A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.
A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.
Disasters and types of disasters. Natural disasters such as floods, cyclone,earthquake,tsunami,volcano and so on. these are caused naturally. man made disasters like oil spills and gas leaks. These are caused due to human activity.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Disasters
Disasters are hazards that cause destruction or
environmental changes.
The types are
Natural disasters
Man made disasters
3. Natural Disasters
A natural disaster is the effect of a
natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado,
hurricane, volcanic eruption,
earthquake, or landslide)
4. List of top 10 natural disasters
1. Cyclone
2. Earthquake
3. Tornado
4. Volcanic Eruption
5. Tsunami
6. Flood
7. Wildfire
8. Drought
9. Avalanche
10. Landslide
5. Cyclones
• A cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid
motion. It has low pressure on the inside and
high pressure on the outside.
• The center of the storm is called the eye and it
has the calmest water and the lowest pressure
6. Cyclones
• Cyclones turn counter-clockwise in the
northern hemisphere and clockwise in the
southern hemisphere. This is because it
follows the rotational movemeent of the earth.
• The biggest cyclone recorded is the Bhola
cyclone. It hit the coast of today's Bangladesh
in 1970 with a death toll of around 500,000.
7. Earthquakes
• It is the result of a sudden release of energy
from the earth’s crust that creates seismic
waves.
• They are measured using seismographs.
8. Earthquakes
• .The Valdivia earthquake also known as the
great Chilean earthquake is the biggest
earthquake ever recorded. It hit Chile on May
22, 1960 with a magnitude of 9.5 and a death
toll of around 6000
9. Tornados (Twisters)
• A tornado is a violently rotating column of air
that is touching both the ground and a
cumulonimbus cloud.
• Tornado conditions are caused when different
temperatures and humidity meet to form
thunder clouds
• “Twisters” can attain speeds up to 100 miles an
hour
10. Tornados
• The biggest tornado recorded was the Hallam,
Nebraska tornado on May 22, 2004. It was
around 2.5 miles big and had a death toll of
around 160.
• The deadliest tornado recorded occurred in
Daultipur and Salturia, Bangladesh on April
26th, 1989. 1300 recorded dead and 12,000
injured.
11. Volcanic Eruption
• A volcano is an opening in a planet’s surface
which allows hot magma to escape from
below the surface.
• Study of volcano’s is called Volcanology and
volcanic eruptions are measured using
Volcanic Explosivity Index
12. Volcanic Eruption
• The biggest volcanic eruption was Mount
Tambora on April 10, 1815, it heard over 2000
km away and had a death toll of around 71,000.
Due to the explosion 1816 became known as “The
Year Without Summer”.
• The largest volcano known to humans is Olympus
Mons on Mars. Olympus Mons means Mount
Olympus and is bigger than Mount Everest.
13. Tsunami’s
• Tsunami means harbor wave and is caused by
the displacement of a large body of water
normally an ocean or a large lake.
14. Tsunami’s
• The biggest tsunami ever happened at Lituya
Bay, Alaska on July 9, 1958. The megatsunami
was around 150 meters tall.
• The tsunami caused by 2004 Indian Ocean
earthquake, is the 6th deadliest Natural disaster
in recorded history with a death toll of 230,210
– 280,000.
15. Floods
• Floods are caused when water overflows from
a water body.
• One of the biggest floods in the world is
probably the Yellow river in China 1887
which killed between around 900,000.
16. Wildfire
• A wildfire is any uncontrolled fire in the
countryside or wilderness.
• Other names for a wildfire are brush fire,
bushfire, forest fire, desert fire, grass fire, hill
fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, and veldfire.
• One of the largest wildfire is the 1910 wildfire
17. Droughts
• A drought is a long period of time in which a
certain region receives a shortage of water
• Lasting three years from 1958 to 1961, the
Great Chinese Famine is the worst on record,
15 to 43 million were killed as a result
• USA has been hit by a huge drought in 2012
decreasing corn income by 12%
18. Avalanches
• An avalanche is a sudden and drastic drop of
snow
• The biggest avalanche happened on Mt.
Huascaran killing 20,000
19. Landslides
• A landslide or a landslip is a movement in the
ground and a shallow flow of debris.
• The largest landslide in history happened
because of Mount St. Helens. 3km of rock
moved downhill.
21. Firenadoes
• A firenado is a column of smoke and fire
caused when fire gets into a tornado.
• Firenadoes are also known as firewhirls,
fire devils and fire tornadoes
22. Limnic Eruptions
• A limnic explosion is also called a lake
overturn and is caused by an explosion of gas
from the lake (normally carbon dioxide)
erupting and suffocating people.
• There are only three exploding lakes. They are
Lake Menoun, Lake Nyos and Lake Kivu
23. Limnic Eruptions
• The biggest eruption ever recorded is Lake
Nyos killing 1800 people and many animals.
• The biggest danger is Lake Kivu which would
cause a methane explosion and kill around 2
million.
• Interestingly all these lakes are in Africa and
both Menoun and Nyos are in Cameroon.
24. Man made disasters
An man made disaster is a threat
having an element of human intent,
negligence, or error, or involving a
failure
25. List of few man made disasters
• The nuclear bombing
• Terrorism
• Oil spill
26. The atomic bombing
• The first two atomic bomb were used by the USA to
end the war against Japan in 1945.
• The first one was called Little Boy and dropped by a
flight called Enola Gay on Hiroshima with a death toll
of around 166,000 on 6 August 1945.
• The second was named The fat man and wad dropped
by a plane called Bockscar on Nagasaki with a death
toll of around 80,000 on 9 August 1945.
• If Japan did not surrender the USA planned too
continue dropping atomic bombs until they did.
27. Terrorism
• 9/11 is the big act of terrorism on US
• On September 11th, 2001, 4 flights were hi-
jacked 2 of them hit the twin towers in New
York and third flight hit pentagon, in
Washington DC killing
• 4th flight, passengers attacked the hi-jackers
and crashed the flight down.
• 4th flight was believed to have a target of
White house or the Capitol.
28. Deepwater Horizon oil spill
• The oil spill flowed for 3 months without
being stopped.
• About 780,000m3 oil is estimated to have
flowed out
• 17 people were killed in the explosion that
released the oil.