bronchitis. Second stage (moderate stage):
Depigmentation (leucomelanosis), keratosis
(moderate to severe), oedema (non-pitting),
peripheral neuropathy, hepatopathy, and nephropathy
(early stage). Third stage (severe stage): Hepatopathy
and nephropathy (late stage), gangrene of the limbs,
pre-cancerous skin lesions, and cancer. Arsenic
concentrations in water samples were measured by
atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) equipped
with a continuous hydride generator in the research
laboratory of the Environment and Public Health
Organization (ENPHO), Kathmandu, Nepal. Level of
arsenic in water samples was determined, foll-owing
pre-reduction with 5% (w/v) potassium iodide (KI)
and 5% (w/v) ascorbic acid in 10% (v/v) HCl. The
accuracy of determination of arsenic in water was
ensured by measuring standard reference material
(SRM), NIST SRM 1640 with arsenic of 26.67±0.41
µg/kg. The detection limit (DL) of the HG-AAS was
3 µg/L for arsenic in water. The variables, which
were common, included geographical distribution,
demographic characteristics, types of skin lesion, and
stages of arsenicosis cases. Data of these common
variables were summarized and analyzed to find out
the prevalence of arsenicosis in relation to different
demographic characteristics. Surveys for the
determination of arsenic contamination in the study
areas were organized by the Nepal Red Cross Society
(NRCS), Department of Water Supply and Sanitation
(DWSS), and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Support Program (RWSSSP) during 2001-2004. The
community-based health surveys were, however,
carried out by the Department of Human Ecology,
School of International Health of Tokyo University,
Japan, Department of Dermatology of University of
Miyazaki, Japan, and Department of Occupational
and Environmental Health of National Institute of
Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM),
Bangladesh, in collaboration and coordination with
ENPHO and other local institutions during 2002-
2004.
Results
An about 100 km2
of the middle Ganga plain in Uttar
Pradesh, experiencing intensive groundwater
extraction. In order to recognize the arsenic
contamination zones of the Varanasi environs, sixty
eight groundwater samples have been collected and
analyzed for major ions, iron and arsenic. Twentyone
sediment samples in the four boreholes were also
collected to deduce the source of arsenic in the
groundwater. The preliminary survey reports for the
first time indicates that part of rural and urban
population of Varanasi environs are drinking and
using for irrigation arsenic contaminated water mostly
from hand tube wells (<70 m). The study area is a
part of middle Ganga plain which comprises of
Quaternary alluvium consists of an alternating
succession of clay, clayey silt and sand deposits. The
high arsenic content in groundwater samples of the
study area indicates that 14% of the samples are
exceeding the 10 µg/l and 5% of the samples are
exceeding 50 µg/l. The high arsenic concentration is
found in the villages such as Bahadurpur, Madhiya,
Bhojpur, Ratanpur, Semra, Jalilpur, Kateswar,
Bhakhara and Kodupur (eastern side of Ganga River
in Varanasi), situated within the newer alluvium
deposited during middle Holocene to Recent. The
older alluvial aquifers situated in the western side of
the Ganga River are arsenic safe (maximum As
concentration of 9 µg/l) though the borehole
sediments shows high arsenic (mean 5.2 mg/kg) and
iron content (529 mg/kg) in shallow and medium
depths. This may be due to lack of reducing
conditions (i.e organic content) for releasing arsenic
into the groundwater. Rainfall infiltration, organic
matter from recently accumulated biomass from flood
prone belt in the newer alluvium plays a critical role
in releasing arsenic and iron present in sediments.
The main mechanism for the release of As into
groundwater in the Holocene sandy aquifer sediments
of Varanasi environs may be due to the reductive
dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide present as coatings on
sand grains as well as altered mica content. The high
societal problems of this study will help to mitigate
the severity of arsenic contamination by providing
alternate drinking water resources to the people in
middle Ganga plain and to arrange permanent arsenic
safe drinking water source by the authorities.[29]
An evaluation of three arsenic removal technologies,
the Three-Gagri System, the Jerry Can System, and
the Arsenic Treatment Unit (ATU), was conducted. In
addition, a comparison of two arsenic field tests, EM
Quant® test strips and Arsenic Check™, was made.
