Atom - the fundamental unit of matter. From its discovery to its structural analysis, it amazes us. In this chapter you will study about beginner level of atomic structure and how scientists have contributed in making the structure of atom present today
Atom - the fundamental unit of matter. From its discovery to its structural analysis, it amazes us. In this chapter you will study about beginner level of atomic structure and how scientists have contributed in making the structure of atom present today
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
Best PowerPoint presentation on NCERT class 9 Atoms and Molecules as per CBSE syllabus it covers full chapter with all information.
By Raxit Gupta
9C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BALLYGUNGE
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
Best PowerPoint presentation on NCERT class 9 Atoms and Molecules as per CBSE syllabus it covers full chapter with all information.
By Raxit Gupta
9C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BALLYGUNGE
this presentation is especially for those students who have problem in understanding the concepts about atom.............hope u all like this one..............
this ppt is all about basic working of most basic unit atom. and could enrich your knowledge about atom. and follow me at my instagram
https://www.instagram.com/shantanu_stark/?hl=en
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• History of atom
• What is an atom?
• Structure of atom
• Nucleus of atom
• Electrons
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Thomson’s model of
an atom
• Rutherford’s model of
an atom
• Bohr’s model of an
atom
• What this particles
consists of ?
• Atomic structure
• Isotopes
• Isobars
3. HISTORY OF THE
ATOM
460 BC Democritus develops
the idea of atoms
he pounded up materials in
his pestle and mortar until
he had reduced them to
smaller and smaller
particles which he called
ATOMA
4. He suggested that all matter was made up of
tiny spheres that were able to bounce around
with perfect elasticity and called them ATOM
5. Atom, tiny basic building block of matter. All the
material on Earth is composed of various
combinations of atoms. An atom consists of a
cloud of electrons surrounding a small, dense
nucleus of protons and neutrons.
Atoms are the smallest particles of a chemical
element that still exhibit all the chemical
properties unique to that element. A row of 100
million atoms would be only about a centimetre
long.
6. ATOMS MADE VISIBLE
Individual atoms of the element silicon can be seen in this image
obtained through the use of a scanning transmission electron
microscope. The atoms in each pair are less than a ten-millionth of a
millimeter (less than a hundred-millionth of an inch) apart.
7. Atoms are made of smaller particles, called
electrons, protons, and neutrons. An atom
consists of a cloud of electrons surrounding a
small, dense nucleus of protons and
neutrons. Electrons and protons have a
property called electric charge, which affects
the way they interact with each other and
with other electrically charged particles
8.
9. An atom consists of a cloud of electrons
surrounding a small, dense nucleus of
protons and neutrons.
The nucleus contains nearly all of the mass
of the atom, but it occupies only a tiny
fraction of the space inside the atom. The
diameter of a typical nucleus is only about
1 × 10-14 m (4 × 10-13 in), or about
1/100,000 of the diameter of the entire
atom.
10. Electrons (e-) were discovered by sir. J.J.
Thomson.Electrons are tiny, negatively charged
particles around the nucleus of an atom. Each electron
carries a single fundamental unit of negative electric
charge–1.602 x 10-19 coulomb and has a mass of 9.109 x
10-31 kg. The electron is one of the lightest particles
with a known mass. Electrons cannot be split into
anything smaller, also electrons do not
have any real size, but are instead true
points in space-that is, an electron
has a radius of zero.
11.
12. Proton (p+) was discovered by E.Goldstein.
Proton has 1 unit mass. Proton Protons have
a positive electrical charge of 1.602 x 10-19
coulomb. This charge is equal but opposite
to the negative charge of the electron. A
proton’s mass is about 1,840 times the mass
of an electron. Protons carry a positive
charge of +1, exactly the opposite electric
charge as electrons. The number of protons
in the nucleus determines the total quantity
of positive charge in the atom.
13. Neutron (n) was discovered by Sir James
Chadwick. The neutron is slightly heavier
than a proton and 1,838 times as heavy as
the electron. Neutron, electrically neutral
elementary particle that is part of the
nucleus of the atom. The neutron is about
10-13 cm in diameter and weighs
1.6749 x 10-27 kg.
14. According to Sir Joseph model of
an atom, it consists of a positively
charged here and the electrons are
embedded in it. The negative and
the positive charges are equal in
magnitude, as a result the atom is
neutral. Thomson proposed that
the atom of an atom to be similar
to that of a Christmas pudding
or a watermelon
15. An atom consists of a
positively charged center in
the atom called the nucleus.
The mass of the atom is
contributed mainly by the
nucleus. The size of the
nucleus is very small as
compared to the size of the
atom. The electrons revolve
around the nucleus in well-
defined orbits.
17. Bohr agreed with almost all
points as said by Rutherford
except regarding the revolution
of electrons for which he added
that there are only certain
orbits known as discrete orbits
inside the atom in which
electrons revolve around the
nucleus. While revolving in its
discrete orbits the electrons do
not radiate energy.
20. the number of protons in an
atom
the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom
2
4 Atomic mass
Atomic number
Number Of Electrons = Number Of Protons
21. CONTD....
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or Shells around
the nucleus of an atom.
• first shell a maximum of 2 electrons
• second shell a maximum of 8 electrons
• third shell a maximum of 8 electrons
22. Isotope, one of two or more species of atom
having the same atomic number, hence
constituting the same element, but differing in
mass number. The nucleus, and mass number is
the sum total of the protons plus the neutrons
in the nucleus, isotopes of the same element
differ from one another only in the number of
neutrons in their nuclei.
23.
24. The average mass of naturally occurring copper
atoms is equal to the sum of the atomic mass for
each isotope multiplied by its isotopic abundance.
For copper, it would be
(62.930 amu x 0.692) + (64.928 amu x 0.308)
= 63.545 amu.
The atomic weight of copper is therefore 63.545 g.
25. ISOBARS
The total number of nucleons is the
same in the atoms of this pair of
elements. Atoms of different
elements with different atomic
numbers, which have the same mass
number, are known as isobars.
Editor's Notes
This pattern is produced when a narrow beam of electrons passes through a sample of titanium-nickel alloy. The pattern reveals that the electrons move through the sample more like waves than particles. The electrons diffract (bend) around atoms, breaking into many beams and spreading outward. The diffracted beams then interfere with one another, cancelling each other out in some places and reinforcing each other in other places. The bright spots are places where the beams interfered constructively, or reinforced each other. The dark spots are areas in which the beams interfered destructively, or cancelled each other out.