Finally, water source samples from Parasi, Nepal
were analyzed to determine their arsenic content. The
three arsenic removal technologies were evaluated for
their effectiveness and appropriateness. Effectiveness
is the measure of a technology’s ability to remove
arsenic to or below 10 ug/L (micrograms per liter or
parts per billion), the guideline set by the World
Health Organization (WHO) for arsenic in drinking
water. The WHO set this guideline because drinking
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arsenic contaminated water above this limit can cause
adverse health effects. Appropriate technologies are
easy to assemble, simple to use in rural settings, and
made with locally available, inexpensive materials.
The Three-Gagri System was found to be both
effective and appropriate, but the clogging problem
and the question of whether or not this system
promotes microbial growth in the water need to be
addressed. The Jerry Can System was found to be
ineffective and inappropriate with its current design.
The ATU, while very effective, is inappropriate for
implementation in Nepal due to its high cost. This
study has also concluded that the Arsenic Check™
test is a safer and more accurate than the EM Quant®
test strips. Finally, this study found that groundwater
from some water sources in Parasi Nepal is
contaminated with arsenic above the WHO guideline.
Conclusions
The ATU (Arsenic Treatment Unit) system was tested
over ten consecutive days, and one influent and one
effluent sample from each day were analyzed. Since
we installed this system the day before we left Parasi,
the author collected only the samples for the first day.
For the nine days following, representatives from the
Nepal Red Cross Society, who had been instructed on
the proper method of sample collection, took samples
and express mailed them to MIT so that the author
could analyze them . p was installed for this system to
replace the gravity pump. It can be seen that the
influent concentrations are quite variable and this is
due to the stronger suction applied to the aquifer by
the new pump. The stronger suction may have
allowed more particles or colloids, to which arsenic
may have sorbed, to be introduced to the well; this
effect was probably exaggerated by the fact that the
filter in the pump was missing.
Besides being effective, it is also an appropriate
technology. The system has a simple design and was
easily constructed. It has a relatively low cost of
about US$10.50. The materials necessary to assemble
the system were obtained locally, with the exception
of the iron filings. As mentioned, it is expected that
zero valent iron filings, or turnings, could be obtained
at a local foundry but this was not confirmed during
the field site visit to Nepal. It was shown that iron
nails could be obtained locally, replace the filings,
and successfully remove arsenic below the WHO
guideline; althought this approach was also shown to
result in a very low flowrate. There are two
drawbacks to this system. One of the drawbacks is
that it has been known to become easily clogged. In
Parasi, it was observed to take longer and longer for
each batch of water to filter through. If the system
becomes too clogged, it will not be able to provide an
adequate supply of water to its users. Also, it is not
known if this system encourages bacterial growth due
to the water’s long residence time. It has been
suggested that wood charcoal be added to the middle
gagri for the purpose of removing organic
impurities101, but wood charcoal was not found in
Parasi so it was left out of the design.[28]
The results of the Three-Gagri System compared well
with results found in recent literature about a study on
the Three-Kalshi System but there were some
differences. The Three-Gagri System proved to be
more effective at removing arsenic than the results
from the Three-Kalshi. While the Three-Gagri
System removed arsenic to an average concentration
of 4 ug/L (with an average influent concentration of
215 ug/L) in field tests in Parasi, Nepal in January
2001, the Three-Kalshi System had an average
removal of 17 ug/L (with an average influent
concentration of 90 ug/L)102. Since the testing for
the Three-Kalshi System was done in Bangladesh,
where the drinking water standard for arsenic in
drinking water is set at 50 ug/L, the results for that
system were satisfactory. Nepal, on the other hand,
does not have drinking water quality standards, so we
were aiming to remove arsenic to the WHO guideline.
Also, there were differing results for flowrate as the
Three-Gagri System flowed at 4L/hour and the Three-
Kalshi System is reported to have flowed at an
average of 5L/hour
There are differences associated with building the
system out of the aluminum gagris as opposed to the
Bangladeshi kalshis, also known as kolshis. The
kalshis used in the above study were fired, unglazed
clay pitchers. These cost less than the aluminum
gagris, US$5-6 for three kalshis as opposed to
US$10.50 for three gagris. The clay also allows for
continuous diffusion of air and water vapor through
the porous ceramic kalshi. This provides a more
oxidizing environment to allow for the complete
conversion of zero valent iron to hydrous ferric oxide,
the active component for arsenic removal in the
Three-Gagri/Kalshi System.[29]
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